During the Parade of Nations portion of the 1988 Summer Olympics opening ceremony, athletes from each country participating in the Olympics paraded in the arena, preceded by their flag. The flag was borne by a sportsperson from that country chosen either by the National Olympic Committee or by the athletes themselves to represent their country.

Parade order

As the nation of the first modern Olympic Games, Greece entered the stadium first; whereas, the host nation South Korea marched last. Other countries entered in alphabetical order in the language of the host country (Korean), according with tradition and IOC guidelines. The collation method used is based on the names as written in Hangul, a traditional Korean alphabet.[1]

Whilst most countries entered under their short names, a few entered under more formal or alternative names, mostly due to political and naming disputes. The Republic of China (commonly known as Taiwan) entered with the compromised name and flag of "Chinese Taipei" ("차이니스 이페이") under 타 ta, while the conflicting People's Republic of China (commonly known as China) entered as "화인민공화국" under 중.

Among the nations with Korean names starting with 이 i, several reorderings occurred because of the hostile relationship between the countries. Hangul alphabetic order would have dictated Iraq → Iran → Israel → Egypt → Italy → India → Indonesia → Japan. Iran was moved three spaces later in the parade while Israel was moved five spaces later (an additional two spaces past Iran), changing the parade order into Iraq → Egypt → Italy → India → Iran → Indonesia → Japan → Israel.

160 nations entered the stadium with a combined total of 8,391 athletes.[2][3] Eight nations made their Olympic debut: Aruba, American Samoa, Brunei, Cook Islands, Maldives, Vanuatu, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and South Yemen. North Korea and its ally Cuba boycotted the games for the second consecutive time, while Ethiopia, Albania and the Seychelles did not respond to the invitations sent by the IOC,[4] allegedly in solidarity with North Korea.[5] Madagascar did not participate due to financial considerations, Nicaragua did not participate due to the ongoing civil war, and South Africa was excluded due to its apartheid policies.[6][5]

Notable flag bearers in the opening ceremony featured the following athletes: seven-time Olympian and Star sailor Hubert Raudaschl (Austria); defending Olympic champions Evelyn Ashford (United States) in the women's 100-metre dash;[7] Jouko Salomaki (Finland) and Vasile Andrei (Romania) in Greco-Roman wrestling; Ernesto Canto (Mexico) in race walking; Agneta Andersson (Sweden) in the women's kayak sprinting; Matija Ljubek in the men's canoe sprinting; and six-time Olympian Reiner Klimke (Federal Republic of Germany), who led the West German team to a gold-medal victory in the equestrian dressage; synchronized swimmers Mikako Kotani (Japan) and Carolyn Waldo (Canada), who eventually topped the podium in both the solo and duet routines; eight-time Olympian and Star sailor Durward Knowles (the Bahamas); eventual gold medalists Ulf Timmermann (German Democratic Republic) in the men's shot put and Aleksandr Karelin (Soviet Union) in the super heavyweight Greco-Roman wrestling; five-time track sprinter and Moscow 1980 champion Pietro Mennea (Italy); long-distance runner Grete Andersen-Waitz (Norway), who bagged a silver medal in the inaugural women's marathon four years earlier; and world-number-three tennis player Gabriela Sabatini (Argentina) in the women's singles.[8]

List

The following is a list of each country's announced flag bearer. The names are given in their official designations by the IOC.

Some differences occurred between the official placard displays and the official announcements:

