The Democratic Party of the United States is a big tent party composed of various factions. The four most prominent modern factions are the liberals, moderates, progressives, and conservatives.[1] The liberal faction supports modern liberalism and social liberalism that began with the New Deal in the 1930s and continued with both the New Frontier and Great Society in the 1960s. The moderate faction supports Third Way politics that includes center-left social policies and centrist fiscal policies. The progressive faction supports social democracy and left-wing populism. The conservative faction supports centre-right policies. The traditional conservative Democratic faction lost much of its influence in the 21st century as the South realigned towards the Republican Party,[2] though a subsequent realignment starting in the 2010s brought a new set of moderate to conservative voters disillusioned with Trumpism in the Republican Party, prominently including many suburban women, into the Democratic tent.[3][4]

Democrats in Congress organize into caucuses based on political ideology, with some overlap in caucus memberships. The Blue Dog Coalition represents conservative and moderate Democrats, the New Democrat Coalition represents moderate and liberal Democrats, and the Congressional Progressive Caucus represents progressive and liberal Democrats.[5] All Democratic officeholders whose photos are featured below have held public office for at least two years.

Liberals

The Kennedy brothers, 35th U.S. President John F. Kennedy (right), Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy (left) and Senator Ted Kennedy (middle) in 1963
The Kennedy family dynasty was extremely influential to the development and popularity of the modern liberal movement in the US throughout the 1960s, particularly from President Kennedy's New Frontier initiatives and his brother Robert Kennedy's efforts on poverty, civil rights and corruption as Attorney General and later Senator. Both appealed to poor, African American, Hispanic and young voters.

Liberalism in the US began during the Progressive Era with President Theodore Roosevelt (a Republican) and his Square Deal and New Nationalism policies, with center-left ideas increasingly leaning toward the political philosophy of social liberalism, or better known in the United States as modern liberalism. The Wilson administration saw the enactment of the New Freedom, a package of progressive social programs. The rise of the women's suffrage movement, opposed by Southern Democrats but supported by Republicans and Wilson, saw the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and a push for civil rights legislation on the basis of gender.

In the 1940s, liberal Democrats began pushing for desegregation and civil rights legislation for racial minorities, and in the 1960s, for immigration reform and gun control. Beyond Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, Democratic presidents advocated landmark liberal programs. Beginning in the 1970s, liberal Democrats emphasized civil rights for disabled people, consumer protection, environmentalism, LGBT rights, reproductive rights, and ending capital punishment. Following Roosevelt's New Deal, Harry S. Truman's Fair Deal, John F. Kennedy's New Frontier and Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society (the latter of which established Medicare and Medicaid) further established the popularity of liberalism in the nation. Johnson's presidency and domestic agenda marked the peak of modern liberalism in the second half of the 20th century.

While the resurgence of conservatism and the Third Way of Bill Clinton's New Democrats briefly weakened the influence of social liberalism, Barack Obama acted as an ideological bridge. While characterizing himself as a New Democrat, Obama toed the ideological line between the Third Way and modern liberalism.[6][7] The key legislative achievement of the Obama administration, the passage and enactment of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare), was generally supported among liberal Democrats,[8] though it drew inspiration from Mitt Romney's plan as governor of Massachusetts[9] and did not have a public option due to conservative Democrat Joe Lieberman.[10]

Under Obama, Democrats achieved an expansion of LGBT rights, federal hate crime laws, rescinding the Mexico City Policy, later reinstituted by President Donald Trump, rescinding the ban on federal taxpayer dollars to fund research on embryonic stem cells, Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action and the Cuban thaw. In the 2010s, many Democrats began pushing for the legalization of cannabis, succeeding in several states. Barack Obama did not crack down on states that legalized cannabis during his presidency.[11] Other prominent Democrats in Congress, such as John Lewis, openly advocated for liberal causes and even self-identified[12] as such–the nonpartisan organization On the Issues also characterizing Lewis in 2000 as a "Hard-Core Liberal".[13]

In 2011, the Democratic Leadership Council, which supported more centrist and Third Way positions, was dissolved. In 2016, Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton eschewed her husband's "New Covenant" centrism for more liberal proposals, showing a shift in Clintonism, such as rolling back mandatory minimum sentencing laws, a debt-free college tuition plan for public university students, and a pathway to citizenship for undocumented immigrants.[14][15] Moreover, Joe Biden, despite having largely been a centrist over the course of his career,[16] has increasingly adopted more social liberal policies during his presidency.[17]

