2016 Indian Line of Control Surgical Strike
Part of Indo-Pakistani conflicts,
Kashmir conflict
and India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018)

The Map of Line of Control
Date28–29 September 2016
(1 day)
Location
Line of Control
Result
Belligerents

 India

LeT
(Indian claim)[1]
JeM
(Indian claim)[1]

HuM
(Indian claim)[1]

 Pakistan

Commanders and leaders
Pranab Mukherjee
(President of India)
Narendra Modi
(Prime Minister of India)
Gen. Dalbir Singh Suhag
(Chief of Army Staff)
Lt.Gen. Ranbir Singh
(Director-General of Military Operations)
Lt.Gen. Deependra Singh Hooda
(GOC-in-C, Northern Command)
India Manohar Parrikar
(Minister of Defence)		 Unknown Mamnoon Hussain
(President of Pakistan)
Nawaz Shareef
(Prime Minister of Pakistan)
Gen. Raheel Sharif
(Chief of Army Staff)
Lt.Gen. Malik Zafar Iqbal
(X Corps Commander)
Pakistan Khawaja Muhammad Asif
(Minister of Defence)
Units involved

Northern Command
Parachute Regiment

 Unknown X Corps
Casualties and losses
1–2 wounded (Indian claim)[2][3]
1 captured,[4] 8 killed (Pakistan claim)[5]

35–40 killed (Indian claim) [6][7]

None Killed (Pakistan claim) [8]		 2 killed, 9 wounded (Pakistani claim)[9]
2–9 killed (Indian claim)[10][11]

On 29 September 2016, teams of Indian Army commandos crossed the Line of Control into Pakistani-administered Kashmir to attack targets up to a kilometer within territory held by Pakistan.[12][13][14] The raid occurred ten days after four militants had attacked an Indian army outpost at Uri on 18th September 2016 in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, and killed 19 soldiers.[15] Estimates of casualties from India's cross-border attack varied widely, with figures of 12 to 70 being reported.[14][13] The Pakistani government eventually acknowledged the deaths of two soldiers and injuries to nine, while one Indian soldier was captured.[16]

The Indian Government termed the attack a surgical strike against "militant launch pads" in Pakistani territory, and claimed to have inflicted "significant casualties".[17] Pakistan rejected India's claim, and instead initially claimed that Indian troops did not cross the Line of Control and had only skirmished with Pakistani troops at the border,[4] although it subsequently admitted to having captured an Indian soldier.[13] Pakistani security sources reported that at least eight Indian soldiers were killed in the exchange, and one was captured.[18][19] India confirmed that one of its soldiers was in Pakistani custody, but denied that it was linked to the incident or that any of its soldiers had been killed.[20] Pakistan said India was hiding its casualties.[21]

Independent analysts pointed out that the Indian government's casualty figures were considerably exaggerated, with the true number being a dozen or fewer. They also criticised the usage of the term "surgical strike", pointing to the fact that no use of air transport was made, and the incursions did not penetrate deep into Pakistani territory.[12][13][14][22] Analysts wrote that the term "surgical strike" was used to portray the incident in a positive and nationalist light to the Indian public.[13][14][22] The Indian news media uncritically reported the Indian government's version of events, often discouraging skepticism of the "surgical strike": television coverage was militant and nationalist in nature.[14][23]

Media outlets noted that the details regarding the attack remained unclear.[24][25] India's announcement on 29 September marked the first time that the government had publicly acknowledged its forces crossing the Line of Control.[15][26] In the succeeding days and months, India and Pakistan continued to exchange fires along the border in Kashmir, resulting in dozens of military and civilian casualties on both sides.

Background

On 18 September 2016, a fedayeen attack was made by four armed militants on an army base near the town of Uri. Nineteen Indian Army soldiers were killed. India accused Jaish-e-Muhammad, a Pakistan-based terrorist organisation.[27] Having come after similar fidayeen attacks in Gurdaspur and Pathankot, the Uri attack gave rise to high degree of concern in India.[28] The following day, the Indian army said that it had displayed considerable restraint in the wake of the attacks, but it reserved the right to respond "at the time and place of our own choosing".[29]

The Guardian said that Indian patience had run out due to Pakistan's inaction in curbing the activities of terrorist organisations such as Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammad.[30] On 21 September, India summoned the Pakistan High Commission Abdul Bassit and gave a protest letter detailing the involvement of a terrorist group based in Pakistan.[31] Pakistan later said that India had provided no evidence that the Uri attack was launched from Pakistan. Pakistan's defence minister suggested that India had carried out the Uri attack to deflect attention from the popular protests in Jammu and Kashmir.[30] The Hindustan Times reported that the minister's comments made up an "inflection point", after which India decided to respond militarily.[31]

