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Elections to the Volksraad were held in the Dutch East Indies in 1935.
Electoral system
The Volksraad had a total of 60 members, 38 of which were elected and 22 appointed.[1] Seats were also assigned to ethnic groups, with 25 for the Dutch population (15 elected, 10 appointed), 30 for the native population (20 elected, 10 appointed) and five for the foreign Orientals (Chinese and Arab Indonesian) (3 elected, 2 appointed).[2]
Candidates and parties
The candidates and parties could be divided into left, right and centrist groups:[3]
Left group
- Nationalists, led by R.M.A.A. Koesoemo Oetojo from Boedi Oetomo (among the representatives were Mohammad Husni Thamrin from the Betawi ethnic group and Oto Iskandar di Nata from Paguyuban Pasundan
- Native Administrative Officials Union (among the representatives were Achmad Djajadiningrat, Wiranatakusumah V and Jahja Datoek Kajo)
- Minahasan Union from Northern Celebes, represented by Sam Ratulangi
- Javan Catholic Political Union led by Ignatius Joseph Kasimo Hendrowahyono
- Chinese Indonesian Party
Centrist group
- Christian Constitutional
- Indies Catholic Party
- Political Economic Union
- Association of Civil Service Officers
- Homeland Affairs representative
- Regents Union
Right group
- Indo Europeesch Verbond led by Dick de Hoog
- Fatherland Club led by Feuilleteau de Bruyn
- Chung Hwa Hui, Chinese Association led by Hok Hoei Kan and Loa Sek Hie
- Arab representative (Sayyid Ismail bin Sayyid Abdoellah bin Alwi Alatas)
- Entrepreneurs (plantation owners) representative
- Independent native representatives, led by R. Sosrohadikoesoemo from Southern Celebes
Results
| Party or alliance | Seats | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Native | European | Other | Total | |||||
| Left Group | Nationalists | 10 | 0 | 0 | 10 | |||
| Native Administrative Officials Union | 7 | 0 | 0 | 7 | ||||
| Minahasan Union | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||||
| Javan Catholic Political Union | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||||
| Chinese Indonesian Party | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Total | 19 | 0 | 1 | 20 | ||||
| Centrist group | Christian Constitutional Party | 3 | 2 | 0 | 5 | |||
| Political Economic Union | 3 | 1 | 1 | 5 | ||||
| Association of Civil Service Officers | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | ||||
| Indies Catholic Party | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||||
| Regents Union | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | ||||
| Homeland Affairs representative | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||||
| Independent Catholic representative | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||||
| Middle-class representative | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | ||||
| Total | 9 | 7 | 1 | 17 | ||||
| Right group | Indo Europeesch Verbond | 0 | 9 | 0 | 9 | |||
| Fatherland Club | 0 | 5 | 0 | 5 | ||||
| Chung Hwa Hui | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | ||||
| Arab representative | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Entrepreneurs representative | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 | ||||
| Independent native representatives | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | ||||
| Total | 2 | 18 | 3 | 23 | ||||
| Total | 30 | 25 | 5 | 60 | ||||
| Source: Koloniaal Tijdschrift, Vol. 24, 1935[3] | ||||||||
Members
Chairman: Mr. H.J. Spit.
First Deputy: R.M.A.A. Koesoemo Oetojo.
Second Deputy: F.H. de Hoog.
| Name | Background | Residence | Membership |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abdul Rasjid | Native medical doctor (private) | Padangsidempoean | 15 June 1931 |
| Ir. Said Mohamad bin Abdullah Alatas | Professional | Batavia | 15 June 1931 |
| Dr. D.H.J. Apituley | Army medic officer | Batavia | 16 May 1927 |
| Th. van Ardenne | Retired Army infantry officer | Batavia | 10 January 1934 |
| Arifin Gelar Soetan Saidi Maharadja | Native medical doctor (government) | Fort de Kock | 15 June 1931 |
| W. van Baalen | Chairman of a private company | Batavia | 16 May 1927 |
| C.E. Barre | Resident | Buitenzorg | 15 June 1931 |
| N. Beets | Assistant Resident | Batavia | 16 May 1927 |
| Mr. P. A. Blaauw | Elected delegate | Batavia | 16 May 1927 |
| H.J. de Dreu | Headmaster of government school | Batavia | 1 March 1930 |
| R.W. Dwidjosewojo | Retired teacher and Former Secretary to Sultan of Djokjakarta | Poerwokerto | 18 May 1918 |
