1977 Atlantic hurricane season
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formedJune 13, 1977
Last system dissipatedNovember 7, 1977
Strongest storm
NameAnita
 • Maximum winds175 mph (280 km/h)
(1-minute sustained)
 • Lowest pressure926 mbar (hPa; 27.35 inHg)
Seasonal statistics
Total depressions16
Total storms6
Hurricanes5
Major hurricanes
(Cat. 3+)		1
Total fatalities11 total
Total damage$969.9 million (1977 USD)
Related articles

The 1977 Atlantic hurricane season was a very inactive Atlantic hurricane season, with only six named storms. The season officially began on Wednesday, June 1, 1977 and lasted until Wednesday, November 30, 1977. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclogenesis occurs in the Atlantic basin. The first tropical cyclone of the season developed over the western Caribbean Sea on June 13, 12 days after the start of the season. Three more organized during July and early August. Then, on August 29, the first named storm, Hurricane Anita formed and rapidly intensified to a Category 5 hurricane on September 1, before weakening slightly and striking Mexico as a high-end Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale, bringing strong winds and heavy rainfall, causing 11 fatalities, and leaving at least 25,000 people homeless. Damage from Anita exceeded $956 million USD.

In addition to Anita, another notable tropical cyclone of this season was Hurricane Babe. The storm caused coastal flooding in southeastern Louisiana, resulting in $14 million (1977 USD) in damage.[nb 1] After moving inland, it spawned 14 tornadoes throughout Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina. In addition to Anita and Babe, five other tropical cyclones – hurricanes Clara, Dorothy, and Evelyn, as well as Tropical Storm Frieda and Tropical Depression Nine – left only minor impacts on land. Overall, the tropical cyclones of the season collectively caused 11 fatalities and at least $969.9 million in damage, excluding the remnants of Tropical Depression Nine, which led to 53 deaths and $203 million in losses due to flooding in the Southeastern United States, New Jersey, and New York.

Season summary

Hurricane Babe (1977)Hurricane AnitaSaffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale

The Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1977.[1] Activity began several days later with the formation of a tropical depression on June 13. Although 16 tropical depressions formed, it was a below average season because only six strengthened into tropical storms.[2] In terms of named storms, this was the least active season since 1965.[3] Five of these attained hurricane status, and one of the five eventually attained major hurricane status,[2] which is Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.[3] The inactivity was attributed to an El Niño that began developing in August.[4] Three hurricanes and one tropical storm made landfall during the season, causing 11 deaths and $13 million in damage.[5][6][7] The last storm of the season, Tropical Depression Nine, dissipated on November 7,[2] over three weeks before the official end of the season on November 30.[1]

Tropical cyclogenesis in the 1977 Atlantic hurricane season began with the development of a tropical depression on June 13. Activity briefly halted, until two other tropical depressions developed in the second half of July. A fourth tropical depression formed in early August.[2] Later that month, Hurricane Anita developed on August 29. It was the latest in the season for a first named storm to form in the satellite era.[8] September, the climatological peak of hurricane season, was its most active month.[6] Five tropical cyclones developed, including two tropical depressions,[2] and hurricanes Babe, Clara, and Dorothy.[6] There were also five tropical cyclones in October – three tropical depressions,[2] Hurricane Evelyn, and Tropical Storm Frieda.[6] The final tropical cyclone of the season, Tropical Depression Nine, developed between the Greater Antilles and Bermuda on November 3 and dissipated by November 7.[2]

The season's activity was reflected with a cumulative accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 25, which was the lowest ACE value since 1946. ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have high values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h), which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity.[3]

Systems

Hurricane Anita

Category 5 hurricane (SSHWS)
 
DurationAugust 29 – September 3
Peak intensity175 mph (280 km/h) (1-min);
926 mbar (hPa)

A tropical wave spawned a tropical depression at 1200 UTC on August 29, while located about 230 miles (370 km) south-southwest of New Orleans, Louisiana.[2][6] The depression moved west-southwestward and strengthened into Tropical Storm Anita early on August 30. Later that day, the storm had intensified into a hurricane. Although intensification briefly slowed, rapid deepening occurred from September 1 to the following day, when Anita peaked as a Category 5 hurricane with winds of 175 mph (280 km/h).[2] The storm weakened slightly to a Category 4 hurricane before making landfall near Soto la Marina, Tamaulipas.[6] It rapidly weakened inland, decreasing to tropical depression intensity early on September 3. However, Anita remained intact across Mexico and reached the eastern Pacific Ocean as a depression.[2]