  • A number of designations were abbreviated on the placards, but announced in full.
    • The United States delegation was announced as "the United States of America" and appeared on the placard as "U.S.A.".
    • The Soviet Union delegation was abbreviated in both the announcements and the placard.
  • South Yemen's delegation was announced as "Yemen Democratic Republic", but appeared on the placard as "Dem. Rep. of Yemen".
  • Egypt's delegation was announced as the "Arab Republic of Egypt", but appeared on the placard as "Egypt".
  • The Central African Republic delegation was announced as "Central African Republic", but appeared on the placard as "Central Africa".
  • Côte d'Ivoire's delegation was announced as "Ivory Coast", but appeared on the placard as "Côte d'Ivoire".
  • Congo's delegation was announced as "People's Republic of Congo", but appeared on the placard as "Congo".
  • Fiji's delegation was announced as "Fiji Islands", but appeared on the placard as "Fiji".
Order Nation Hangul Roman transliteration Flag bearer Sport
1 Greece (GRE)그리스GeuriseuBabis KholidisWrestling
2 Ghana (GHA)가나GanaJohn Myles-MillsAthletics
3 Gabon (GAB)가봉GabongGisèle OngolloAthletics
4 Guyana (GUY)가이아나GaianaAlfred ThomasBoxing
5 Gambia (GAM)감비아GambiaDawda JallowAthletics
6 Guatemala (GUA)과테말라GwatemallaCarlos SilvaShooting
7 Guam (GUM)GwamRicardo BlasJudo
8 Grenada (GRN)그레나다GeurenadaAgnes GriffithAthletics
9 Guinea (GUI)기니GiniOusmane DialloWrestling
10 Equatorial Guinea (GEQ)적도 기니Jeokdo GiniManuel RondoAthletics
11 Nigeria (NGR)나이지리아NaijiriaYusuf AlliAthletics
12 Netherlands (NED)네덜란드NedeollandeuEric SwinkelsShooting
13 Nepal (NEP)네팔NepalKrishna Bahadur BasnetAthletics
14 Norway (NOR)노르웨이NoreuweiGrete Andersen-WaitzAthletics
15 Papua New Guinea (PNG)파푸아뉴기니Papua-NyuginiPinye MalaibiWeightlifting
16 New Zealand (NZL)뉴질랜드NyujillandeuIan FergusonCanoeing
17 Niger (NIG)니제르NijereuHassan KarimouAthletics
18 Denmark (DEN)덴마크DenmakeuAnne Grethe JensenEquestrian
19 Dominican Republic (DOM)도미니카 공화국Dominika GonghwagukJuan NúñezAthletics
20 German Dem. Rep. (GDR)독일 민주 공화국Dogil Minju GonghwagukUlf TimmermannAthletics
21 F. R. of Germany (FRG)독일 연방 공화국Dogil Yeonbang GonghwagukReiner KlimkeEquestrian
22 Laos (LAO)라오스RaoseuSitthixay SacpraseuthAthletics
23 Liberia (LBR)라이베리아RaiberiaSamuel BirchAthletics
24 Lebanon (LIB)레바논RebanonToni KhouriOfficial
25 Lesotho (LES)레소토ResotoNoheku NtesoAthletics
26 Rumania (ROM)루마니아RumaniaVasile AndreiWrestling
27 Luxembourg (LUX)룩셈부르크RuksembureukeuRoland JacobyShooting
28 Rwanda (RWA)르완다ReuwandaMathias NtawulikuraAthletics
29 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (LBA)리비아RibiaSaid Farouk Al-TurkiAthletics
30 Liechtenstein (LIE)리히텐슈타인RihitensyutainYvonne ElkuchCycling
31 Malawi (MAW)말라위MallawiGeorge MambosasaAthletics
32 Malaysia (MAS)말레이시아MalleisiaNordin Mohamed JadiAthletics
33 Mali (MLI)말리MalliMamadou KeitaJudo