Indian officials said that the cross-border infiltration across the Line of Control had surged since the unrest began in Kashmir. The persons crossing the border showed evidence of military training.[32] According to a government source close to Home Minister Rajnath Singh, a meeting of the Cabinet Committee on Security was held on 24 September, at which "broad details of targeting terrorists" were discussed.[33]

Surgical strikes

On 29 September, eleven days after the Uri attack, the Indian Army conducted surgical strikes against suspected militants in Pakistani-administered Kashmir. Lt Gen Ranbir Singh, Indian Director General of Military Operations (DGMO), said that it had received "very credible and specific information" about "terrorist teams" who were preparing to "carry out infiltration and conduct terrorist strikes inside Jammu and Kashmir and in various metros in other states". The Indian action was meant to pre-empt their infiltration.[24][25] India presented its operation as preemptive self-defence against terrorism, striking against terrorist infrastructure along with "those who are trying to support them." Columnist Ankit Panda thought the latter included Pakistani soldiers or the elements of Pakistani state.[34] On 30 September, Indian minister for information and broadcasting Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore said that there had been no aerial strikes and that the operation had been conducted "on the ground".[35][36]

Ranbir Singh said that his Pakistani counterpart had been informed.[3] The Pakistani military said the DGMO communications discussed only the cross-border firing, which was part of the existing rules of engagement.[37]

Pakistan denied that such surgical strikes occurred. The Inter-Services Public Relations said that there had been only "cross border firing".[34] Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif condemned the "unprovoked and naked aggression of Indian forces", and said that Pakistani military was capable of thwarting any attacks by India.[24][38]

UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon said that the UN Observer Group in Pakistani Kashmir did not directly observe any "firing across the Line of Control" relating to the incident.[39][40] The Indian envoy at UN Syed Akbaruddin dismissed this statement, saying "facts on the ground do not change whether somebody acknowledges or not."[40]

Analyst Sandeep Singh, writing in The Diplomat, said that the operation is better characterised as a cross-border raid because "surgical strikes" involve striking deep into the enemy territory and typically using air power.[41] Shawn Snow writing in The Diplomat questioned whether India had the capacity to conduct a "surgical strike", noting that Pakistan has a very comprehensive and modern air defence system.[42] A cross border raid, if it occurred 1 km into Pakistani administered territory, is routine on either side with over a dozen incidents having occurred both ways, and does not qualify as a "surgical strike" which by definition requires deep striking and air power as Sandeep Singh, cited earlier, attests to.

Indian version

Indian officials said the strike targeted areas close to the Line of Control (LoC), where it believes militants congregate for their final briefings before sneaking across the LoC. An Indian security source said the operation began with Indian forces firing artillery across the frontier to provide cover for three to four teams of 70–80 soldiers from the 4th and 9th battalions of the Para Special Forces to cross the LoC at several separate points shortly after midnight IST on 29 September (18:30 hours UTC, 28 Sep). Teams from 4 Para crossed the LoC in the Nowgam sector of Kupwara district, while teams from 9 Para simultaneously crossed the LoC in Poonch district.[2][3] By 2 a.m. IST, according to army sources, the special forces teams had travelled 1–3 km on foot, and had begun destroying terrorist bases with hand-held grenades and 84 mm rocket launchers. The teams then swiftly returned to the Indian side of the Line of Control, suffering only one injury, a soldier wounded after tripping a land mine.[2]

The Indian Army said the strike was a pre-emptive attack on militant bases, claiming that it had received intelligence that the militants were planning "terrorist strikes" against India.[24][25] India said that, in destroying "terrorist infrastructure" it also attacked "those who are trying to support them", indicating it attacked Pakistani soldiers too.[34] India later briefed opposition parties and foreign envoys, but did not disclose operational details.[3]

Some Indian media claimed that the Indian army infiltrated 2–3 km into Pakistani territory,[8] but the Indian Army did not say whether its troops crossed the border or had simply fired across it.[24] India said that none of its soldiers were killed though two soldiers were injured.[3] It also stated that one of its soldiers, from 37 Rashtriya Rifles, was captured by Pakistan after he "inadvertently crossed over to the Pakistan side", though not during the "surgical strikes".[20]

Initially, Indian media claimed that the army used helicopters during the skirmish. On 30 September, an Indian minister denied that there were any helicopters used, stating the operation was conducted "on the ground".[35][36]

In 2018, the Indian government released an alleged footage of the strikes.[43][44][45]

Pakistani version

Pakistan rejected claims that any surgical strikes occurred. Pakistan's Foreign Office said the claim as "baseless" and said India was "deliberately" escalating conflict.[4] The Pakistan Army claimed that there had only been "cross border firing".[34] Pakistan warned that it would respond militarily should any surgical strike actually occur.[8] The two soldiers killed were identified as Naik Imtiaz and Havildar Jumma Khan.[4]

