1991 in spaceflight (July–December)

This is a list of spaceflights launched between July and December 1991. For launches between January and June, see 1991 in spaceflight (January–June). For an overview of the whole year, see 1991 in spaceflight.

Launches


Date and time (UTC)	Rocket		Flight number	Launch site		LSP
		Payload (⚀ = CubeSat)	Operator	Orbit	Function	Decay (UTC)	Outcome
		Remarks
July
1 July 21:53:00	Proton-K / DM-2			Baikonur Site 200/39		RVSN

		Gorizont-23	MOM	Geostationary	Communication	In orbit	Successful
2 July	Minuteman III			Vandenberg LF-10		US Air Force

		GT-143GM	US Air Force	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	2 July 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 1,300 kilometres (810 mi)
4 July 02:32:00	Delta II (7925)			Cape Canaveral SLC-17A		McDonnell Douglas

		USA-71 (GPS IIA-2)	US Air Force	Medium Earth	Navigation	In orbit	Successful
		Losat-X	SDIO	Low Earth	Navigation	15 November 1991	Failure
		Losat-X Command receiver failed nine days after launch
9 July 09:40	Soyuz-U			Plesetsk Site 43/4		RVSN

		Kosmos 2152 (Zenit-8)	MOM	Low Earth	Reconnaissance	23 July 1991	Successful
10 July 14:00	Soyuz-U			Baikonur Site 31/6		RVSN

		Kosmos 2153 (Yantar-4KS1M)	MOM	Low Earth	Reconnaissance	13 March 1992	Successful
11 July 17:25	Black Brant IX			White Sands LC-36		NASA

			NASA	Sub-orbital	Solar Ultraviolet Astronomy	11 July 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 300 kilometres (190 mi)
17 July 01:46:31	Ariane 4 (40)			Kourou ELA-2		Arianespace

		ERS-1	ESA	Low Earth (Sun-synchronous)	Remote sensing	In orbit	Successful
		Orbcomm-X	Orbcomm	Low Earth	Technology demonstration	In orbit	Failure
		SARA	ESIEESPACE	Low Earth	Astronomy / Amateur radio	In orbit	Successful
		Tubsat-A	TUB	Low Earth	Technology demonstration	In orbit	Successful
		UoSAT-5	SSTL	Low Earth	Technology demonstration / Amateur radio	In orbit	Successful
		Orbcomm-X Did not contact ground after separation from carrier rocket
17 July 17:33:53	Pegasus / HAPS			NB-52, Edwards AFB		Orbital Sciences

		SCS-1 (Microsat-1)	DARPA	Low Earth	Technology development	23 January 1992	Partial failure
		SCS-2 (Microsat-2)	DARPA	Low Earth	Technology development	23 January 1992	Partial failure
		SCS-3 (Microsat-3)	DARPA	Low Earth	Technology development	24 January 1992	Partial failure
		SCS-4 (Microsat-4)	DARPA	Low Earth	Technology development	23 January 1992	Partial failure
		SCS-5 (Microsat-5)	DARPA	Low Earth	Technology development	23 January 1992	Partial failure
		SCS-6 (Microsat-6)	DARPA	Low Earth	Technology development	25 January 1992	Partial failure
		SCS-7 (Microsat-7)	DARPA	Low Earth	Technology development	23 January 1992	Partial failure
		Placed in incorrect orbit due to staging error, most mission objectives still met
23 July 09:05:00	Soyuz-U			Plesetsk Site 43/3		RVSN

		Resurs-F-12	MOM	Low Earth	Remote sensing	8 August 1991	Successful
29 July	UGM-133 Trident II (Trident D-5)			USS Pennsylvania, ETR		US Navy

		CET	US Navy	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	29 July 1991	Successful
		CET	US Navy	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	29 July 1991	Successful
		CET	US Navy	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	29 July 1991	Successful
		CET	US Navy	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	29 July 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
July	Hwasong 6			Chiha-ri		DPRK

			DPRK	Sub-orbital	Test spacecraft	Within an hour of launch	Successful
		Apogee: 200 kilometres (120 mi)
July	MR-20			Professor Zubov, Caribbean		MO SSSR

			MO SSSR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	Within an hour of launch	Successful
			MO SSSR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	Within an hour of launch	Successful
			MO SSSR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	Within an hour of launch	Successful
			MO SSSR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	Within an hour of launch	Successful
		Apogee: 250 kilometres (160 mi)
August
1 August 01:40:00	Nike Orion			Esrange		DLR

