2009 flu pandemic in Canada
  Deaths
  Confirmed cases
  2000+ cases
  500+ cases
  100+ cases
  1+ cases
  1+ deaths
  5+ deaths
  20+ deaths
Outbreak evolution in Canada
DiseaseSwine flu
Virus strainH1N1
First outbreakThought to be Veracruz, Mexico
Arrival date20 April 2009
Suspected cases‡1.5 million (by 20 November 2016)
Deaths
428[1]
‡Suspected cases have not been confirmed by laboratory tests as being due to this strain, although some other strains may have been ruled out.

The 2009 swine flu pandemic in Canada was part of an epidemic in 2009 of a new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1 causing what has been commonly called swine flu. In Canada, roughly 10% of the populace (or 3.5 million) has been infected with the virus,[2][3] with 428 confirmed deaths (as of 20 February 2017);[1] non-fatal individual cases are for the most part no longer being recorded. About 40% of Canadians have been immunized against H1N1 since a national vaccination campaign began in October 2009,[4] with Canada among the countries in the world leading in the percentage of the population that has been vaccinated.[2][5] The widespread effect of H1N1 in Canada raised concerns during the months leading to the XXI Olympic Winter Games, which took place in Vancouver in February 2010.[6]

Human cases

Alberta

As of 9 April 2010, there were 1,278 confirmed hospitalized cases in Alberta.[7]

On 2 May 2009, Canadian Food Inspection Agency executive vice-president Brian Evans announced that an infected Alberta farm worker recently returned from Mexico had apparently passed the virus to a swine herd in his care. Although the herd had been quarantined, Evans stressed that the infection represented no threat to food safety and judged the possibility of infected pigs passing the virus back to humans "remote". Evans said the infection of the herd was the first known case of the H1N1 virus being transmitted from humans to pigs.[8] Transmission from the same herd of pigs back to humans was revealed on 20 July, though it occurred on 7 May when the humans, health inspectors, were taking samples from the infected herd with improper self-protective measures.[9]

On 8 May, health officials in Alberta confirmed that swine flu contributed to the death of a woman in Northern Alberta on 28 April, Canada's first death associated with the illness.[10][11][12][13][14][15]

As of 14 August 2009, there were 1,648 confirmed cases of swine flu in Alberta. Health and Wellness Alberta stopped reporting non-hospitalized cases on 21 August.[7]

British Columbia

The B.C. government has reported 1,060 severe flu cases as of 2 February 2010. 49 of 56 fatalities were people with underlying medical conditions.[16] The province is no longer reporting non-severe cases (Total cases reached 676 by 10 August).[17]

The initial cases in British Columbia involved two young men aged 25–35 from the B.C. Lower Mainland who had recently come back from Mexico, according to Danuta Skowronski, head of flu and respiratory illnesses at the BC Centre for Disease Control, run by the provincial government. The cases were discovered by normal flu testing conducted by the disease control centre after the men had visited a doctor about flu-like symptoms. She noted the disease seemed "widespread" in Mexico and should not be mistaken by tourists to be linked only with urban Mexico City.[18] The first fatality in British Columbia caused by the H1N1 virus occurred on 14 July, and was a young child who died within 24 hours of being rushed to the hospital.[19] There were concerns of H1N1 during the months leading up to the 2010 Winter Olympics that occurred in Vancouver in February 2010, as a result volunteers were required to be vaccinated.[6] On 28 January, Perry Kendall, the provincial health officer, stated that the chances of a third wave of H1N1 were "diminishing". However, he maintained that vaccinations continued to be recommended for all and are vital for reducing the risk of another wave of H1N1.[20]

Manitoba

As of 5 October 2009, there were 892 confirmed cases in the province, with 7 deaths associated with the H1N1 virus.[21] As of 1 February 2010, there had been 1,774 new confirmed cases, with 4 deaths since the start of the "second wave" 6 October.[21]

On 3 May, the first case in Manitoba was confirmed in the Brandon area.[22] The second case in Manitoba was announced on 12 May. The second case, a Winnipeg woman in her 50s was admitted to hospital, although the province noted she also has an unidentified underlying medical condition.