Pakistani security sources claimed that hours after the strike,  eight Indian soldiers were killed in retaliatory firing across the LOC and one was captured, Chandu Babulal Chavan. A Pakistani news anchor claimed fourteen Indian troops were killed.[18] It further stated that India was concealing its casualty figures from the cross-border firing.[21][18][46] It was later reported that the captured India soldier had wandered across the border in a different sector of the Line of control, where no conflict was reported.[47] He was later returned to India.[48]

Defence analysts in Pakistan said it was not possible for Indian forces to breach the heavily armed and fenced LoC border undetected, perform operations at multiple sites over several hours, and return without casualties and military resistance. According to one source, the Indian narrative matched a "fantastic movie script" created for public consumption.[49] Ejaz Awan dismissed Indian claims of paratrooper involvement, stating: "For pulling out these troops, you need helicopters on the ground."[49]

Media reports

Lieutenant general Ranbir Singh, the Indian Army DGMO, only stated during his press conference on 29 September that the number of casualties inflicted had been "significant".[17] Most accounts in the Indian media varied as to the number of militants killed, with most publications giving estimates of 35 to 50 killed.[50][51] On 9 October, the Indian army said that it had intercepted radio messages of the Pakistan army and claimed that "around 20" Lashkar-e-Taiba militants had been killed, including at least 10 during the surgical strikes and nine killed at Balnoi (opposite of Poonch).[52]

On 1 October, the Pakistani army gave international media outlets including BBC, CNN, VOA, Reuters, AP, AFP and Newsweek a tour of the sites which India claimed to have hit on 29 September.[53] The Pakistan army claimed that had there been a "surgical strike", there would have been more damage. The journalists confirmed that the "area seemed intact", but added that they only saw what the Pakistani army showed them.[54] The Economist remarked that they were taken to the border "under strict supervision, naturally".[55]

On 5 October, The Indian Express stated it had managed to conduct covert interviews with eyewitnesses living across the Line of Control (LoC). The Express claimed that eyewitnesses corroborated the Indian account by describing fire engagements with militants and the destruction of some makeshift buildings that housed militants; but that there was little damage to infrastructure. However, the Express said that according to eyewitness accounts, and classified documents, the number of militants killed was lower than the 38–50 number reported by Indian officials; there were reports that "five, perhaps six" bodies had been trucked out the morning after the raids from Dudhnial (4 km from the LoC), while three or four militants were killed near Khairati Bagh. The Express said that the militants, many of whom belonged to Lashkar-e-Taiba, were caught by surprise. Other accounts reported "fire and explosions" from the east bank of the Neelum River in Athmuqam.[56]

On 5 October, India's CNN-News18 claimed that it conducted a "sting operation" where their news correspondent posing as an Inspector General of Police made a phone call to a Superintendent of Police (SP) Ghulam Akbar in Mirpur. In an audio conversation aired on the news channel, a voice claiming to be Akbar reveals details about the military action of 29 September including the places of strikes and the number of Pakistani casualties, quoted as 12 people including 5 military personnel. The voice says that the bodies were said to have been carried away in coffins and buried in the villages, and that an unknown number of militants ("jihadis") had also died.[57][58][59] On 6 October, Pakistan's Foreign Office said that the voice in the audio conversation did not belong to Ghulam Akbar, and that Akbar had denied the alleged phone conversation. The ministry called the story a fabrication, and hoped that CNN International would take action against its Indian affiliate.[60]

On 23 October, a BBC News article by M. Ilyas Khan quoted unnamed police officials and locals stating the Indians appeared to have crossed the LoC, in some cases by more than a kilometer, to attack Pakistani border posts. The article said the Indian Army had conducted a ground assault in the Pooch sector, destroying a Pakistani post and killing a soldier; setup their guns on a ridge in Leepa valley, hitting three posts and killing four Pakistani soldiers; and advanced in the Dudhnial sector injuring a Pakistani soldier, but were beaten back after their movements were detected. The report also took statements from villagers at Madarpur (Poonch District) and Leepa Valley (Bagh District) and Dudhnial (Neelam District) who confided that Indian troops directed heavy fire at several Pakistani border posts. The BBC News could not verify if any militants were hit. Villagers in Dudhnial said that they saw one or two damaged structures close to a Pakistani border post. The villagers in Leepa Valley said that, following the attack, there was an increased influx of militants to the valley.[61]

The Economist wrote that by interviewing eyewitnesses and anonymous officials, journalists in both Pakistan and India have pieced together an account of what happened:

it appears that small teams of Indian commandos had slipped across the line to strike at safe houses believed to be used by Islamist guerrillas. The number killed was estimated at a dozen or fewer, rather than the 38–50 initially claimed by India. None of those killed were Pakistani army personnel. And since the Pakistani government has no wish to inflame domestic opinion and so be forced to escalate matters, it preferred to pretend that nothing had happened.[55]