Prior to becoming a tropical cyclone, the precursor to Anita dropped light rainfall in Florida.[9] Gusty winds and storm surge effected Louisiana. At Grand Isle, storm tides 2 feet (0.61 m) above normal resulted in hundreds of families being asked to evacuate. Numerous coastal highways in Texas, including portions of State Highway 87, were closed due to above normal tides.[10] Precipitation reached 4.97 inches (126 mm) in Rio Grande City.[9] In Mexico, the hurricane caused strong winds and moderate rainfall.[6][11] The winds caused extensive damage to villages in northeastern Mexico, with about 25,000 people left homeless. The roofs of most buildings were destroyed near the location of Anita's landfall.[12] The highest amount of precipitation observed during the storm was 15.2 inches (390 mm) at Soto la Marina, Tamaulipas.[6] Flooding and mudslides killed eleven people in the state.[5] Overall damage is unknown.[6]

Hurricane Babe

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
 
DurationSeptember 3 – September 9
Peak intensity75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min);
995 mbar (hPa)

The interaction of a tropical wave and a cold upper low pressure area developed into a subtropical depression in the eastern Gulf of Mexico on September 3.[6][2] It strengthened while gradually acquiring tropical characteristics and was reclassified as Tropical Storm Babe late on September 4. The storm curved north-northeastward and by early on the following day, it was upgraded to a hurricane. Around that time, Babe peaked with maximum sustained winds of 75 mph (120 km/h). Early on September 5, Babe made landfall near Cocodrie, Louisiana at the same intensity. Later that day, it weakened to a tropical storm and then a tropical depression on September 6. However, Babe continued to move northeastward and then east-northeastward across the Southeastern United States until dissipating early on September 9.[2]

Babe produced light to moderate rainfall across much of the Southern United States. In Louisiana, precipitation peaked at 10.99 inches (279 mm) near Lafayette.[13] Flooding damage was primarily to crops, mainly sugar cane.[6] Six tornadoes were spawned in Louisiana, including one near Hammond that severely damage a country store and knocked six wood-frame homes off their foundations. Damage from this tornado alone reached $2.5 million.[7][14] In other states, Babe brought flash flooding along its path due to rainfall exceeding 7 inches (180 mm) in Mississippi, northwestern Georgia, and western North Carolina.[6] Overall, Babe caused about $13 million in damage, but no deaths.[7]

Hurricane Clara

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
 
DurationSeptember 5 – September 11
Peak intensity75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min);
993 mbar (hPa)

A convective cloud mass with a spiral band of gale-force winds, associated with the development of Hurricane Babe, moved across the Southeastern United States in early September. The system developed a circulation by late on September 4, while tracking across southeastern Georgia. After a slight drop in barometric pressure and an increase in wind speeds, a tropical depression formed inland near Charleston, South Carolina at 1200 UTC on September 5. The depression initially drifted east-northeastward and soon moved offshore. After passing south of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina on September 6, it began to organize while accelerating just north of due east. At 0000 UTC on September 8, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Clara. The storm quickly strengthened, becoming a hurricane only 12 hours later.[15] Strong wind shear caused Clara to weaken back to a tropical storm on September 9. Thereafter, the storm executed a cyclonic loop near Bermuda. By late on September 10, Clara accelerated northeastward and became extratropical at 1200 UTC on September 11.[15]

In its early stages, the storm dropped light rainfall in the Southeastern United States, peaking at 3.53 inches (90 mm) in Beaufort, South Carolina.[16] Additionally, Clara produced 0.55 inches (14 mm) of precipitation in Bermuda.[17] The remnants reached Canada and produced winds of 62 mph (100 km/h) in Antigonish, Nova Scotia, which knocked over campers, uprooted trees, damaged barns, and caused power outages in the area.[18]

Hurricane Dorothy

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
 
DurationSeptember 26 – September 29
Peak intensity85 mph (140 km/h) (1-min);
980 mbar (hPa)

A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from the west coast of Africa on September 15. The system tracked westward at 17 to 23 mph (27 to 37 km/h) and convection began organizing five days later. On September 21, the wave crossed the Windward Islands, bringing wind gusts of 69 mph (111 km/h) to Guadeloupe and Martinique and rainfall of 5 to 8 inches (130 to 200 mm) on several islands. Although it was a strong tropical wave, the system weakened significantly while crossing Hispaniola on September 23. Tracking steadily northward, it developed into a tropical depression northeast of the Bahamas on September 26. A reconnaissance aircraft indicated that the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Dorothy at 1200 UTC on September 27.[19]