Both Secretary of Transportation Pete Buttigieg and Vice President Kamala Harris have been described as "pragmatic progressives," due to having advocated for fairly progressive policies, although the plans have tended to be more modest and transitionary in implementation when compared to the more sweeping changes generally proposed in the progressive wing.[18][19] Such policies referred to as "pragmatic progressive" include those such as Buttigieg's proposed plan in his 2020 presidential campaign for a public option to operate as a "glide path" to eventual Medicare for All, a policy proposal which is more in line with the mainstream of modern liberalism rather than those associated with Sanders on the progressive side.[20]

Moderates

42nd U.S. President Bill Clinton and Vice President Al Gore in 1993
The Clinton-Gore administration marked the height of the politically moderate Third Way movement (also known as Clintonism) within the Democratic Party during the 1990s.

The Third Way is a centrist political movement that can trace some of its origins to pro-Vietnam war moderate Hubert Humphrey winning of the Democratic presidential nomination over anti-Vietnam war progressive Eugene McCarthy in the 1968 United States presidential election[21] as well as angst following the landslide victory of Republican Ronald Reagan over the more left-leaning Democrat Walter Mondale at the 1984 presidential election.[22] Most Third Way centrism in America is associated with reconciling centre-left social policies with centre-right economic approaches, mostly associated in the U.S. with the presidency of Bill Clinton and the New Democrats.[23]

During the Cold War, the Democratic movement became anti-communist. The success of purer social liberalism was weakened with the presidency of Ronald Reagan and the ensuing tide of conservative popularity in response to a perception of liberal failure.[24] The Clinton Administration responded by adopting a synthesis of right-wing and left-wing ideas in the Third Way. During the 1992 United States presidential election, Bill Clinton and Al Gore, both members of the Democratic Leadership Council, each ran as a New Democrat, positioning themselves as Democrats willing to synthesize fiscally conservative views with the more culturally liberal position of the Democratic Party ethos, or to harmonize center-left and center-right politics. Bill Clinton was both the first Democrat elected president since the 1970s and the first elected to a second full-term since the 1940s.

In 1994, Clinton signed the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act.[25] One of Clinton's key Third Way achievements was the 1996 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act, representing a substantial change in welfare and workfare in the nation. Despite indications of cultural liberality, though, the Clinton Administration signed many controversial cultural bills into law, including the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act and Don't Ask, Don't Tell ban on openly gay service in the Armed Forces. Clinton also presided over a period of free trade and deregulation in the United States economy, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement, the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act (GLBA), Commodity Futures Modernization Act of 2000, and the Telecommunications Act of 1996.

Most moderate Democrats in the House of Representatives are members of the New Democrat Coalition, although there is considerable overlap in the membership of New Democrats and Blue Dogs, with most Blue Dogs also being New Democrats.[26] Presidents Barack Obama and Joe Biden have largely tried to bridge the gap and unify the wings of the Democratic Party while still addressing the goals of the liberal wing, and the Third Way is still a large coalition in the modern Democratic Party.[6][17]

Progressives

32nd U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt advanced many progressive economic causes and is largely credited with inspiring modern progressivism in the U.S. with his New Deal policies.

The modern progressive movement in the U.S. draws deeply from the left-wing populist economic and political philosophies of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal and Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom, the latter occurring at the end of the Progressive Era, which was largely started by Republican President Theodore Roosevelt and his Square Deal. While Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt considered themselves progressives, Franklin Roosevelt only referred to himself as a liberal.[27] Modern progressives are much more culturally liberal on social issues like race and identity, where they draw inspiration from the Civil and Voting Rights Acts proposed by President John F. Kennedy, enacted by President Lyndon B. Johnson and advocated for by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.[28]

While it does not transcend the political philosophy of social liberalism, the Progressive wing has fused tenets of social liberalism with traditions of the Progressive Era as well as drawing more robustly from Keynesian economics, social populism, and social democracy. Progressive Democratic candidates for public office have had popular support as candidates in metropolitan areas outside the South. The first self-described liberal president was Franklin Roosevelt whose ideas, such as his calls for a second Bill of Rights, continue to influence progressives.[29]