Aftermath

Indian intelligence sources claimed that, immediately after the raid, the Pakistan military had buried the corpses of the slain terrorists to erase any evidence and to maintain Pakistan's version of a "skirmish" along the Line of Control.[6] However, Pakistan rejected that any such casualties occurred, questioning: "Where did all the dead bodies go?"[16] Pakistan's military also pointed to the lack of damage or losses in the site, and welcomed UN observers and journalists to conduct an independent inquiry.[16] Increased firing along the Line of Control was reported the following day.[62]

A senior Indian Home Ministry official subsequently claimed that in the wake of the raid, at least 12 training camps belonging to Lashkar-e-Taiba, Hizbul Mujahideen and Jaish-e-Mohammad had been swiftly moved from their locations at Pir Chanasi, Aksha Maskar and Tabuk near Muzaffarabad in Pakistan-administered Kashmir. Based on satellite images, inputs from foreign intelligence agencies and unnamed "sources in Pakistan", according to the official, the training camps had been relocated "near crowded towns deep inside Pakistan", in the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab, to "minimise casualties to their assets." According to the Indian official, the camps had housed around 500 militants, 300 of whom belonged to Lashkar-e-Taiba alone.[63]

An Indian newspaper, Indian Express, alleged that they had covertly interviewed five people across the LoC. One of the five eyewitness reported that on 30 September, a day after the surgical strikes, several members of Lashkar-e-Taiba had met for Friday prayers at a Lashkar-affiliated mosque in Chalhana. "The Lashkar men gathered there were blaming the Pak Army for failing to defend the border", he said, "and [were] saying they would soon give India an answer it would never forget."[56] Several days after the raids, a leading Indian security official who had been closely involved in their planning said that Pakistan's continued denial that any surgical strikes took place was a "stance that suits us". He further stated – "The surprise element in such an operation is key to its success and there will be no predictable repetition. If provoked yet again, we will amend our operational tactics."[1]

Both Indian Defence Minister Parrikar and National Security Advisor Doval were shown original, unedited footage from the military raids on 1 October. After viewing it, Parrikar informed Prime Minister Modi that he was satisfied with what he had seen, and that there was no need to publicly release any footage. In response to calls from members of opposition parties to release the footage, a senior government official stated, "The Opposition should understand the difference between a covert and overt strike. And it is not incumbent on the Indian Army to release video footage every time they do their duty."[64] On 5 October, two senior ministers in the Indian government said the Indian Army had submitted the footage to the government, but that the government, with the concurrence of the army, felt there was no need to release it to the public.[64]

After India's operation, India and Pakistan increased their exchanges of small arms and mortar fire across the Line of Control, resulting in frequent reports of Indian[65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76] and Pakistani casualties.[77][78][79][80][81][82]

Kirti Chakra to Major Rohit Suri

In 2017 the Indian government conferred gallantry awards to nineteen soldiers who had participated in the strikes. Among those who received awards include Major Rohit Suri, the leader of the operation who was honored with the Kirti Chakra, the second highest peacetime gallantry award.[83]

On 27 June 2018, an alleged footage of the strikes was released by the Indian government to the Indian media as proof to the strike.[43][44] Pakistan's foreign office spokesman, however, rejected the alleged video and termed Indian claims as farcical.[84] The Indian government released additional videos on 27 September 2018.[45]

Reactions

India

Across India, the military raid was widely praised. The opposition initially raised doubts that the surgical strike actually took place, but later the opposition leader Rahul Gandhi lauded Prime Minister Modi commenting- "for the first time in his tenure, he has taken an action that is worthy of the status of a Prime Minister."[85]

Following the military raid, in anticipation of cross-border shelling from Pakistan, Indian authorities evacuated 10,000 residents of villages located within ten kilometres of the border, in the states of Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir. Military surveillance was also stepped up along the Line of Control.[15]

Pakistan

Pakistan rejected the claim of a surgical strike, stating that Indian troops had only engaged in firing upon Pakistani soldiers, killing two Pakistani soldiers and wounding nine.[8][24] The spokesperson for the Pakistani Army asked: "Where is the damage?", referring to the lack of any evidence of surgical strikes.[16] ISPR spokesman Asim Bajwa termed the "surgical strike" claim an "illusion being deliberately generated by India to create false effects" and a "fabrication of the truth".[8]

Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif convened an all-parties conference and an emergency cabinet meeting. He stated Pakistan would take any steps necessary to safeguard its territorial integrity. "We will defend our homeland against any aggression. The entire nation is standing shoulder to shoulder with our armed forces."[86]

Pakistan's Chief of Army Staff Raheel Sharif termed the Indian claim a "drama", adding that "If Pakistan were to conduct a surgical strike, it would become a chapter in Indian textbooks."[87]