Shortly after becoming a tropical storm, Dorothy passed just south of Bermuda, though no damage was reported on the island. The storm quickly strengthened while tracking northeastward and strengthened into a hurricane at 1200 UTC on September 28. By early on September 29, Dorothy attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 85 mph (140 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 980 mbar (29 inHg). Later that day, Dorothy transitioned into an extratropical storm while located south of Cape Race, Newfoundland. On September 30, the extratropical remnants of Dorothy were absorbed by a frontal low pressure system located in the northern Atlantic Ocean.[19]

Hurricane Evelyn

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
 
DurationOctober 13 – October 15
Peak intensity80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min);
994 mbar (hPa)

A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from the west coast of Africa on October 3. The system tracked westward at an abnormally low altitude of 6°N. However, because the Azores high pressure was abnormally weak, the system quickly curved northwestward. After a significant increase in convection, a tropical depression developed at 1800 UTC on October 13, while located 400 miles (640 km) south of Bermuda. A ship later reported gale-force winds, prompting an upgrade of the depression to Tropical Storm Evelyn on October 14. Early on the following day, a reconnaissance flight recorded winds of 83 mph (134 km/h), indicating that Evelyn became a hurricane. Later on October 15, accelerated to the north-northeast and made landfall on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) at 1200 UTC. Shortly after entering the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, Evelyn merged with a cold front at 1800 UTC on October 15, near the tip of southeastern Newfoundland.[20]

Impact on Bermuda was limited to light winds[20] and a small amount of rainfall – 2.60 inches (66 mm).[17] On Sable Island, Evelyn produced tropical storm force winds, reaching 52 mph (84 km/h).[21] In both Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, the storm dropped light rainfall, rarely exceeding 1 inch (25 mm).[22] Some areas of Newfoundland experienced tropical storm force winds, mainly between Stephenville and St. John's.[20][22] However, this may have been in combination with the cold front that Evelyn merged with. In addition, a ship near the southwestern tip of Newfoundland reported sustained winds of 78 mph (126 km/h).[23]

Tropical Storm Frieda

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
 
DurationOctober 16 – October 19
Peak intensity60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min);
1005 mbar (hPa)

A tropical wave emerged into the Atlantic Ocean from the west coast of Africa on October 4. The wave tracked uneventfully westward for about 10 days. On October 12, the remnants of a cold front reached the northwestern Caribbean Sea. The wave began interacting with it and another cold front that entered the region by October 16. Later that day, a reconnaissance aircraft reported a surface circulation near Swan Island, Honduras.[6] Thus, a tropical depression developed at 1800 UTC on October 16. The depression moved slowly westward and strengthened into Tropical Storm Frieda on October 17, while passing south of Swan Island.[2]

Frieda continued to intensify until peaking with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 1,005 mbar (29.7 inHg) early on October 18. Later that day, Frieda weakened and fell to tropical depression intensity. At 0000 UTC on October 19, the storm made landfall near Belize City, Belize as a weak tropical depression. Frieda promptly dissipated.[2] Belize City reported only minimal rainfall and light winds. Around that time, the storm passed south of Swan Island, where it produced 4.46 inches (113 mm) in a 30‑hour period. On Grand Cayman, 5.42 inches (138 mm) of precipitation fell in 36 hours.[6]

Tropical Depression Nine

Tropical depression (SSHWS)
 
DurationNovember 3 – November 7
Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1006 mbar (hPa)

A tropical depression formed between the Greater Antilles and Bermuda on November 3. Initially, the depression moved northeastward, though on November 4, a building high pressure area forced it to track north of due west. Eventually, an upper-level low situated over the Southern United States caused the depression to re-curve north-northwestward. Late on November 7, the depression made landfall near Cape Lookout, North Carolina. By early on the following day, the depression degenerated into a low pressure area while located over eastern Virginia. The remnants continued northeastward across the Mid-Atlantic and New England, before being absorbed by an extratropical cyclone while offshore of Maine on November 11.[24]

Moisture from Tropical Depression Nine and a low pressure area that tracked across the Southeastern United States resulted in heavy rainfall over western North Carolina and western Virginia, with up to 11.63 inches (295 mm) at Idlewild in the former.[24] In North Carolina, flooding destroyed 384 homes, 382 miles (615 km) of highways, and 12 dams. Flooding was considered the worst in Yancey County, where nearly every bridge was washed out. Sixteen counties in the western portions of the state were declared disaster areas.[25] The depression also produced 5 to 9 inches (130 to 230 mm) of rainfall in northern Georgia. Eighteen bridges were destroyed and twenty-seven others were damaged. In Virginia, 100 homes were destroyed by flooding, with about the same amount suffering major damage. Similar impact was reported in Tennessee. Strong winds and storm tides in New Jersey caused extensive damage. Overall, the flooding event caused 53 deaths, 39 in Georgia,[26] 13 in North Carolina,[25] and 1 in Tennessee. Damage totaled $203 million, $100 million of which was incurred in New Jersey alone.[26]