President Lyndon Johnson and Civil Rights activists such as Dr. King are influential to progressives as well, not only for their positions on race and identity but on economics as well (Johnson for the Great Society and King for his support of social democracy).[30] The writings of thinkers such as John Dewey and Lester Frank Ward helped shape liberal and progressive ideas in the United States.[31] While there are differences between them, both historical progressivism and the modern movement have the most crossover in the belief that free markets lead to economic inequalities and therefore the free market must be aggressively monitored and regulated with broad economic and social rights in order to protect the working class.[32]

U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders speaking with supporters at a campaign rally at Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Phoenix, Arizona. Photo by Gage Skidmore.
Senator Bernie Sanders, while an Independent, caucuses with the Democratic Party and is often considered an influential figure in the modern progressive movement in the U.S.[33]

Modern progressives seriously emphasize the threat of climate change and rally around the Green New Deal, which was created by Rep. Ocasio-Cortez and Sen. Markey, as the framework forward to tackle the issue.[34] Progressive Democrats have also been described as constituting the most robust anti-establishment wing of the party in the sense that they "see part of their role as not just attacking Republicans, but also highlighting what they see as shortcomings of the Democratic Party itself."[35]

Many progressive Democrats are ideological descendants of the New Left of Democratic presidential candidate and Senator George McGovern of South Dakota, while others were involved in the presidential candidacies of Vermont Governor Howard Dean. This group consists disproportionately of college-educated professionals.[36] A 2014 study by the Pew Research Center found that a plurality (41%) resided in mass affluent households and 49% were college graduates.[37]

The Congressional Progressive Caucus (CPC) is a caucus of progressive House Democrats in the Congress, along with one independent in the Senate. It is the largest Democratic caucus in the House of Representatives and its members have included Representatives Alan Grayson (FL), John Conyers (MI), Barbara Lee (CA), Jim McDermott (WA), Keith Ellison (MN), Ayanna Pressley (MA), Ro Khanna (CA), Mark Pocan (WI), and John Lewis (GA).[38] Senators Elizabeth Warren and Ed Markey (MA),[39][40] Russ Feingold and Tammy Baldwin (WI),[41] Jeff Merkley (OR),[42] and Sherrod Brown (OH)[43] have all been described as progressives. Other notable progressives include Henry A. Wallace,[44] Eugene McCarthy, Ted Kennedy,[45] Paul Wellstone,[46] and Stacey Abrams.[28] Four progressive women of color all under age 50 first elected to the House in 2018 became prominently known as The Squad. The Squad became loosely organized though not as a traditional caucus, and went on to add several women and men first elected to the House in subsequent cycles.

In 2016, the Blue Collar Caucus, a pro-labor, anti-outsourcing Caucus was formed,[47][48][49][50] with significant overlap in members with the Progressive Caucus, although some moderates such as Cheri Bustos are members as well. As of August 2023, there are nine democratic socialists in the United States Congress, with seven being at some point affiliated with the Democratic Socialists of America: Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont, Representative Danny K. Davis of Illinois, Representatives Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and Jamaal Bowman of New York, Representative Rashida Tlaib of Michigan, Representative Cori Bush of Missouri, Representative Ilhan Omar of Minnesota, Representative Summer Lee of Pennsylvania, and Representative Greg Casar of Texas.[51][52][53][54][55] All self-described democratic socialists in Congress are members of the Democratic Party, except for Senator Sanders, who was a member of the party for his 2016 and 2020 presidential campaigns but caucuses with the Senate Democrats as an Independent.

Conservatives

22nd and 24th U.S. President Grover Cleveland, a Bourbon Democrat and the last Democratic President of the 19th century, was known as a conservative icon of the time.

A conservative Democrat is a member of the Democratic Party with conservative political views, or with views relatively conservative with respect to those of the national party. While such members of the Democratic Party can be found throughout the nation, actual elected officials are disproportionately found within rural regions of the United States, more commonly in the South and the West. Historically, Southern Democrats were generally much more ideologically conservative than conservative Democrats are now.[56]

The conservative coalition was an unofficial coalition in the United States Congress bringing together a conservative majority of the Republican Party and the conservative, mostly Southern wing of the Democratic Party. It was dominant in Congress from 1937 to 1963 and remained a political force until the mid-1980s, eventually dying out in the 1990s. In terms of Congressional roll call votes, it primarily appeared on votes affecting labor unions. The conservative coalition did not operate on civil rights bills, for the two wings had opposing viewpoints.[57]