		TURBO-B	DLR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	1 August 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 130 kilometres (81 mi)
1 August 01:54:00	Viper 3A			Esrange		NASA

		PMSE	NASA	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	1 August 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 111 kilometres (69 mi)
1 August 02:03:00	Viper 3A			Esrange		NASA

		PMSE	NASA	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	1 August 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 112 kilometres (70 mi)
1 August 02:39:00	Viper 3A			Esrange		NASA

		PMSE	NASA	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	1 August 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 112 kilometres (70 mi)
1 August 02:24:00	Viper 3A			Esrange		NASA

		PMSE	DLR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	1 August 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 115 kilometres (71 mi)
1 August 11:53	Molniya-M			Plesetsk Site 43/4		RVSN

		Molniya-1-82	MOM	Molniya	Communication	9 October 2004	Successful
2 August 15:02:00	Space Shuttle Discovery			Kennedy LC-39A		United Space Alliance

		STS-48	NASA	Low Earth	Manned orbital flight	11 August 1991	Successful
		TDRS-5	NASA	Low Earth	Communication	In orbit	Successful
5 August 23:32:00	Viper 3A			Esrange		NASA

		PMSE	NASA	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	5 August 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 113 kilometres (70 mi)
9 August 22:53:00	Viper 3A			Esrange		NASA

		PMSE	NASA	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	9 August 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 115 kilometres (71 mi)
9 August 22:39:00	Viper 3A			Esrange		NASA

		PMSE	NASA	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	9 August 1991	Failure
		Apogee: 5 kilometres (3.1 mi)
9 August 23:30:20	Black Brant VB			Esrange		NASA

		EFIELD-A	NASA	Sub-orbital	Ionosphere	9 August 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 101 kilometres (63 mi)
9 August 23:15:00	Nike Orion			Esrange		DLR

		TURBO-A	DLR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	9 August 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 117 kilometres (73 mi)
9 August 23:15:15	Nike Orion			Esrange		SSC

		DECIMALS-A	SSC	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	9 August 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 117 kilometres (73 mi)
9 August 23:40:00	Nike Orion			Esrange		NASA

		PEP-A	NASA	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	9 August 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 117 kilometres (73 mi)
10 August 00:06:00	Viper 3A			Esrange		NASA

		PMSE	NASA	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	10 August 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 101 kilometres (63 mi)
10 August 00:24:00	Viper 3A			Esrange		DLR

		PMSE		Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	10 August 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 115 kilometres (71 mi)
10 August 01:37:00	Nike Orion			Esrange		SSC

		DECIMALS-B	SSC	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	10 August 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 118 kilometres (73 mi)
10 August 01:42:00	Viper 3A			Esrange		NASA

		PMSE	NASA	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	10 August 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 117 kilometres (73 mi)
14 August 23:15:13	Ariane 4 (44L)			Kourou ELA-2		Arianespace

		Intelsat 605	Intelsat	Geostationary	Communication	In orbit	Successful
15 August 09:14:59	Tsyklon-3			Plesetsk		RVSN

		Meteor-3-5	MOM	Low Earth	Weather	In orbit	Successful
15 August 12:05	UR-100NU			Baikonur		RVSN

			RVSN	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	15 August 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
19 August 22:55	RT-2PM Topol			Plesetsk		RVSN

			RVSN	Sub-orbital	Test spacecraft	19 August 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
20 August 09:45:48	Aries			Cape Canaveral LC-20		BMDO

			BMDO	Sub-orbital	Target	20 August 1991	Failure
		Apogee: 2 kilometres (1.2 mi)
20 August 22:54:10	Soyuz-U2			Baikonur Site 1/5		RVSN

		Progress M-9	MOM	Low Earth, docked to Mir	Resupply Mir	30 September 1991	Successful
21 August 10:50:00	Soyuz-U			Plesetsk Site 43/3		RVSN

		Resurs-F-2	MOM	Low Earth	Remote sensing	20 September 1991	Successful
22 August 12:35:46	Kosmos-3M			Plesetsk Site 132/1		RVSN

		Kosmos 2154 (Parus)	MO SSSR	Low Earth	Navigation	In orbit	Successful
25 August 08:40	H-I			Tanegashima LA-Y		NASDA

		BS-3B		Geostationary	Communication	In orbit	Successful
29 August 06:48:43	Vostok-2M			Baikonur Site 31/6		RVSN

		IRS-1B	ISRO	Low Earth (Sun-synchronous)	Remote sensing	In orbit	Successful
		Final flight of Vostok rocket
30 August 02:30	Mu-3S-II			Kagoshima LA-M1		ISAS