Other systems

In addition to the six named storms and Tropical Depression Nine, a total of nine other tropical depressions developed during the season. Later in June, a tropical depression formed in the west-central Gulf of Mexico on June 13. It headed north-northwestward and made landfall in Texas by the following day. The system rapidly dissipated after moving inland. The third tropical depression of the season developed in the central Gulf of Mexico on July 17. After tracking northward, the depression struck near Mobile, Alabama on July 18. By the following day, it dissipated in central Mississippi. In late July, another depression developed in the central Gulf of Mexico on July 25. No further strengthening occurred and by the following day, it dissipated north of the Yucatán Peninsula.[2]

A tropical depression developed near the west coast of Africa on August 1. The system tracked westward for three days without intensifying and dissipated on August 4. The next tropical depression formed well west-southwest of Cape Verde on September 17. After remaining disorganized, it dissipated to the east-southeast of the Lesser Antilles about three days later. Tropical Depression Four developed in the Bay of Campeche on September 22. However, the depression remained weak and made landfall near Tampico, Tamaulipas at around 1000 UTC on September 23. Later that day, it dissipated while barely inland.[2]

By October 1, another tropical depression formed east of the Lesser Antilles. It headed west-northwestward and dissipated on October 3, before reaching the Windward Islands. Tropical Depression Six developed in the central Atlantic Ocean on October 2. It briefly headed east-southeastward, before curving northwestward on October 4. The system dissipated later that day. Another tropical depression developed in the Gulf of Mexico east of the Texas and Mexico border on October 24. It tracked northeastward without intensification and made landfall in southeast Louisiana on October 25, while still a tropical depression. The system quickly weakened and dissipated over southern Mississippi later that day.[2]

Storm names

The following names were used for named storms that formed in the North Atlantic in 1977. Storms were named Anita, Babe, Clara and Evelyn for the first time in 1977.[1] Because new lists containing male names began in 1979 season,[27] none of these have appeared on a list since, except for: Grace; Hannah, though spelled Hanna; and Ida.[28] Unused names are marked in gray.

  • Anita
  • Babe
  • Clara
  • Dorothy
  • Evelyn
  • Frieda
  • Grace (unused)
  • Hannah (unused)
  • Ida (unused)
  • Jodie (unused)
  • Kristina (unused)
  • Lois (unused)
  • Mary (unused)
  • Nora (unused)
  • Odel (unused)
  • Penny (unused)
  • Raquel (unused)
  • Sophia (unused)
  • Trudy (unused)
  • Virginia (unused)
  • Willene (unused)

Retirement

The name Anita was later retired.[29]

Season effects

This is a table of all of the storms that have formed during the 1977 Atlantic hurricane season. It includes their names, duration, peak strength, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 1977 USD.

Saffir–Simpson scale
TD TS C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
1977 North Atlantic tropical cyclone season statistics
Storm
name		 Dates active Storm category
at peak intensity		 Max 1-min
wind
mph (km/h)		 Min.
press.
(mbar)		 Areas affected Damage
(USD)		 Deaths Ref(s)
Unnumbered June 13 – June 14 Tropical depression 30 (45) Unknown Texas None None
Unnumbered July 18 – July 19 Tropical depression 35 (55) Unknown Alabama None None
Unnumbered July 25 – July 26 Tropical depression 30 (45) Unknown None None None
Unnumbered August 1 – August 4 Tropical depression 35 (55) Unknown None None None
Anita August 29 – September 3 Category 5 hurricane 175 (280) 926 northeastern Mexico $956.8 million 11
Babe September 3 – 9 Category 1 hurricane 75 (120) 995 Southern United States $13 million None
Clara September 5 – September 11 Category 1 hurricane 75 (120) 993 The Carolinas, Nova Scotia Minimal None
Unnumbered September 17 – September 19 Tropical depression 30 (45) Unknown None None None
Unnumbered September 22 – September 23 Tropical depression 30 (45) Unknown northern Mexico None None
Dorothy September 26 – 29 Category 1 hurricane 85 (140) 980 Bermuda, Newfoundland None None
Unnumbered October 1 – October 3 Tropical depression 35 (55) Unknown Windward Islands None None
Unnumbered October 3 – October 5 Tropical depression 35 (55) Unknown None None None
Evelyn October 13 – 15 Category 1 hurricane 80 (130) 994 Bermuda, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland None None
Frieda October 16 – 19 Tropical storm 60 (95) 1005 Cayman Islands, Belize None None
Unnumbered October 24 – October 25 Tropical depression 35 (55) Unknown Louisiana None None
Nine November 3 – 7 Tropical depression 35 (55) 1006 None None None
Season aggregates
16 systems June 13 – November 7  175 (280) 926 >13 million 11  