However, the coalition did have the power to prevent unwanted bills from even coming to a vote. The coalition included many committee chairmen from the South who blocked bills by not reporting them from their committees. Furthermore, Howard W. Smith, Chairman of the House Rules Committee, often could kill a bill simply by not reporting it out with a favorable rule (he lost some of that power in 1961).[58]

The Blue Dog Coalition was originally founded as a group of conservative Democrats. After reaching a peak of 59 members in 2008, the caucus was reduced following the 2010 election to only 26 members. The caucus has adopted more liberal stances on social issues in recent years.[56] The Coalition remains the most conservative grouping of Democrats in the house, broadly adopting socially liberal and fiscally conservative policies and promoting fiscal restraint,[59] although some members retain socially conservative views.[56] As of July 2023, 10 House members are part of the Blue Dog Coalition.[60]

Historical factions

Historical factions of the Democratic Party include the founding Jacksonians; the Copperheads and War Democrats during the American Civil War; the Redeemers, Bourbon Democrats, and Silverites in the late-19th century; and the Southern Democrats and New Deal Democrats in the 20th century.

Early Democratic Party

Jeffersonians, named after founding father Thomas Jefferson, was a political movement in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. While it dominated the first party system which predates the Democratic Party, many of its beliefs influenced the party throughout the 19th century. These beliefs were concentrated around the beliefs of republicanism and agrarianism. Other than Jefferson, early notable Jeffersonians included presidents James Madison and James Monroe of the Virginia dynasty.

7th U.S. President Andrew Jackson, namesake of the Jacksonian Democrats

Jacksonianism was the foundational ideology of the Democratic Party with the election of Andrew Jackson as president in 1828, and it was the predominant faction of the party until the 1840s. It represented the politics of Jackson, which were a modified form of Jeffersonianism. Jacksonians supported a small federal government and stronger state governments. They were also opponents of central banking, which represented an early factional division in the Democratic Party when Jacksonians competed against pro-bank Democrats.[61]: 19–20  Jacksonians supported the Southern United States on several issues, including slavery, arguing that it was permissible on the grounds of states' rights, and protective tariffs, opposing them on the grounds that they disproportionately benefited the North.[61]: 23–25  Other than Jackson, notable Jacksonian Democrats include presidents Martin Van Buren and James K. Polk.

The Young America movement was a political as well as a societal movement in the 1830s throughout the 1850s. While not an explicit political faction, it did impact many Democratic party ideals though its promotion of capitalism and manifest destiny and broke with the agrarian and strict constructionist orthodoxies of the past; it embraced commerce, technology, regulation, reform, and internationalism. Notable promoters included President Franklin Pierce and 1860 presidential nominee Stephen Douglas.

The Civil War and Reconstruction

8th U.S. President and Vice President Martin Van Buren, an early Democrat who became presidential nominee of the short-lived Free Soil Party.

The Free Soil Party had many former members of the Democratic Party, most notably their 1848 presidential candidate former Democratic president Martin Van Buren. The party's main platform was opposition to the expansion of slavery into new territories acquired from the Mexican–American War.[62]

During the American Civil War, the Democratic Party split into several factions:[63]

  • The Fire-Eaters were Southern Democrats who promoted the idea of Southern secession prior to the American Civil War. They sought to preserve slavery throughout the United States.
  • Copperheads (or Peace Democrats) were a faction of Northern Democrats during the American Civil War which sought an immediate end to the war. Many copperheads sympathized with the Confederacy, with members accused by Republicans as treasonous. They promoted the ideas of agrarianism inspired from Jacksonian thought which appealed to many poor farmers in border states.
  • The War Democrats were a group of Democrats that opposed the Copperheads and supported President Abraham Lincoln's stance towards the South. The War Democrats allied with Republicans under the National Union ticket to compete in the 1864 elections.

Redeemers were Southern Democrats that, after the end of the Civil War, sought to return white supremacists to power in the South. They were opposed to the expansion of rights given to Black Americans and were associated with groups such as the White League, Red Shirts, and the Ku Klux Klan.[64]

Gilded, Progressive, and New Deal eras

33rd U.S. President Harry S. Truman continued the New Deal era with his Fair Deal, and propelled civil rights issues in the Democratic Party with Executive Order 9981 in 1948.