Newfoundland and Labrador

As of 4 January 2010, there were 267 hospitalized cases in the province.[23]

On 13 June, Newfoundland and Labrador reported their first case of swine flu, becoming the final province to do so. The case involves a sample collected from a young man who was treated Thursday 11 June at the hospital in Grand Falls-Windsor.[24]

The first recorded death of a person with swine flu was recorded on 1 November 2009, when a 36-year-old woman died from the virus.[25]

New Brunswick

The first case in New Brunswick was confirmed to be present in Greater Moncton on 1 May 2009.[26]

By 28 August, there had been 147 confirmed cases in New Brunswick. The first deaths occurred 13 November.[27]

Northwest Territories

On 1 June, the Northwest Territories confirmed their first case of swine flu.[28] The first death occurred in November.[1]

Nova Scotia

From the beginning of the 2009–10 flu season in September until 2 December, there were 739 confirmed cases, including 255 hospitalizations.[29]

First cases: Nova Scotia's chief medical officer, Robert Strang, said on 26 April that the National Microbiology Laboratory in Winnipeg confirmed late the previous day that four people in the province between the ages of 12 and 18 were recovering from "relatively mild" cases of the disease. The four people were students attending King's-Edgehill School preparatory school in Windsor, Nova Scotia. One of the infected students had been on a recent school trip to the Yucatán Peninsula in southern Mexico.[30][31]

Nunavut

On 16 July 2009, Nunavut reported its first swine flu death.[32] As of 5 August, there were 496 confirmed cases of the swine flu.[33]

Ontario

There were 8,633 confirmed cases in Ontario, with 1,725 hospitalizations as of 10 December.[34]

On 27 April 2009, four cases were suspected to be swine flu in Ontario. This number grew to ten cases in five days.[35] On 25 May, Ontario Health Minister David Caplan confirmed that a Toronto man in his 40s had died of the virus.[36][37]

The Toronto region acted as a secondary epicentre during the 2003 SARS epidemic, and took extra precautions against the H1N1 virus in the early stages of the pandemic.[38]

Ontario is also home to what is believed to be the youngest Canadian death from swine flu. A two-month-old baby was admitted to the London Health Sciences Centre on 2 November 2009; the boy died in the early morning two days later.[39] This death, is one of three recently reported in London, Ontario, and has brought the number of confirmed deaths from H1N1 since April in Ontario to 95 as of 26 November 2009.[1]

Prince Edward Island

As of 8 December 2009, there were 50 hospitalizations in the province, and no deaths.[40]

Prince Edward Island confirmed its first two cases in Charlottetown on 4 May 2009.[41]

Swine can be infected by both avian and human influenza strains of influenza, and therefore are hosts where the antigenic shifts can occur that create new influenza strains.

Quebec

There had been 2,422 hospitalized cases as of 4 December 2009.[42]

While an early case Quebec turned out not to be swine flu,[43] on 30 April 2009, the first case in the province was confirmed in the Greater Montreal Area.

The first case of death was announced on 8 June, making the total of 4 deaths for Canada. The person was a more than 65-year-old woman suffering from respiratory diseases before being hospitalized on 2 June. According to medical expertise, she had never traveled to Mexico and had no contact with those who did.[44]

Confirmed cases totalled 10,714 between 30 August and 4 December 2009.[42]

Saskatchewan

The first cases were confirmed on 7 May in the Saskatoon and Regina areas.[45]

The province stopped counting individual cases as of 23 July 2009. At that point there were 888 confirmed cases.[46]

Yukon

On 12 May 2009, Yukon reported its first case of swine flu.[1] The first death was a school-aged girl who died on 1 November.[47]

Totals

Province/Territory Confirmed Deaths by 20 February[1] Increase Reported 14 – 20 February[1]
British Columbia 57 1
Alberta 71 0
Saskatchewan 15 0
Manitoba 11 0
Ontario 128 0
Quebec 108 0
New Brunswick 8 0
Nova Scotia 7 0
Prince Edward Island 0 0
Newfoundland and Labrador 18 0
Yukon 3 0
Northwest Territories 1 0
Nunavut 1 0
Total 428 1

Progression Chart

Evolution of the Novel Human Swine Influenza A/H1N1(2009) Mexican Flu in Canada [48]

Non-human cases

On 2 May, the first incidence in Canada of the flu in pigs was discovered on a farm in Alberta.[49] It is suspected that an infected farmhand who recently returned from Mexico infected the animals.[50]

In Canada in early June, the Alberta pig farmer whose herd was infected with the new swine flu virus culled his entire herd. In May he had already culled 500 animals from his herd. The farm owner said the animals could not be marketed because they are under quarantine and he was facing a problem with overcrowding.[51]