International Reactions

Countries

  •  Islamic Republic of Afghanistan – Shaida Abdali, Afghanistan's ambassador to India, expressed support for the military raids by India, stating the actions in Pakistan-administered Kashmir had been conducted in "self-defence". He added his hopes that "no one will allow safe havens for terrorists to be used against neighbours."[88]
  •  Bangladesh – Iqbal Chowdhury, the advisor to the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, stated India had the "legal, internationally accepted right" to take action. "Bangladesh always believes that any aggression or attack on the sovereignty of the independence and legal right of a country is not acceptable and Bangladesh always feels that any country must honour and respect the sovereignty of a third country."[89]
  •  Bhutan – Bhutan have backed India on cross-border stand.[90]
  •  China – Foreign Ministry spokesperson Geng Sheung stated that China, "as a shared neighbour and friend to both India and Pakistan," was concerned about the "continuous confrontation and tensions" between the two nations. He said China called on "all relevant parties to exercise restraint and refrain from actions that would escalate tension," and expressed hopes that both parties would address their differences through dialogue.[91]
  •  Germany – Martin Ney, the German ambassador to India, expressed Germany's support for the military raids and that it stood beside India in its counter-terrorism efforts. Stating that under international law, every nation was obliged to ensure that terrorism did not emanate from its territory, he said there existed a clear international law "that any state has the right to defend its territory from any form of global terrorism."[92]
  •  Russia – The Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed concern over "aggravation" of the situation along the Line of Control, and stated it expected Pakistan to take "effective" steps in stopping the activities of terrorist groups operating from its territory. "We are calling on the parties not to allow any escalation of tension and to settle the existing problems by political and diplomatic means through negotiations. We stand for decisive struggle against terrorism in all its manifestations."[93] Russian Ambassador to India Alexander Kadakin subsequently said that the Russian Federation was the only country to directly state that terrorists came from Pakistan; he called upon Pakistan to end cross-border terrorism and welcomed India's surgical strikes. "[The] greatest human rights violations take place when terrorists attack military installations and attack peaceful civilians in India. We welcome the surgical strike. Every country has [the] right to defend itself."[94]
  •  United States – White House spokesman Josh Earnest encouraged continued talks between India and Pakistan, to avoid further escalating the situation.[3]

Organisations

  •  European Union – Vice President of the European Parliament Czarnecki said that it was necessary for India to maintain pressure on Pakistan for eliminating cross-border terrorism. He praised Indian army and Indian government for its professional approach to the situation.[95]
  •  United Nations – Stephane Dujarric, spokesperson for Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon, stated the Secretary-General was following the developments "with great concern", adding that the United Nations "calls on the governments of India and Pakistan to exercise restraint, and encourages them to continue the effort to resolve their differences peacefully and through dialogue."[96] In a press conference on 3 October, Vitaly Churkin, the Permanent Representative of Russia to the United Nations and the President of the UN Security Council for that month, refused to comment on the India-Pakistan situation, stating the Security Council had not been discussing the matter.[97]

De-escalation

Adviser to the Prime Minister on Foreign Affairs was confirmed to be attending the 7th Heart of Asia Conference, the first visit by a high-level Pakistani official since December 2015. This was seen as a move to help de-escalate tensions by the Indian media.[98] The situation de-escalated after 23 November, with no incident being reported except the injury of a BSF personnel in Pakistani firing on 2 December.[99] Pakistan's High Commissioner to India Abdul Basit also offered hosting bilateral dialogue at Heart of Asia Conference.[100] But the conference ended without any peace talks and the delegates returned to their countries. Media said that there was a short conversation between Aziz and Indian leaders as soon as he landed. But it was denied this was not billed a de-escalation of border tensions.

Published accounts

Books

  • Zafar Nawaz Jaspal, India's 'Surgical Strike' Stratagem: Brinkmanship and Response (Khursheed Printers (Pvt.) Ltd., 2019). The book was written by Jaspal, a Professor of Pakistan's premier university, QAU gives a Pakistani perspective on the surgical strike. ISBN 978-969-23370-0-7
  • Securing India The Modi Way: Pathankot, Surgical Strikes and More (2017) is a book written by Nitin Gokhale, a South Asian strategic analyst and senior journalist. The book dwells into details about the planning and execution of the operation among other things.[101][102]
  • Aroor, Shiv; Singh, Rahul (20 September 2017). India's Most Fearless: True Stories of Modern Military Heroes. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. ISBN 9789386815422.