Following the end of the Civil War, several factions emerged in the democratic party during the Third Party System, such as the Bourbon Democrats (1872-1912) and Silverites (1870s–1890s). During the Gilded Age, or from around 1877 to 1896, the only Democratic president to win both the Electoral College and popular vote was Grover Cleveland (1885-1889 and 1893–1897).

During the Fourth and Fifth Party Systems in the 20th century, new factions such as the Progressives (1890s–1910s) and the New Deal coalition (1930s-1970s) arose. From 1897 to 1932, the only Democratic president was Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921). Wilson imposed racial segregation in the federal government. It was only until after the Great Depression and World War II that the Democratic Party began to support civil rights, starting with President Harry Truman desegregating the United States Armed Forces in 1948.[65]

Southern Democrats

39th U.S. President Jimmy Carter, a Southern Democrat from the state of Georgia and the longest-lived president in U.S. history.

Throughout the 20th century, Southern factions within the democratic party emerged and held significant power around the issue of civil rights, segregation, and other issues. These included the conservative coalition (1930s–1960s), the Solid South (1870s–1960s), Dixiecrats (1940s), and the boll weevils (1980s). Both Presidents Jimmy Carter (1977-1981) and Bill Clinton (1993-2001) were from Southern States, specifically Georgia and Arkansas respectively. Also, until the 1994 "Republican Revolution", Democrats were the majority of Southern members in the United States House of Representatives.[66]

Even in 2009, Southern Democrats still controlled both branches of the Alabama General Assembly, the Arkansas General Assembly, the Delaware General Assembly, the Louisiana State Legislature, the Maryland General Assembly, the Mississippi Legislature, the North Carolina General Assembly, the West Virginia Legislature, the Council of the District of Columbia, the Kentucky House of Representatives, and the Virginia Senate.[67]

But by 2017, Southern Democrats only retained control of both branches of the Delaware General Assembly, the Maryland General Assembly, and the Council of the District of Columbia; they had lost control of the state legislatures in Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, and West Virginia.[68] In the 2020 United States presidential election, Joe Biden won the Southern States of Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, and Virginia along with the District of Columbia. Biden has resided in Delaware over his public career, considered by the Census Bureau to be a Southern State, although Biden was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania to an Irish Catholic family.[69]

Congressional caucuses

The following table lists coalitions' electoral results for the House of Representatives:

Election year Blue Dog Coalition New Democrat Coalition Congressional Progressive Caucus
2006
50 / 435
63 / 435
2008
56 / 435
59 / 435
71 / 435
2010
26 / 435
42 / 435
77 / 435
2012
14 / 435
53 / 435
68 / 435
2014
14 / 435
46 / 435
68 / 435
2016
18 / 435
61 / 435
78 / 435
2018
26 / 435
103 / 435
96 / 435
2020
19 / 435
94 / 435
95 / 435
2022
8 / 435
94 / 435
101 / 435