Response

Michael Gardam, director of infectious disease prevention and control at the Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion, said in an interview with the CBC that an outbreak of swine flu in Ontario, Canada's most populous province, would not be as serious as the 2003 SARS epidemic.[52] In preparing for and dealing with an influenza pandemic, the Public Health Agency of Canada follows the WHO's categories, but has expanded them somewhat.[53] Despite initial reports of two swine influenza cases in Montreal's Lakeshore General Hospital, Johanne Simard of the Montreal Regional Health Board confirmed negative results for all quarantined patients at the hospital and that no quarantines were currently in effect at the hospital.[54] The National Microbiology Laboratory in Winnipeg confirmed cases of human swine influenza virus in clinical specimens sent from Mexico[55] and the Canadian government issued a travel advisory for Mexico, warning Canadians who have returned from the country of the severe respiratory illness.[56]

On 26 April, the Government of Nova Scotia announced on a live webcast that four students in Windsor, Nova Scotia, have confirmed cases of swine flu.[57] Later that day, the Federal Government confirmed the existence of a total of six cases in Canada; four in Nova Scotia and two in British Columbia. Federal Health minister Leona Aglukkaq said the Canadian federal government would take whatever measures were necessary to keep the public safe, and that as Canada continued to ramp out its surveillance efforts there would likely be more reported cases. She also said she had been in contact with her provincial and territorial counterparts and had ordered the Public Health Agency of Canada to alert border authories, quarantine officers and other officials.[58] However, Canada's Chief Public Health Officer, David Butler-Jones, stated that the six affected Canadians suffered from only mild symptoms and have already started to recover. However, Butler-Jones warned against complacency, stating that the fact that only mild cases have been reported so far "doesn't mean we won't see either some more severe illness or potentially deaths."[59] In both provinces, the cases either involved people who had recently returned from Mexico or those in close contact with such people.[60]

In a step towards understanding the outbreak, and developing a vaccine, Canadian scientists completed the first full genetic sequencing of the H1N1 swine flu virus on 6 May.[61]

The high percentage of mild to severe cases amongst First Nations Peoples in Manitoba and Northern Ontario, when compared to the general population, have raised questions about the vulnerability of these communities to H1N1 across Canada.[62][63] Concerns have also risen about whether the Canadian government's pandemic preparation plan is able to properly address the specific needs of these communities.[64]