34 Mexico (MEX)멕시코MeksikoErnesto CantoAthletics
35 Monaco (MON)모나코MonakoStéphane OpertoCycling
36 Morocco (MAR)모로코MorokoFaouzi LahbiAthletics
37 Mauritius (MRI)모리셔스MorisyeoseuNavind RamsaranWrestling
38 Mauritania (MTN)모리타니MoritaniOumar Samba SyWrestling
39 Mozambique (MOZ)모잠비크MojambikeuSergio FafitineSwimming
40 Maldives (MDV)몰디브MoldibeuHussein HaleemAthletics
41 Malta (MLT)몰타MoltaJoanna AgiusArchery
42 Mongolia (MGL)몽고MonggoBadmaanyambuugiin Bat-ErdeneJudo
43 U.S.A. (USA)미국MigukEvelyn AshfordAthletics
44 Vanuatu (VAN)바누아투BanuatuOlivette DaruhiAthletics
45 Bahrain (BRN)바레인BareinAhmed Hamada JassimAthletics
46 Barbados (BAR)바베이도스BabeidoseuElvis FordeAthletics
47 Bahamas (BAH)바하마BahamaDurward KnowlesSailing
48 Bangladesh (BAN)방글라데시BanggeulladesiBazlur Mohamed RahmanSwimming
49 Burma (BIR)버마BeomaLatt ZawBoxing
50 Bermuda (BER)버뮤다BeomyudaClarence SaundersAthletics
51 Virgin Isl. (ISV)버진 제도Beojin JedoRobert Fellner[9]Taekwondo
52 British Virgin Isl. (IVB)영국령 버진 제도Yeonggungnyeong Beojin JedoWillis TodmanAthletics
53 Benin (BEN)베냉BenaengFélicite BadaAthletics
54 Venezuela (VEN)베네수엘라BenesuellaElizabeth PopperTable tennis
55 Vietnam (VIE)베트남BeteunamNguyễn Đình MinhAthletics
56 Belgium (BEL)벨기에BelgieDirk CroisRowing
57 Belize (BIZ)벨리즈BellijeuFitzgerald JosephCycling
58 Botswana (BOT)보츠와나BocheuwanaShakes KubuitsileBoxing
59 Bolivia (BOL)볼리비아BollibiaKaterine MorenoSwimming
60 Burkina Faso (BUR)부르키나파소BureukinapasoSounaila SagnonBoxing
61 Bhutan (BHU)부탄ButanPema TsheringArchery
62 Bulgaria (BUL)불가리아BulgariaVasil EtropolskiFencing
63 Brazil (BRA)브라질BeurajilWalter CarmonaJudo
64 Brunei Darussalam (BRU)브루나이Beurunai
65 American Samoa (ASA)미국령 사모아Migungnyeong SamoaMaselino MasoeBoxing
66 Western Samoa (SAM)서사모아Seo-SamoaHenry SmithAthletics
67 Saudi Arabia (KSA)사우디아라비아SaudiarabiaSalah Al-MarOfficial
68 Cyprus (CYP)사이프러스SaipeureoseuMikhalakis TymbiosShooting
69 San Marino (SMR)산마리노SanmarinoDominique Canti[10][11]Athletics
70 El Salvador (ESA)엘살바도르ElsalbadoreuGustavo ManzurWrestling
71 Senegal (SEN)세네갈SenegalAmadou Dia BâAthletics
72 St. Vincent & the Grenadines (VIN)세인트빈센트 그레나딘Seinteubinsenteu GeurenadinOrde BallantyneAthletics
73 U.S.S.R. (URS)소련SoryeonAlexander KarelinWrestling
74 Somalia (SOM)소말리아SomalliaAboukar Hassan AdaniAthletics
75 Solomon Isl. (SOL)솔로몬 제도Sollomon JedoGustave MansadChef de mission
76 Sudan (SUD)수단SudanOmer KhalifaAthletics
77 Surinam (SUR)수리남SurinamRealdo JessurunCycling
78 Sri Lanka (SRI)스리랑카SeurirangkaDaya Rajasinghe NadarajasinghamShooting
79 Swaziland (SWZ)스와질란드SeuwajillandeuSizwe Sydney MdluliAthletics
80 Sweden (SWE)스웨덴SeuwedenAgneta AnderssonCanoeing
81 Switzerland (SUI)스위스SeuwiseuCornelia BürkiAthletics
82 Syria (SYR)시리아SiriaHafez El-HusseinAthletics
83 Sierra Leone (SLE)시에라리온SierarionBaba Ibrahim Suma-KeitaAthletics
84 Singapore (SIN)싱가포르SinggaporeuAng Peng SiongSwimming