Documentaries

Special Operations: India 'Surgical Strikes' (2018) is a TV documentary which premièred on 22 January 2018 on History TV18 Channel.[103] It was directed and produced by Prabhu Asgaonkar and Manika Berry Asgaonkar.[104]

Film

Uri: The Surgical Strike (2019) is an Indian Hindi-language film based on the attack and was released on 11 January 2019, starring Vicky Kaushal and Yami Gautam as lead roles.[105]

Web series

Avrodh the Siege Within (2020) is an Indian web series, nine episodes long, based on the 2016 Uri attack and the following surgical strikes.[106] It is based on a chapter of the book India's Most Fearless.[107]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Surgical strikes: Pakistan denial suits us for now, we will change tactics if provoked again, says top official". The Indian Express. 3 October 2016. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Inside the strike: Choppers on standby, 70–80 soldiers". The Indian Express. 1 October 2016. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Miglani, Sanjeev; Hashim, Asad (29 September 2016). "India says hits Pakistan-based militants, escalating tensions". Reuters. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Perry, Juliet. "Pakistan captures Indian soldier in Kashmir". cnn.com. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016.
  5. ↑ "8 Indian soldiers killed, one captured, say TV reports". 29 September 2016.
  6. 1 2 Ratheesh, Renu (30 September 2016). "Uri Pay Back: Pakistan buries dead terrorists, leaving no evidence for India's Surgical Strike". India Live Today. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  7. ↑ "Uri avenged: 35–40 terrorists, 9 Pakistani soldiers killed in Indian surgical strikes". 29 September 2016.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Abbas, Syed Sammer (29 September 2016). "Army rubbishes Indian 'surgical strikes' claim as two Pakistani soldiers killed at LoC". Dawn. Archived from the original on 30 September 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  9. ↑ services, Tribune news. "India says it has carried out 'surgical strikes' against militants across Kashmir frontier". chicagotribune.com.
  10. ↑ "Uri avenged: 35–40 terrorists, 9 Pakistani soldiers killed in Indian surgical strikes, say TV reports". 29 September 2016.
  11. ↑ "4 hours, choppers and 38 kills: How India avenged the Uri attack". The Economic Times. 12 July 2018.
  12. 1 2 Khan, M Ilyas (22 October 2016). "India's 'surgical strikes' in Kashmir: Truth or illusion?". BBC News. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 "Reversing roles". The Economist. 6 October 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2023.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Sasikumar, Karthika (4 March 2019). "India's Surgical Strikes: Response to Strategic Imperatives" (PDF). The Round Table. Informa UK Limited. 108 (2): 159–174. doi:10.1080/00358533.2019.1591768. ISSN 0035-8533. S2CID 159140220.
  15. 1 2 3 Marszal, Andrew (30 September 2016). "India evacuates 10,000 from border with Pakistan amid reprisal fears after Kashmir 'strikes'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Masood, Salman (1 October 2016). "In Kashmir, Pakistan Questions India's 'Surgical Strikes' on Militants". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  17. 1 2 "India's surgical strikes across LoC: Full statement by DGMO Lt Gen Ranbir Singh". Hindustan Times. 29 September 2016. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
  18. 1 2 3 Haider, Abrar (29 September 2016). "Pakistan captures one Indian soldier, eight killed at LoC overnight". Dawn. Archived from the original on 30 September 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  19. ↑ "Indian soldiers killed in clashes with Pakistan Army". The News. 29 September 2016. Archived from the original on 30 September 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  20. 1 2 Sen, Sudhi Ranjan (30 September 2016). Sanyal, Anindita (ed.). "Indian Army Says Soldier in Pak Custody Was Not Captured During Surgical Strikes". NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 30 September 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  21. 1 2 "India hiding casualties from cross border fire, Asim Bajwa says". The Express Tribune. 1 October 2016. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
  22. 1 2 Singh, Sandeep (5 October 2016). "India's Surgical Strikes: Walking Into Pakistan's Trap?". The Diplomat. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
  23. ↑ Pandit, Sushmita; Chattopadhyay, Saayan (9 June 2020). "Coverage of the Surgical Strike on Television News in India". Reimagining Journalism and Social Order in a Fragmented Media World. Routledge. pp. 156–170. doi:10.4324/9780429347245-11. ISBN 978-0-429-34724-5.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Kashmir attack: India 'launches strikes against militants'". BBC News. 29 September 2016. Archived from the original on 30 September 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  25. 1 2 3 Barry, Ellen; Masood, Salman (29 September 2016). "India Claims 'Surgical Strikes' Across Line of Control in Kashmir". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
  26. ↑ Yousaf, Kamran (1 October 2016). "So-called surgical strike: Indian farce throws up a few challenges". Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
  27. ↑ Yasir, Sameer (21 September 2016). "Uri attack carried out by Jaish-e-Mohammad militants, confirms Indian Army-India News". Firstpost. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
  28. ↑ Panda, Ankit (19 September 2016). "Gurdaspur, Pathankot, and Now Uri: What Are India's Options?". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