| Dr. W.K.H. Feuilletau de Bruyn | Army infantry colonel | Batavia | 15 June 1931 |
| Ir. F.L.P.G. Fournier | Elected delegate | Bandoeng | 30 June 1930 |
| Mr. R.A.A. Fruin | Elected delegate | Bandoeng | 20 May 1924 |
| P.A. Gandasoebrata | Former Regent | Banjoemas | 15 June 1931 |
| K.P.H. Hadiwidjojo | Elected delegate | Batavia | 20 May 1924 |
| Mr. P.M.C.J. Hamer | Professional | in Europe | 15 June 1931 |
| Mr. B.Th.W. van Hasselt | Chief representative from B.P.M. (Bataafse Petroleum Maatschappij) | Batavia | 10 January 1934 |
| Mr. C.C. van Helsdingen | Elected delegate | Batavia | 20 May 1924 |
| H.J. van Holst Pellekaan | Chairman of advisory committee for rubber regulation | Batavia | 15 June 1931 |
| F.H. de Hoog | Elected delegate | Bandoeng | 20 May 1924 |
| C. Hoogenboom | Financial administrator for Governor of West Java | Batavia | 14 May 1934 |
| R. Oto Iskandar di Nata | Elected delegate | Batavia | 15 June 1931 |
| Joebhaar Gelar Datoek Perpatih | District head of Alahanpandjang | Padang | 20 June 1931 |
| Hok Hoei Kan (H. H. Kan) | Elected delegate | Batavia | 18 May 1918 |
| I.J. Kasimo | Deputy of farming consultant | Solo | 15 June 1931 |
| R.M.A.A. Koesoemo Oetojo | Elected delegate | Batavia | 18 May 1918 |
| Dr. H. Kolkman | Chairman of A.V.R.O.S. (Association of rubber planters in East Coast of Sumatra) | Medan | 11 January 1932 |
| Loa Sek Hie | Professional | Batavia | 15 June 1929 |
| G.J. van Lonkhuyzen | Chairman of Association of European Employees | Batavia | 20 May 1924 |
| Toeanku Mahmoed | Civil servant for Governor of Atjeh | Kutaradja | 15 June 1931 |
| P.A. Mandagie | District head of Minahasa with title of Major | Manado | 17 May 1921 |
| Mochtar bin Praboe Mangkoe Negara | Elected delegate | Batavia | 16 May 1927 |
| Ir. Goesti Mohamad Noor | Engineer working in Water Department | Bandjermasin | 15 June 1931 |
| J.A. Monod de Froideville | Elected delegate | Bandoeng | 16 May 1927 |
| Ir. R.C.A.F.J. Nessel | Mayor of Magelang | Magelang | 15 September 1934 |
| R.A.A. Mohamad Notoadisoerjo | Retired regent of Banjoewangi | Semarang | 15 November 1934 |
| R.M. Notosoetarso | Accountant of Netherlands Trade Union | Meester-Cornelis | 15 June 1931 |
| G. Pastor | Chief of Labor Inspector for Java and Madoera | Meester-Cornelis | 15 June 1931 |
| G. Prawotosoemodilogo | Elected delegate | Semarang | 15 June 1931 |
| G.S.S.J. Ratu Langie | Professional | Manado | 16 May 1927 |
| L.L. Rehatta | Civil servant 1st class | Amboina | 10 January 1934 |
| B. Roep | Elected delegate | Lembang | 16 May 1922 |
| E. Smith | Retired legal secretary 1st class | Bandoeng | 26 June 1934 |
| Abdoel Firman Gelar Mangaradja Soangkoepon | Elected delegate | Batavia | 16 May 1927 |
| R. Soekardjo Wirjopranoto | Professional | Malang | 15 June 1931 |
| Tjokorde Gde Rake Soekawati | Civil servant and advisor to Resident of Bali-Lombok | Den Pasar | 20 May 1924 |
| R.P. Soeroso | Chairman of East Indies Trade Union | Modjokerto | 20 May 1924 |
| Mas Soetardjo Kartohadikoesoemo | Elected delegate | Batavia | 15 June 1931 |
| R.Ng. Sosrohadikoesoemo | Delegate from Central Java representative council | Semarang | 15 June 1931 |
| E. Straatemeier | Director of K.P.M. (Royal Netherlands Packing Company) | Batavia | 2 September 1933 |
| Mohamad Hoesni Thamrin | Elected delegate | Batavia | 16 May 1927 |
| R.A.A. Tjakraningrat | Regent | Bangkalan | 16 June 1931 |
| Tjia Tjeng Siang | Retired titular Major of Chinese | Pontianak | 16 May 1927 |
| G.A.Th. Weijer | Elected delegate | Batavia | 10 September 1934 |
| R. Demang Wiradiatmadja | Patih | Madjalengka | 15 June 1931 |
| R.A.A. Wiranatakoesoema | Elected delegate | Batavia | 11 September 1922 |
| R. Wiwoho Poerbohadidjojo | Employee of N.I.S.(East Indies train company) | Semarang | 15 June 1931 |
| Dr. W.L. Wolff | Teacher of M.O. | in Europe | 15 June 1931 |
| Yo Heng Kam | Elected delegate | Batavia | 16 May 1927 |
| Source: Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië 1935 Part 2 [4] | |||
References
- ↑ S.L. van der Wal & J.B. Wolters (1965) De Volksraad en de staatkundige ontwikkeling van Nederlands-Indië 2e Stuk 1927-1942, p372
- ↑ Schmutzer, Eduard J. M. (1977). Dutch colonial policy and the search for identity in Indonesia 1920-1931. The Netherlands: Brill. p. 68. ISBN 9789004054011.
- 1 2 Koloniaal Tijdschrift, Vol.24 p372
- ↑ Regeeringsalmanak voor Nederlandsch-Indië 1935 Part 2 p57
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