85 United Arab Emirates (UAE)아랍에미리트Arap-EmiriteuSultan KhalifaCycling
86 Aruba (ARU)아루바ArubaBito MaduroJudo
87 Argentina (ARG)아르헨티나AreuhentinaGabriela SabatiniTennis
88 Iceland (ISL)아이슬란드AiseullandeuBjarni FriðrikssonJudo
89 Haiti (HAI)아이티AitiDeborah Saint PhardAthletics
90 Ireland (IRL)아일랜드AillaendeuWayne McCulloughBoxing
91 Afghanistan (AFG)아프가니스탄ApeuganiseutanMohammad RazigulWrestling
92 Andorra (AND)안도라AndoraJosep GraellsAthletics
93 Antigua (ANT)안티과AntigwaJocelyn JosephAthletics
94 Netherlands Antilles (AHO)네덜란드령 안틸레스Nedeollandeuryeong AntilleseuJan BoersmaSailing
95 Algeria (ALG)알제리AljeriNoureddine TadjineAthletics
96 Angola (ANG)앙골라AnggollaJoão N'TyambaAthletics
97 Spain (ESP)에스파냐EseupanyaInfanta CristinaSailing
98 Ecuador (ECU)에콰도르EkwadoreuLiliana ChaláAthletics
99 Great Britain (GBR)영국YeonggukIan C.B. TaylorField hockey
100 Dem. Rep. of Yemen (YMD)예멘 민주 공화국Yemen Minju GonghwagukSahim Saleh MehdiAthletics
101 Yemen Arab Rep. (YAR)예멘 아랍 공화국Yemen Arap GonghwagukAbdullah Al-ShamsiWrestling
102 Oman (OMA)오만OmanAbdul Latif Al-BulushiShooting
103 Australia (AUS)오스트레일리아OseuteureilliaRic CharlesworthField hockey
104 Austria (AUT)오스트리아OseuteuriaHubert RaudaschlSailing
105 Honduras (HON)온두라스OnduraseuSantiago FonsecaAthletics
106 Jordan (JOR)요르단YoreudanMuneir Al-MasriWrestling
107 Uganda (UGA)우간다UgandaPatrick LihandaBoxing
108 Uruguay (URU)우루과이UrugwaiJesús PosseRowing
109 Yugoslavia (YUG)유고슬라비아YugoseullabiaMatija LjubekCanoeing
110 Iraq (IRQ)이라크IrakeuAbdul Wahab AliTable tennis
111 Egypt (EGY)이집트IjipteuMohamed KhorshedShooting
112 Italy (ITA)이탈리아ItalliaPietro MenneaAthletics
113 India (IND)인도IndoKartar Dhillon SinghWrestling
114 Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI)이란IranMohamed Reza TupchiWrestling
115 Indonesia (INA)인도네시아IndonesiaTonny MaringgiTable tennis
116 Japan (JPN)일본IlbonMikako KotaniSynchronized swimming
117 Israel (ISR)이스라엘Iseura'elItzhak YonassiShooting
118 Jamaica (JAM)자메이카JameikaMerlene OtteyAthletics
119 Zaire (ZAI)자이르JaireuDikanda DibaAthletics
120 Zambia (ZAM)잠비아JambiaSamuel MateteAthletics
121 Central Africa (CAF)중앙아프리카Jung'ang-ApeurikaFidèle MohingaBoxing
122 P. R. of China (CHN)중화 인민 공화국Junghwa Inmin GonghwagukSong TaoBasketball
123 Djibouti (DJI)지부티JibutiHussein Ahmed SalahAthletics
124 Zimbabwe (ZIM)짐바브웨JimbabeuweJames GombedzaAthletics
125 Chad (CHA)차드ChadeuPaul NgadjadoumAthletics
126 Czechoslovakia (TCH)체코슬로바키아ChekoseullobakiaImrich BugárAthletics
127 Chile (CHI)칠레ChilleGert WeilAthletics
128 Cameroon (CMR)카메룬KamerunFrédéric Ebong-SalleAthletics
129 Qatar (QAT)카타르KatareuMohamed Al-KaabiSailing
130 Canada (CAN)캐나다KaenadaCarolyn WaldoSynchronized swimming
131 Kenya (KEN)케냐KenyaPatrick WaweruBoxing
132 Cayman Isl. (CAY)케이맨 제도Keiman JedoAlfred EbanksCycling
133 Costa Rica (CRC)코스타리카KoseutarikaSigrid NiehausSwimming
134 Cote D'Ivoire (CIV)코트디부아르KoteudibuareuClement N'GoranTennis
135 Colombia (COL)콜롬비아KollombiaJorge MolinaShooting