		Yohkoh (SOLAR-A)	ISAS	Low Earth	Solar research	12 September 2005	Successful
30 August 08:58:01	Zenit-2			Baikonur Site 45/1		RVSN

		Tselina-2	MO SSSR	Intended: Low Earth	ELINT	30 August 1991	Failure
		Second stage overheated, resulting in explosion
30 August	UGM-133 Trident II (Trident D-5)			USS Kentucky, ETR		US Navy

		DASO-7	US Navy	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	30 August 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
August	MR-20			Professor Zubov, Caribbean		MO SSSR

			MO SSSR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	Within an hour of launch	Successful
			MO SSSR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	Within an hour of launch	Successful
			MO SSSR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	Within an hour of launch	Successful
			MO SSSR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	Within an hour of launch	Successful
		Apogee: 250 kilometres (160 mi)
September
3 September	Minuteman III			Vandenberg LF-04		US Air Force

		GT-145GM	US Air Force	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	3 September 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 1,300 kilometres (810 mi)
4 September 05:50	Talos-Castor			Barking Sands		Sandia

			Sandia	Sub-orbital	Tungsten dust release	4 September 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 330 kilometres (210 mi)
6 September 21:50	Black Brant 8C			White Sands		NASA

			NASA	Sub-orbital	Plasma research	6 September 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 148 kilometres (92 mi)
12 September 05:41	Talos-Castor			Barking Sands		Sandia

			Sandia	Sub-orbital	Target	12 September 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 330 kilometres (210 mi)
12 September 12:45	R-36MUTTH (SS-18 Mod 4)			Baikonur		RVSN

			RVSN	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	12 September 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
12 September 23:11:04	Space Shuttle Discovery			Kennedy LC-39A		United Space Alliance

		STS-48	NASA	Low Earth	Manned orbital flight	18 September 1991	Successful
		UARS	NASA	Low Earth	Atmospheric research	23 September 2011	Successful
13 September 17:51:02	Proton-K / DM-2			Baikonur Site 81/23		RVSN

		Kosmos 2155 (Prognoz)	MOM	Geostationary	Missile defence	In orbit	Successful
15 September 23:00	TR-1A			Tanegashima		NASDA

			NASDA	Sub-orbital	Microgravity	15 September 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 270 kilometres (170 mi)
17 September 10:20	R-36M2 Voevoda (SS-18 Mod 5)			Baikonur		RVSN

			RVSN	Sub-orbital	Test spacecraft	17 September 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
17 September 20:01:59	Molniya-M			Plesetsk Site 43/4		RVSN

		Molniya-3-48L	MOM	Molniya	Communication	In orbit	Successful
17 September 23:43	Nike Orion			Andøya		DLR

		Turbo-Metal	DLR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	17 September 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi)
17 September	LGM-118 Peacekeeper			Vandenberg LF-02		US Air Force

			US Air Force	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	17 September 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
19 September 16:20	Soyuz-U			Plesetsk Site 43/3		RVSN

		Kosmos 2156 (Yantar-4K2)	MOM	Low Earth	Reconnaissance	17 November 1991	Successful
20 September 20:48	Nike Orion			Andøya		DLR

		Turbo-Metal	DLR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	20 September 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi)
20 September 22:40	Nike Orion			Andøya		DLR

		Turbo-Metal	DLR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	20 September 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi)
26 September 23:43:00	Ariane 4 (44P)			Kourou ELA-2		Arianespace

		Anik E1	Telesat	Geosynchronous	Communication	In orbit	Successful
28 September 07:05	Tsyklon-3			Plesetsk		RVSN

		Kosmos 2157 (Strela-3)	MO SSSR	Low Earth	Communication	In orbit	Successful
		Kosmos 2158 (Strela-3)	MO SSSR	Low Earth	Communication	In orbit	Successful
		Kosmos 2159 (Strela-3)	MO SSSR	Low Earth	Communication	In orbit	Successful
		Kosmos 2160 (Strela-3)	MO SSSR	Low Earth	Communication	In orbit	Successful
		Kosmos 2161 (Strela-3)	MO SSSR	Low Earth	Communication	In orbit	Successful
		Kosmos 2162 (Strela-3)	MO SSSR	Low Earth	Communication	In orbit	Successful
30 September 20:55:15	Nike Orion			Andøya		DLR

		Turbo-Metal	DLR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	30 September 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi)
September	MR-20			Professor Zubov, Caribbean		MO SSSR