See also

Republican Party
Libertarian Party

References

  1. ↑ Brownstein, Ronald (May 9, 2019). "The Democrats' Coalition Could Fundamentally Change by 2020". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on March 23, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
  2. ↑ "The long goodbye". The Economist. November 11, 2010. Retrieved April 29, 2019.
  3. ↑ Manchester, Julia (May 15, 2023). "GOP watches as Trump's problems with suburban women go on display". The Hill. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
  4. ↑ Arnsdorf, Isaac (October 18, 2022). "How the 'Never Trump' movement became 'Never Trumpism'". Washington Post. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
  5. ↑ "Congressional Member Organizations: Their Purpose and Activities, History, and Formation" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. January 26, 2017. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
  6. 1 2 Yglesias, Matthew (July 26, 2016). "Bill Clinton is still a star, but today's Democrats are dramatically more liberal than his party". Vox. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
  7. ↑ Martin, Jonathan; Lee, Carole (March 10, 2009). "Obama: 'I am a New Democrat'". Politico. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
  8. ↑ Clement, Scott. "Moderate Democrats are quitting on Obamacare". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
  9. ↑ Taylor, Jessica (October 23, 2015). "Mitt Romney Finally Takes Credit For Obamacare". NPR. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
  10. ↑ Noah, Timothy (October 27, 2009). "Did Sen. Joe Lieberman just kill the public option?". Slate Magazine. Retrieved August 22, 2022.
  11. ↑ Ingraham, Christopher. "Obama says marijuana should be treated like 'cigarettes or alcohol'". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
  12. ↑ Carlson, Peter (June 9, 1998). "Nonviolent Fighter; John Lewis Retraces the Route That Led to the Future". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. p. 01.
  13. ↑ "Issues 2000 Lewis". Issues2000. Archived from the original on May 13, 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2022.
  14. ↑ Przybyla, Heidi. "Party of Clinton looks different than in 1992". USA Today.
  15. ↑ Enten, Harry. "Hillary Clinton Was Liberal. Hillary Clinton Is Liberal". FiveThirtyEight.
  16. ↑ Sumlin, Emily. "Joe Biden's long political career features several policy shifts". Al Jazeera. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
  17. 1 2 Kapur, Sahil; Seitz-Wald, Alex (April 30, 2021). "Joe Biden is proving progressives wrong. And they're loving it". NBC News. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
  18. ↑ David Mislin, Pete Buttigieg reviving pragmatic, progressive ideals of Social Gospel, UPI (November 7, 2019), republished at The National Interest (November 11, 2019).
  19. ↑ Seitz-Wald, Alex (August 11, 2020). "Kamala Harris: A pragmatic progressive different from Biden in many ways". NBC News. Retrieved May 27, 2022.
  20. ↑ Thompson, Priscilla (September 19, 2019). "Buttigieg unveils health plan, calls it 'glide path' to Medicare for All". NBC News. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
  21. ↑ Nathanson, Iric (May 25, 2011). "Two favorite sons: the Humphrey-McCarthy battle of 1968". MinnPost. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
  22. ↑ From, Al (December 3, 2013). "Recruiting Bill Clinton". The Atlantic. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
  23. ↑ Hale, Jon F. (1995). "The Making of the New Democrats". Political Science Quarterly. 110 (2): 207–232. doi:10.2307/2152360. JSTOR 2152360.
  24. ↑ Krugman, Paul (2007). The Conscience of a Liberal. New York: W. W. Norton.
  25. ↑ Lussenhop, Jessica (April 18, 2016). "Clinton crime bill: Why is it so controversial?". BBC News. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
  26. ↑ Skelley, Geoffrey (December 20, 2018). "The House Will Have Just As Many Moderate Democrats As Progressives Next Year". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
  27. ↑ Wilentz, Sean (2018). "Fighting Words: No, "liberal" and "progressive" aren't synonyms. They have completely different histories—and the differences matter". Democracy Journal. Retrieved June 10, 2022.
  28. 1 2 Powell, Kevin (May 14, 2020). "The Power of Stacey Abrams". The Washington Post.
  29. ↑ Vaughan, Sophie (February 25, 2020). "How Bernie Sanders is Reviving the Promise of FDR's Economic Bill of Rights". Progressive.org. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
  30. ↑ King, Martin Luther Jr. (2015). West, Cornel (ed.). The Radical King. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-1282-6.
  31. ↑ Commager, Henry Steele, ed. (1967). Lester Ward and the Welfare State. New York: Bobbs-Merrill.
  32. ↑ Zeitz, Joshua (June 1, 2019). "Progressives Should Read Progressive History—So They Don't Blow It This Time". Politico. Retrieved June 2, 2022.
  33. ↑ Gambino, Lauren (December 28, 2016). "Progressives see a leader in Bernie Sanders as they prepare to fight back". The Guardian.
  34. ↑ Summers, Juana (January 13, 2021). "Progressives Gear Up For Broad New Push On Climate Action". NPR. Retrieved June 2, 2022.