  29. ↑ "We will respond at time, place of our choosing: Army on Uri attack". The Hindu. 19 September 2016. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  30. 1 2 Boone, Jon; Safi, Michael (28 September 2016). "Pakistan humiliated by south Asian countries' boycott of summit". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
  31. 1 2 Gupta, Shishir (3 October 2016). "Mission LoC: How India punished Pakistan with surgical strikes". The Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
  32. ↑ Jon Boone; Michael Safi (29 September 2016), "India says troops cross Kashmir border to attack as crisis escalates", The Guardian, archived from the original on 2 October 2016
  33. ↑ "Surgical Strike was sealed, delivered, kept under wraps until CCS meet". The Indian Express. 1 October 2016. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  34. 1 2 3 4 Ankit Panda (29 September 2016), "Indian Forces Cross Line of Control to Carry Out 'Surgical Strikes': First Takeaways", The Diplomat, archived from the original on 30 September 2016, retrieved 1 October 2016
  35. 1 2 "Rathore rules out use of copters, aerial strikes". The Hindu. 30 September 2016. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
  36. 1 2 "Backtracking: India says no helicopters used in 'surgical strikes'". Express Tribune. 30 September 2016. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
  37. ↑ "India says raid across LOC hit Pakistan-based militants; Pakistan denies raid occurred". CNBC. 29 September 2016. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
  38. ↑ Annie Gowen; Shaiq Hussain (29 September 2016), "India claims 'surgical strikes' against militants in Pakistan-controlled Kashmir", The Washington Post, archived from the original on 1 October 2016, retrieved 1 October 2016
  39. ↑ UN chief Ban Ki-moon offers to mediate between India, Pakistan Archived 2 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Hindustan Times, 1 October 2016.
  40. 1 2 India snubs UN for saying didn't ‘observe’ LoC firing Archived 2 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The Indian Express, 2 October 2016.
  41. ↑ Sandeep Singh (5 October 2016), "India's Surgical Strikes: Walking into Pakistan's Trap?", The Diplomat, archived from the original on 18 October 2016, retrieved 15 October 2016
  42. ↑ Snow, Shawn. "Is India Capable of a Surgical Strike in Pakistan Controlled Kashmir?". The Diplomat. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  43. 1 2 "Video footage provides proof of surgical strikes across LoC | News- Times of India Videos ►". The Times of India. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
  44. 1 2 "Surgical strikes video out, shows terror casualties, damage to bunkers". The Indian Express. 28 June 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
  45. 1 2 "Govt releases new video of 2016 surgical strikes". The Times of India. Press Trust of India. 27 September 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  46. ↑ "14 Indian soldiers killed in clashes with Pakistan Army". The News. 29 September 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  47. ↑ Khan, M. Ilyas (30 September 2016). "India Kashmir strike: View from Pakistan". BBC News. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  48. ↑ "Pakistan returns Indian soldier Chandu Babulal Chavan who crossed LoC last year". 21 January 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  49. 1 2 "Cross-border raid: Strategic analysts laugh off Indian claim". The Express Tribune. 1 October 2016. Archived from the original on 30 September 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  50. ↑ "Uri avenged: 35–40 terrorists, 9 Pakistani soldiers killed in Indian surgical strikes". 29 September 2016. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016.
  51. ↑ "Surgical strikes in PoK: How Indian para commandos killed 50 terrorists, hit 7 camps". India Today. 29 September 2016. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  52. ↑ "Lashkar-e-Taiba suffered maximum damage in surgical strikes". The Indian Express. 9 October 2016. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016.
  53. ↑ Farooqui, Tashkeel Ahmed (3 October 2016). "Delhi CM questions authenticity of India's 'surgical strikes' in Pakistan". Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 4 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  54. ↑ "Kashmir conflict: Tension on the India Pakistan border". Archived from the original on 2 October 2016.
  55. 1 2 India and Pakistan: Reversing roles, The Economist, 8 October 2016.
  56. 1 2 "Surgical strikes: Bodies taken away on trucks, loud explosions, eyewitnesses give graphic details". The Indian Express. 5 October 2016. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016.
  57. ↑ Surgical strikes: Five Pakistani soldiers among 12 killed, Mirpur SP tells CNN-News18 Archived 6 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Firstpost India, 5 October 2016.
  58. ↑ "Pakistan admits to surgical strikes by India, names areas of operation", Deccan Chronicle, 5 October 2016, archived from the original on 5 October 2016
  59. ↑ Surgical Strikes: Full Text of Conversation Which Exposes Pakistan's Lies Archived 6 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine, CNN News18, 5 October 2016.
  60. ↑ "PAKISTAN CONDEMNS AIRING OF FAKE PROGRAM BY INDIAN MEDIA". Radio Pakistan. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016.
  61. ↑ M. Ilyas Khan (23 October 2016), "India's 'surgical strikes' in Kashmir: Truth or illusion?", BBC News, archived from the original on 25 October 2016, retrieved 23 October 2016