			MO SSSR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	Within an hour of launch	Successful
			MO SSSR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	Within an hour of launch	Successful
			MO SSSR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	Within an hour of launch	Successful
			MO SSSR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	Within an hour of launch	Successful
		Apogee: 250 kilometres (160 mi)
October
2 October 05:59:38	Soyuz-U2			Baikonur Site 1/5		RVSN

		Soyuz TM-13	MOM	Low Earth, docked to Mir	Manned orbital flight	25 March 1992	Successful
		Last Soviet manned spaceflight
2 October 15:50	RT-2PM Topol			Plesetsk		RVSN

			RVSN	Sub-orbital	Test spacecraft	2 October 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
3 October 22:27:30	Nike Orion			Andøya		DLR

		Turbo-Metal	DLR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	3 October 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi)
4 October 00:08	Nike Orion			Andøya		DLR

		Turbo-Metal	DLR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	4 October 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi)
4 October 18:10:00	Soyuz-U			Plesetsk Site 43/4		RVSN

		Foton-4	MOM	Low Earth	Biological research	20 October 1991	Successful
9 October 13:15	Soyuz-U2			Baikonur Site 1/5		RVSN

		Kosmos 2163 (Ortlets)	MOM	Low Earth	Reconnaissance	7 December 1991	Successful
10 October 11:05	R-36M2 Voevoda (SS-18 Mod 5)			Baikonur		RVSN

			RVSN	Sub-orbital	Test spacecraft	10 October 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
10 October 14:00	Kosmos-3M			Plesetsk Site 132/1		RVSN

		Kosmos 2164 (Taifun-1)	MO SSSR	Low Earth	Radar calibration	12 December 1992	Successful
14 October 10:17:20	Aries			Cape Canaveral LC-20		BMDO

			BMDO	Sub-orbital	Target	14 October 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 320 kilometres (200 mi)
17 October 00:05:25	Soyuz-U2			Baikonur Site 1/5		RVSN

		Progress M-10	MOM	Low Earth, docked to Mir	Resupply Mir	20 January 1992	Successful
23 October 15:25:00	Proton-K / DM-2			Baikonur Site 200/39		RVSN

		Gorizont-24	MOM	Geostationary	Communication	In orbit	Successful
29 October 23:08:08	Ariane 4 (44L)			Kourou ELA-2		Arianespace

		Intelsat 601	Intelsat	Geostationary	Communication	In orbit	Successful
30 October	Jericho I			Negev Desert		IDF

			IDF	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	30 October 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi)
October	MR-20			Professor Zubov, Caribbean		MO SSSR

			MO SSSR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	Within an hour of launch	Successful
			MO SSSR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	Within an hour of launch	Successful
			MO SSSR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	Within an hour of launch	Successful
			MO SSSR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	Within an hour of launch	Successful
		Apogee: 250 kilometres (160 mi)
November
4 November	UGM-133 Trident II (Trident D-5)			USS Kentucky, ETR		US Navy

		DASO-8	US Navy	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	4 November 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
8 November 07:07	Titan IVA (403A)			Vandenberg SLC-4E		US Air Force

		USA-72 (SLDCOM-2)	NRO	Medium Earth	Communication	In orbit	Successful
		USA-74 (NOSS-2-2-A)	NRO	Low Earth	Naval Reconnaissance	In orbit	Successful
		USA-76 (NOSS-2-2-B)	NRO	Low Earth	Naval Reconnaissance	In orbit	Successful
		USA-77 (NOSS-2-2-C)	NRO	Low Earth	Naval Reconnaissance	In orbit	Successful
11 November 10:19	Minuteman III			Vandenberg LF-09		US Air Force

		GT-146GM	US Air Force	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	11 November 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 1,300 kilometres (810 mi)
11 November	UGM-133 Trident II (Trident D-5)			USS Pennsylvania, ETR		US Navy

		CET	US Navy	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	11 November 1991	Successful
		CET	US Navy	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	11 November 1991	Successful
		CET	US Navy	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	11 November 1991	Successful
		CET	US Navy	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	11 November 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
12 November 20:09	Tsyklon-3			Plesetsk		RVSN

		Kosmos 2165 (Strela-3)	MO SSSR	Low Earth	Communication	In orbit	Successful
		Kosmos 2166 (Strela-3)	MO SSSR	Low Earth	Communication	In orbit	Successful
		Kosmos 2167 (Strela-3)	MO SSSR	Low Earth	Communication	In orbit	Successful
		Kosmos 2168 (Strela-3)	MO SSSR	Low Earth	Communication	In orbit	Successful
		Kosmos 2169 (Strela-3)	MO SSSR	Low Earth	Communication	In orbit	Successful
		Kosmos 2170 (Strela-3)	MO SSSR	Low Earth	Communication	In orbit	Successful
16 November 15:30	Black Brant 9CM1			White Sands LC-36		SSI

