1991 Uzbek presidential election
29 December 1991
Turnout94.16%
 
Nominee Islam Karimov Muhammad Salih
Party XDP Erk
Popular vote 8,514,136 1,220,474
Percentage 87.14% 12.49%
President before election

Islam Karimov
CPSU

 Elected President

Islam Karimov
XDP

Direct presidential elections were held for the first time in Uzbekistan on 29 December 1991.[1] Their result was a victory for Islam Karimov of the People's Democratic Party of Uzbekistan, who won with 87% of the vote. Voter turnout was reported to be 94%.[2] The elections were held alongside an independence referendum.

The elections were the only presidential elections in Uzbekistan to date to feature a genuine opposition candidate. Every election since has been considered to feature only token opposition candidates.[3] Karimov later ruled until his death in 2016.

Background

Karimov had been elected the first President of the Uzbek SSR by the Supreme Soviet on 24 March 1990, with 491 votes in favour and 7 against.[4][5]

Candidates

Initially several prominent figures were interested in running. Besides Karimov and Muhammad Salih, a prominent opposition leader, Abdurakhim Pulatov from Unity and Abdullah Utayev, leader of Islamic Renaissance Party of Uzbekistan, both declared their candidacy. However, they were unable to register due to obstacles placed in their way by the government: Pulatov failed to gather enough signatures while Utayev was unable to register as his party was not recognized by the government. Pulatov claimed that the government wanted to prevent him from running due to a new election law which required candidates to collect signatures in only few days.[6][7][8][9] Ultimately Salih was the only opposition candidate.

Despite having a real opposition candidate, Karimov was expected to win due to his control of government apparatus and state media. Salih was only given 15 minutes airtime on several television stations, while Karimov's speeches were aired regularly. Salih focused his campaign on promising to liberalize the political, social and economic spheres, while Karimov was focused on sovereignty and the social and spiritual revival of Uzbekistan.[10]

Results

Officially, Karimov was re-elected in a landslide, beating Salih with just over 87 percent of the vote. However, observers stated the election was heavily rigged by Karimov's government, with many violations of regulations and ballot stuffing. In the early election results, Salih had received 30% of vote and Karimov 40%, potentially requiring a second round. However, a few hours later the results were revised to state Karimov was the winner with over 50 percent of the vote.[11][12][13] Several independent observers claimed that Salih had received over 50% of vote.[14]

Salih told the Helsinki Commission that he had actually received 30% of vote, implying that he had conceded that Karimov was the winner of the election. However, he also protested the election process was unfair.[15] He later joined Pulatov in demanding fresh elections under a new electoral law in a student protest.[16] However, in the end Karimov's regime suppressed the protest and Pulatov and Salih later went into exile.[17]

CandidatePartyVotes%
Islam KarimovPeople's Democratic Party8,514,13687.14
Muhammad SalihErk1,220,47412.49
Against all36,5250.37
Total9,771,135100.00
Valid votes9,771,13598.69
Invalid/blank votes129,8231.31
Total votes9,900,958100.00
Registered voters/turnout10,515,06694.16
Source: Nohlen et al.

References

  1. ↑ Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I, p490 ISBN 0-19-924958-X
  2. ↑ Nohlen et al., p496
  3. ↑ Two Steps Backward In Uzbekistan
  4. ↑ Nikolai Borisov (2018) Президентство на постсоветском пространстве: процессы генезиса и трансформаций p35
  5. ↑ Orphaned Dictator: The Making Of Uzbekistan's Islam Karimov RFERL, 24 March 2015
  6. ↑ "Би-би-си архивидан: 'Ҳилол ва юлдуз - Оллоҳга ошиқ Фарғона'. 2-қисм". BBC Oʻzbek. Retrieved 2019-11-21.
  7. ↑ "Часть фильма Би-би-си "Полумесяц и звезда — влюблённая в Аллаха Фергана", посвященная оппозиции в Узбекистане". BBC Oʻzbek (YouTube). Archived from the original on 2021-12-15. Retrieved 2019-11-21.
  8. ↑ Martha Brill Olcott (2012). In the Whirlwind of Jihad. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-87003-259-2.
  9. ↑ Human Rights and Democratization in the Newly Independent States ..., Volume 88
  10. ↑ Uzbekistan’s International Relations
  11. ↑ Uzbekistan: Opposition Erk Party Wants in on October Presidential Election
  12. ↑ "Вечный президент Узбекистан Ислама Каримова: фотоистория". Meduza. Retrieved 2019-10-08.
  13. ↑ "Выборы Каримова в Узбекистане". Радио Свобода. Retrieved 2019-10-08.
  14. ↑ Erk, Uzbekistan's First Opposition Party, Says It Will Attempt To Field A Presidential Candidate
  15. ↑ The Referendum on Independence and Presidential Election in Uzbekistan ...
  16. ↑ Erk, Uzbekistan's First Opposition Party, Says It Will Attempt To Field A Presidential Candidate
  17. ↑ Uzbekistan’s International Relations
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