Timeline

2009 A(H1N1) Outbreak and Pandemic Milestones in Canada
26 April Nova Scotia First case confirmed in Nova Scotia (First Case in Canada)
British Columbia First confirmed case in British Columbia.
28 April Alberta First confirmed case in Alberta.
Ontario First confirmed case in Ontario.
30 April Quebec First confirmed case in Quebec
1 May New Brunswick First confirmed case in New Brunswick
3 May Alberta First known cases of reverse zoonosis in the world.
Alberta First known infected pigs found in the world.
4 May Prince Edward Island First confirmed cases on Prince Edward Island
7 May Alberta First death confirmed in Alberta. (first death in Canada)
Alberta First case of zoonosis in Canada, where an infected pig infects a human.
Saskatchewan First confirmed case in Saskatchewan.
8 May Canada Community outbreaks confirmed in Canada.
9 May Manitoba First confirmed case in the Manitoba.
12 May Yukon First confirmed case in the Yukon.
25 May Ontario First death in Ontario.
28 May Nunavut First confirmed case in the Nunavut.
1 June Northwest Territories First confirmed case in the Northwest Territories.
8 June Quebec First death in Quebec.
13 June Newfoundland and Labrador First confirmed case in Newfoundland and Labrador.
16 June Manitoba First death in Manitoba.
27 June Saskatchewan First death in Saskatchewan.
14 July British Columbia First death in British Columbia.
15 July Nunavut First death in Nunavut.
22 July Quebec First case of Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) resistance found in Canada.
24 July Nova Scotia First death in Nova Scotia.
31 October Newfoundland and Labrador First death in Newfoundland and Labrador.
1 November Yukon First death in the Yukon.
13 November New Brunswick First death in New Brunswick.
25 November Northwest Territories First death in the Northwest Territories.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Bi-weekly and cumulative number of deaths due to Pandemic (H1N1) 2016, by province/territory, Canada". Public Health Agency of Canada. 28 January 2010. Archived from the original on 5 August 2009. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
  2. 1 2 Alphonso, Caroline (25 November 2016). "Severe allergic reaction seen after H1N1 flu shot". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Archived from the original on 27 November 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2016. "Roughly 10 per cent of Canadians have been infected, and another 25 per cent have been immunized."
  3. ↑ "The H1N1 question: Is the flu virus mutating dangerously?". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. 20 November 2016. Archived from the original on 28 November 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2016. "(In Canada alone, for example, an estimated 3.5 million people have been infected with the flu.)
  4. ↑ "H1N1 'not done yet':Canada's top doctor". CBC: CBC. 15 December 2016. Archived from the original on 19 December 2009. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  5. ↑ "One quarter of Canadians immunized for H1N1: Top doc". Toronto Star. 16 November 2016. Archived from the original on 19 November 2009. Retrieved 28 November 2016. "The country's chief public health officer says almost one-quarter of Canadians have been immunized against swine flu. David Butler-Jones says Canada is leading the world when it comes to the percentage of the population vaccinated."
  6. 1 2 http://uk.eurosport.yahoo.com/28102009/2/2010-athletes-spectators-urged-h1n1-shots.html%5B%5D
  7. 1 2 "H1N1 Influenza Virus – Confirmed Cases in Alberta". Government of Alberta. Health and Wellness. Archived from the original on 8 November 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
  8. ↑ "Alberta pigs likely infected with flu from worker: CFIA official". CBC News. 3 May 2009. Archived from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 3 May 2009.
  9. ↑ "Swine-flu inspectors in improper gear got virus". CBC News. 20 July 2009. Archived from the original on 3 September 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
  10. ↑ "Two cases of swine flu confirmed in Alberta". CTV Media. 28 April 2009. Archived from the original on 29 April 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  11. ↑ "Alberta confirms 2 cases of swine flu". CBC News. 28 April 2009. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2009.
  12. ↑ "Edmonton-area girl among six new Alberta swine flu cases". CTV News. 4 May 2009. Archived from the original on 7 May 2009. Retrieved 29 April 2009.
  13. ↑ "Alberta confirms first H1N1 flu fatality". CTV News. 8 May 2009. Archived from the original on 11 May 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
  14. ↑ O'Neill Katherine; Walton Dawn (8 May 2009). "Alberta woman Canada's first H1N1-related death". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Archived from the original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
  15. ↑ Armstrong Kevin (8 May 2009). "Alberta confirms first H1N1 flu fatality". CTV News. Archived from the original on 11 May 2009. Retrieved 8 May 2009.
  16. ↑ "B.C. Ministry of Health Services". Archived from the original on 22 October 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
  17. ↑ "H1N1 Flu Virus (Human Swine Flu) Under Surveillance". Government of British Columbia. Ministry of Health Services. Archived from the original on 22 October 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
  18. ↑ Ebner David (26 April 2009). "Swine flu confirmed in Canada". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Archived from the original on 25 March 2020. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
  19. ↑ "B.C. confirms 1st swine flu death". CBC News. 14 July 2009. Archived from the original on 19 July 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
  20. ↑ "Risk of third H1N1 flu wave in B.C. 'diminishing': Top doctor". The Province. 28 January 2010. Archived from the original on 30 January 2010. Retrieved 30 January 2010.
  21. 1 2 "General Information on Lab-Confirmed Cases of Pandemic H1N1 Influenza". Manitoba Health and Healthy Living. 1 February 2010. Archived from the original on 24 November 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
  22. ↑ "Flu strain arrives in Manitoba". Winnipeg Sun. 3 May 2009. Archived from the original on 7 May 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  23. ↑ "Information on H1N1 Influenza Virus". Health and Community Services. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. 4 January 2010. Archived from the original on 20 January 2010. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
  24. ↑ "First swine flu case finally confirmed in N.L." CBC News. 13 June 2009. Archived from the original on 12 July 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