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ All damage figures are in 1977 USD, unless otherwise noted

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Hurricanes may return to U.S., with changing weather cycles". Wisconsin State Journal. Madison, Wisconsin. Associated Press. June 1, 1977. Retrieved September 28, 2021. Free access icon
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved January 14, 2024. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. 1 2 3 Atlantic basin Comparison of Original and Revised HURDAT. Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. September 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
  4. ↑ Cold & warm episodes by season. Climate Prediction Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2024. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
  5. 1 2 "El huracón "Anita" causadiez muertos y grandes daños materiales" (PDF). La Vanguardia Española (in Spanish). September 6, 1977. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Miles B. Lawrence (April 1978). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1977" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. National Hurricane Center. 106 (4): 534. Bibcode:1978MWRv..106..534L. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1978)106<0534:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved May 31, 2011.
  7. 1 2 3 "Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena" (PDF). Storm Data. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 19 (9). September 1977. ISSN 0039-1972. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2014. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
  8. ↑ John Kocet (July 28, 2009). "Real Hurricane Season About to Start". Star Tribune. AccuWeather. Archived from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
  9. 1 2 David Roth (July 16, 2007). Hurricane Anita - August 30-September 4, 1977 (Report). Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
  10. ↑ "Hurricane Anita Heads for Texas". The Brownsville Herald. United Press International. August 31, 1977. Retrieved May 10, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  11. ↑ "La Pesca Bears Brunt of Anita's Fury". Associated Press. September 2, 1977.
  12. ↑ "Anita fades, moves west from Mexico". Statesman Journal. Salem, Oregon. Associated Press. September 4, 1977. p. 2A. Retrieved May 10, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
  13. ↑ Roth, David M (January 3, 2023). "Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima". Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Data. United States Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved January 6, 2023. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  14. ↑ "Hurricane Babe Sputters in La., Little Damage". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. September 6, 1977. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
  15. 1 2 Paul Hebert (1977). Preliminary Report Hurricane Clara (Report). National Hurricane Center. p. 1. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
  16. ↑ David Roth (October 26, 2007). Hurricane Clara - September 4-7, 1977 (Report). Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
  17. 1 2 Tropical Cyclone Point Maxima (Report). Weather Prediction Center. 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
  18. ↑ 1977-Clara (Report). Environment Canada. November 4, 2009. Archived from the original on April 9, 2017. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
  19. 1 2 Gilbert Clark (1977). Preliminary Report Hurricane Dorothy (Report). National Hurricane Center. p. 1. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
  20. 1 2 3 Joseph Pelissier (1977). Preliminary Report Hurricane Evelyn (Report). National Hurricane Center. p. 1. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
  21. ↑ "Evelyn Bound For Extinction". The Albany Herald. United Press International. October 16, 1977. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
  22. 1 2 1977-Evelyn (Report). Environment Canada. September 14, 2010. Archived from the original on March 13, 2013. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
  23. ↑ Joseph Pelissier (1977). Preliminary Report Hurricane Evelyn (Report). National Hurricane Center. p. 2. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
  24. 1 2 David M. Roth (March 6, 2013). Tropical Depression Nine - November 6-11, 1977 (Report). Weather Prediction Center. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
  25. 1 2 Anne Carter Witt (2005). A Brief History of Debris Flow Occurrence in the French Broad River Watershed, Western North Carolina (PDF). North Carolina Geological Survey (Report). East Carolina University. p. 71. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 4, 2009. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
  26. 1 2 "Storm Data and Unusual Weather Phenomena" (PDF). Storm Data. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 19 (11). November 1977. ISSN 0039-1972. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2014. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
  27. ↑ Don McLeod (May 15, 1978). "Males to share the billing in names for hurricanes". The Day. New London, Connecticut. Associated Press. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
  28. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Names". National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on September 28, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
  29. ↑ Tropical Cyclone Naming History and Retired Names (Report). National Hurricane Center. April 13, 2012. Retrieved February 20, 2013.
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