136 Congo (CGO)콩고KonggoJean-Didiace BémouAthletics
137 Kuwait (KUW)쿠웨이트KuweiteuJasem Al-DowailaAthletics
138 Cook Islands (COK)쿡 제도Kuk JedoWilliam TaramaiAthletics
139 Chinese Taipei (TPE)차이니스 타이페이Chainiseu TaipeiLee Fu-anAthletics
140 Thailand (THA)타이TaiSomchai ChanthavanichShooting
141 Tanzania (TAN)탄자니아TanjaniaIkaji SalumAthletics
142 Turkey (TUR)터키TeokiNecmi GençalpWrestling
143 Togo (TOG)토고TogoAkossi GnaloAthletics
144 Tonga (TGA)통가TonggaSiololovau IkavukaAthletics
145 Tunisia (TUN)튀니지TwinijiSofiane Ben LetaiefTable tennis
146 Trinidad and Tobago (TRI)트리니다드 토바고Teurinidadeu TobagoIan MorrisAthletics
147 Panama (PAN)파나마PanamaManuel GutiérrezSwimming
148 Paraguay (PAR)파라과이ParagwaiRamón Jiménez GaonaAthletics
149 Pakistan (PAK)파키스탄PakiseutanNasir AliField hockey
150 Peru (PER)페루PeruRodrigo RangunaOfficial
151 Portugal (POR)포르투갈PoreutugalJoão RebeloShooting
152 Poland (POL)폴란드PollandeuBogdan DarasWrestling
153 Puerto Rico (PUR)푸에르토리코PuereutorikoJesús FelicianoBaseball
154 France (FRA)프랑스PeurangseuPhilippe RiboudFencing
155 Fiji (FIJ)피지PijiSharon PickeringSwimming
156 Finland (FIN)핀란드PillandeuJouko SalomäkiWrestling
157 Philippines (PHI)필리핀PillipinJoseph Eric BuhainSwimming
158 Hungary (HUN)헝가리HeonggariIstván VaskutiCanoeing
159 Hong Kong (HKG)홍콩HongkongLiu Fuk ManTable tennis
160 Korea (KOR)대한민국Daehan MingukCho Yong-chulJudo

See also

References

  1. "Technical Manual on Ceremonies" (PDF). International Olympic Committee. November 2005. p. 40. Retrieved 2019-10-06.
  2. "Seoul 1988". olympic.org. Archived from the original on 4 October 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2010.
  3. Seoul surprises Nagoya for Olympic bid, UPI (United Press International), Morley Myers, Sept. 30, 1981.
  4. John E. Findling; Kimberly D. Pelle (1996). Historical Dictionary of the Modern Olympic Movement. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 182–. ISBN 978-0-313-28477-9.
  5. 1 2 "Seoul Olympics 1988". Retrieved 27 September 2017.
  6. Janofsky, Michael (16 January 1988). "Cubans turn their back on the Seoul Olympics". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
  7. Dodds, Tracy (17 September 1988). "Day 1: The Seoul Games: Enthusiasm Hasn't Flagged; In Her Third Games, Ashford Excited to Be Front and Center at Opening Ceremony". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  8. "#UnitedBy energy: Gabriela Sabatini". International Olympic Committee. 31 March 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  9. "Robert Fellner". olympedia.org. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  10. "Flagbearers for 1988 Summer Olympics". olympedia.org. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
  11. San Marino. Olympics at Sport-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Accessed 6 January 2024.
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