  25. ↑ "N.L. records 1st H1N1-related death". CBC News. 1 November 2009. Archived from the original on 3 November 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
  26. ↑ "Public health confirms 1st swine flu case in N.B." CBC News. 1 May 2009. Archived from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
  27. ↑ flu bulletins available at "Influenza Surveillance Activities in New Brunswick". New Brunswick Health. Archived from the original on 26 October 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
  28. ↑ "New swine flu cases confirmed in N.W.T., Nunavut". CBC. 1 June 2009. Archived from the original on 6 June 2009. Retrieved 2 June 2009.
  29. ↑ "Nova Scotia H1N1 Summary". 2 December 2009. Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2009.
  30. ↑ "Flu Update, Sunday, April 26, 2009" (Press release). King's-Edgehill School. 26 April 2009. Archived from the original on 29 April 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2009.
  31. ↑ "Health officials confirm 6 cases of swine flu in Canada". CBC News. 26 April 2009. Archived from the original on 29 April 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  32. ↑ "Nunavut reports 1st swine flu death". CBC News. 16 July 2009. Archived from the original on 19 July 2009. Retrieved 25 September 2009.
  33. ↑ "August 5 H1N1 Flu Virus Update" (PDF). Government of Nunavut. 5 August 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 June 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2009.
  34. ↑ "Ontario Influenza Bulletin – Surveillance Week 47 (November 22, 2009 – November 28, 2009)" (PDF). Health Ontario. 2 December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2009.
  35. ↑ "Ontario probes suspected swine flu cases amid pandemic fears". CBC News. 27 April 2009. Archived from the original on 30 April 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  36. ↑ "3rd person to die with swine flu in Canada was from Ontario". CBC News. 2 June 2009. Archived from the original on 14 June 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
  37. ↑ Theresa Boyle (1 June 2009). "Second swine-flu death in Toronto". The Star. Toronto.
  38. ↑ McCaughey, Betsy (30 April 2009). "To control swine flu lets heed the lessons of SARS". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  39. ↑ "Two-month-old who died likely had H1N1". National Post. London, Ont. 4 November 2009. Retrieved 5 November 2009.
  40. ↑ "P.E.I. Department of Health – Hospital Surveillance". 8 December 2009. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2009.
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  42. 1 2 "Statistiques descriptives de la grippe pandemique A(H1N1)". 4 December 2009. Archived from the original on 10 December 2009. Retrieved 8 December 2009.
  43. ↑ Staff Writer (25 April 2009). "Two released from quarantine at Lakeshore General". Montreal: CTV. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2009.
  44. ↑ Kevin Dougherty (9 June 2009). "Quebec has first swine flu death". The Gazette. Montreal. Archived from the original on 14 June 2009. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
  45. ↑ "2 swine flu cases in Saskatchewan". CBC. 7 May 2009. Archived from the original on 9 May 2009. Retrieved 7 May 2009.
  46. ↑ "H1N1 Flu Virus Surveillance Results". Government of Saskatchewan. Ministry of Health. 22 October 2009. Archived from the original on 29 November 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
  47. ↑ "Yahoo!". www.newsrunner.com.
  48. ↑ Government of Canada – Health Canada: Update bulletins for influenza A H1N1 2009 (human swine influenza) Archived 18 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  49. ↑ Lauren Etter (3 May 2009). "Pigs in Canada Contract Flu Virus". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 5 May 2009. Retrieved 3 May 2009.
  50. ↑ "Canada farm worker 'infects pigs'". BBC News. 3 May 2009. Archived from the original on 4 May 2009. Retrieved 3 May 2009.
  51. ↑ "3,000 Alberta hogs culled due to swine flu" Archived 19 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine Health Zone – Canada, 7 June 2009
  52. ↑ Ljunggren David; Anderson Scott (24 April 2009). "Swine flu not as serious as SARS: Canada's Ontario". Reuters. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  53. ↑ "The Canadian Pandemic Influenza Plan for the Health Sector". Public Health Agency of Canada. 8 December 2006. Archived from the original on 21 May 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  54. ↑ "Swine-flu fears at Lakeshore General unfounded". Montreal: The Gazette (Montreal). 25 April 2009. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  55. ↑ "Canadian lab confirms human swine flu cases in Mexico". CBC News. 24 April 2009. Archived from the original on 29 April 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
  56. ↑ "Travel advisory warns of severe respiratory illness in Mexico". CBC News. 23 April 2009. Archived from the original on 26 April 2009. Retrieved 1 May 2009.
  57. ↑ "Health officials confirm swine flu in Canada". The Canadian Press. 26 April 2009. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2009.
  58. ↑ Staff Writer (26 April 2009). "6 cases of swine flu confirmed in Canada: health officials". CBC News. Archived from the original on 29 April 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  59. ↑ Brennan Richard J (26 April 2009). "Swine flu confirmed in Canada : Unlike deadly outbreak in Mexico, the cases in Nova Scotia and B.C. were mild and didn't require hospitalization". The Star. Toronto. Archived from the original on 19 May 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009.
  60. ↑ Staff Writer (26 April 2009). "Six swine flu cases confirmed in Canada". CTV Media. Archived from the original on 29 April 2009. Retrieved 26 April 2009.
  61. ↑ "H1N1 virus genome: 'This is a world first'". The Independent (Press release). Cape Town. Agence France Press. 6 May 2009. Archived from the original on 10 May 2009. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
  62. ↑ "Aboriginal populations vulnerable to H1N1: Report". The Montreal Gazette. 3 July 2009. Archived from the original on 7 July 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2009.
  63. ↑ "First Nations prime ground for H1N1 pandemic". The Star Phoenix. 19 June 2009. Archived from the original on 21 June 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
  64. ↑ "First Nations Chief in Manitoba Declares State of Emergency Over H1N1 Virus". AHN. 25 June 2009. Archived from the original on 27 June 2009. Retrieved 2 July 2009.
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