		CONSORT-4	SSI	Sub-orbital	Microgravity	16 November 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 298 kilometres (185 mi)
20 November 08:05	R-36M2 Voevoda (SS-18 Mod 5)			Baikonur		RVSN

			RVSN	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	20 November 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
20 November 19:15	Soyuz-U			Plesetsk Site 43/3		RVSN

		Kosmos 2171 (Yantar-4K2)	MOM	Low Earth	Reconnaissance	17 January 1992	Successful
22 November 13:27:00	Proton-K / DM-2			Baikonur Site 81/23		RVSN

		Kosmos 2172 (Potok)	MOM	Geostationary	Communication	In orbit	Successful
23 November 09:40	Skylark 7			Esrange LA-S		MBB

		TEXUS-28	MBB	Sub-orbital	Microgravity	23 November 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 239 kilometres (149 mi)
24 November 23:44:00	Space Shuttle Atlantis			Kennedy LC-39A		United Space Alliance

		STS-44	NASA	Low Earth	Manned orbital flight	1 December 1991	Successful
		DSP-16	US Air Force	Low Earth	Missile defence	In orbit	Successful
26 November 02:30	UR-100NU			Baikonur		RVSN

			RVSN	Sub-orbital	Test spacecraft	26 November 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
27 November 03:30:26	Kosmos-3M			Plesetsk Site 133/3		RVSN

		Kosmos 2173 (Parus)	MO SSSR	Low Earth	Navigation	In orbit	Successful
28 November 07:10	R-36M2 Voevoda (SS-18 Mod 5)			Baikonur		RVSN

			RVSN	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	28 November 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
28 November 13:23	Atlas-E			Vandenberg SLC-3W		US Air Force

		USA-73 (DMSP-11)	US Air Force	Low Earth (Sun-synchronous)	Weather	In orbit	Successful
December
6 December 00:54	Taurus-Nike-Tomahawk			Wallops Island		NASA

		RED AIR 2	NASA	Sub-orbital	Plasma research	6 December 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 346 kilometres (215 mi)
6 December 01:19	Taurus-Nike-Tomahawk			NASA		Wallops Island

		RED AIR 2	NASA	Sub-orbital	Plasma research	6 December 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 346 kilometres (215 mi)
7 December 22:47	Atlas II			Cape Canaveral LC-36B		General Dynamics

		Eutelsat 2F3	Eutelsat	Geostationary	Communication	In orbit	Successful
16 December 23:19:48	Ariane 4 (44L)			Kourou ELA-2		Arianespace

		Inmarsat 2F3	Inmarsat	Geostationary	Communication	In orbit	Successful
		Télécom 2A	France Télécom	Geostationary	Communication	In orbit	Successful
17 December 11:00	Soyuz-U			Baikonur Site 31/6		RVSN

		Kosmos 2174 (Yantar-1KFT)	MOM	Low Earth	Reconnaissance	30 January 1992	Successful
18 December 03:54:00	Tsyklon-3			Plesetsk		RVSN

		Interkosmos-25	MOM	Medium Earth	Plasma research	In orbit	Successful
		Maigon-3		Medium Earth	Magnetosphere research	In orbit	Successful
		Released from Interkosmos-25 on 28 December 1991
19 December 11:41:00	Proton-K / DM-2			Baikonur Site 81/23		RVSN

		Raduga-28	MOM	Geostationary	Communication	In orbit	Successful
		Last Soviet orbital launch
20 December 21:31	Rokot			Baikonur		RVSN

			RVSN	Sub-orbital	Test spacecraft	20 December 1991	Successful
		Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
28 December 12:00	Long March 3			Xichang LA-1		CALT

		Chinasat-4	Chinasat	Intended: Geosynchronous Achieved: Geostationary transfer	Communication	In orbit	Partial failure
		Third stage failed to ignite
December	Volna			Submarine		VMF

			VMF	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	Within an hour of launch	Successful
		Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
December	Zyb			Submarine		VMF

		Sprint	VMF	Sub-orbital	Technology demonstration	Within an hour of launch	Successful
		Apogee: 500 kilometres (310 mi)

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"Space Calendar". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
"Space Information Center". JAXA.
"Хроника освоения космоса" [Chronicle of space exploration]. CosmoWorld (in Russian).

Generic references:

Spaceflight portal

Footnotes

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Launches

July

August

September

October

November

December

References

Footnotes