  35. ↑ Bacon, Perry Jr. (March 11, 2019). "The Six Wings Of The Democratic Party". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
  36. ↑ "Judis, B. J. (11 July 2003). The trouble with Howard Dean. Salon.com". Archived from the original on September 21, 2012. Retrieved July 19, 2007.
  37. ↑ "Pew Research Center. (10 May 2005). Beyond Red vs. Blue". Retrieved July 12, 2007.
  38. ↑ "Congressional Progressive Caucus : Caucus Members". cpc-grijalva.house.gov. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
  39. ↑ Roller, Emma (July 18, 2004). "Elizabeth Warren's 11 Commandments of Progressivism". The Atlantic. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
  40. ↑ Conradis, Brandon (September 1, 2020). "How Markey took down a Kennedy". The Hill. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
  41. ↑ Amanda Terkel (December 6, 2011). "Tammy Baldwin Delivers Passionate Defense Of Progressivism". HuffPost. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
  42. ↑ "Jeff Merkley – the Progressive Wing". June 25, 2022.
  43. ↑ Tucker, D.R. (May 21, 2017). "What Can Brown Do for the Democratic Party?". Washington Monthly. Retrieved November 4, 2021.
  44. ↑ Dreier, Peter (February 3, 2013). "Henry Wallace, America's Forgotten Visionary". TruthOut.
  45. ↑ Perrin, Dennis (September 26, 2009). "Ted Kennedy: The Last Progressive". HuffPost. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
  46. ↑ Dreier, Peter (October 25, 2015). "Paul Wellstone's Ordinary Life and Extraordinary Legacy". HuffPost. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
  47. ↑ Reps. Marc Veasey (D-Texas) and Brendan Boyle (D-Pa. ) (October 11, 2017). "It's time to rebuild the American Dream". The Hill. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
  48. ↑ "Boyle and Veasey form "Blue Collar Caucus" in Congress". Congressman Brendan Boyle. December 1, 2016. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
  49. ↑ "Democrats start a new caucus to reach Trump voters". POLITICO. February 6, 2017. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
  50. ↑ Daugherty, Alex (February 17, 2017). "Can Democrats win back the blue-collar voters that flipped to Trump?". Charlotte Observer. Archived from the original on April 18, 2018. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
  51. ↑ Inskeep, Steve (November 6, 2015). "Bernie Sanders On Being Jewish And A Democratic Socialist". National Public Radio. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023.
  52. ↑ Isserman, Maurice (November 8, 2018). "Socialists in the House: A 100-Year History from Victor Berger to Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez". Archived from the original on September 7, 2020.
  53. ↑ Taylor, Astra (June 17, 2020). "A New Group of Leftist Primary Challengers Campaign Through Protests and the Coronavirus". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on November 14, 2020.
  54. ↑ "If You Want to Call Me a Socialist Then Call Me a Socialist". Jacobin. October 24, 2019. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020.
  55. ↑ "Democratic Socialist Summer Lee's Victory in Penn. Gives Progressives a Boost in House". Democracy Now!. November 9, 2022. Archived from the original on November 9, 2022.
  56. 1 2 3 Mendoza, Jessica (June 4, 2019). "Centrist Democrats are back. But these are not your father's Blue Dogs". Christian Science Monitor.
  57. ↑ Katznelson, 1993
  58. ↑ Bruce J. Dierenfield, Keeper of the Rules: Congressman Howard W. Smith of Virginia (1987)
  59. ↑ Kane, Paul (February 19, 2020). "Blue Dog Democrats celebrate a milestone but stand alone on a core issue — fiscal restraint". Washington Post. Retrieved July 19, 2022.
  60. ↑ "Blue Dog PAC – bold leadership. commonsense solutions". bluedogdems.com. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
  61. 1 2 Eyal, Yonatan (August 20, 2007). The Young America Movement and the Transformation of the Democratic Party, 1828–1861. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-46669-1.
  62. ↑ Woodward, Colin (September 29, 2011). American Nations: A History of the Eleven Rival Regional Cultures of North America. Penguin Books.
  63. ↑ Richardson, Heather Cox (March 12, 2020). How the South Won the Civil War: Oligarchy, Democracy, and the Continuing Fight for the Soul of America. New York: Oxford University Press.
  64. ↑ Lemann, Nicholas (2007). Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
  65. ↑ Mickey, Robert (February 19, 2015). Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Authoritarian Enclaves in America's Deep South, 1944-1972.
  66. ↑ Maxwell, Angie; Shields, Todd (June 24, 2019). The Long Southern Strategy: How Chasing White Voters in the South Changed American Politics. Oxford University Press.
  67. ↑ "2009 State and Legislative Partisan Composition" (PDF). www.ncsl.org. National Conference of State Legislatures. January 26, 2009.
  68. ↑ "2017 State & Legislative Partisan Composition" (PDF). www.ncsl.org. National Conference of State Legislatures. August 4, 2017.
  69. ↑ Flegenheimer, Matt; Glueck, Katie (October 17, 2020). "Young Joe Biden and His Non-Radical 1960s". The New York Times. Retrieved April 18, 2022.
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