  62. ↑ "The morning after Army's surgical strike: Firing along LoC". Indian Express. 1 October 2016. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  63. ↑ "Training camps now shifted to crowded Pakistani towns'". The Hindu. 1 October 2016. Archived from the original on 30 September 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  64. 1 2 "Have proof of surgical strikes along LoC, but will not release it: Centre". Hindustan Times. 6 October 2016. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
  65. ↑ "The aftermath of India's surgical strikes along LoC: A quick timeline". The Indian Express. 3 October 2016. Archived from the original on 4 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  66. ↑ "J&K: Jawan killed in ceasefire violation by Pakistan, another found dead with bullet wounds". Indian Express. Archived from the original on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  67. ↑ "Army says will respond to 'dastardly' body mutilation, Pak denies involvement". Hindustan Times. 3 May 2017. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
  68. ↑ "GREF labourer killed, BSF man among four injured in Pak firing in Jammu & Kashmir". Economic times. Archived from the original on 7 June 2017. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
  69. ↑ "Pakistan violates ceasefire in J&K's Nowgam, one jawan martyred". The Times of India. 18 July 2017. Archived from the original on 19 July 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
  70. ↑ "Army soldier injured in Naushera shelling dies; civilian injured in fresh Pakistan ceasefire violation". First post. Archived from the original on 20 July 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  71. ↑ "Jammu and Kashmir: 3 soldiers killed, India warns Pakistan of heavy retribution". DNA India. Archived from the original on 25 November 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  72. ↑ "Pakistan violates ceasefire in Rajouri". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
  73. ↑ "Pakistan violates ceasefire for four consecutive days, shells BSF posts". 16 September 2017. Archived from the original on 18 September 2017 – via www.thehindu.com.
  74. ↑ "BSF Jawan Killed in Pakistani Sniper Fire from Across Line of Control in Poonch". NDTV. Archived from the original on 7 September 2017. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  75. ↑ "BSF Jawan killed in Pakistan firing across LoC in J&K's Arina sector". Indian Express. Archived from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  76. ↑ "Jawan killed as Pakistan violate ceasefire along Keran sector". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  77. ↑ "3 Pakistani Soldiers killed". No. 23 November. By Roshan Mughal and Asif Shahzad. AP. Archived from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
  78. ↑ "Three Pakistan Army soldiers killed by Indian firing across the LoC". Dawn. 14 February 2017. Archived from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  79. ↑ "Four Pakistani soldiers killed in Indian shelling in Kashmir". Reuters. 16 July 2017. Archived from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
  80. ↑ Naqash, Tariq (19 July 2017). "Army destroys Indian posts in retaliation to cross-border shelling, killing 5: ISPR". Archived from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
  81. ↑ Zaidi, Mubashir (20 July 2017). "Pakistan summons Indian envoy over ceasefire violations across LoC". The Hindu. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
  82. ↑ "Naib Subedar, two civilians embrace martyrdom in cross-border India firing: ISPR". Archived from the original on 1 October 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
  83. ↑ "Heroes of surgical strike honoured with gallantry medals". The Economic Times. 11 July 2018.
  84. ↑ "'Dream on': Pakistan rejects video clips of Indian surgical strikes as farcical claims". Hindustan Times. 28 June 2018.
  85. ↑ "Political parties firmly back Modi govt over army's surgical strikes". Hindustan Times. 30 September 2016. Archived from the original on 30 September 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  86. ↑ Khan, Sanaullah (30 September 2016). "Nawaz calls APC, NAP and National Security committee meetings". Dawn. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  87. ↑ Akbar, Ali (25 November 2016). "If Pakistan conducted a surgical strike, it would become part of Indian textbooks: COAS Gen Raheel". Dawn. Archived from the original on 28 November 2016. Retrieved 28 November 2016.
  88. ↑ "Indian surgical strikes were act of self-defence: Afghanistan". The Statesman. 30 September 2016. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  89. ↑ "India has right to respond to attack on sovereignty:Bangladesh". The Statesman. 30 September 2016. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  90. ↑ "BRICS summit: Lanka, Bhutan back India's stand on cross-border terror". The Indian Express. 18 October 2016. Archived from the original on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  91. ↑ "China calls on India, Pakistan to exercise restraint". The Indian Express. 1 October 2016. Archived from the original on 30 September 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  92. ↑ Jacob, Jayanth (5 October 2016). "Germany supports India on LoC strikes, calls it right to defence against terror". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  93. ↑ "Russia asks Pakistan to take steps to contain terror groups". Hindustan Times. 30 September 2016. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  94. ↑ "Russia Backs Surgical Strikes, Asks Pakistan to Stop Terror Activities". Russian Embassy. 3 October 2016. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
  95. ↑ "European Parliament backs India's surgical strikes". The Indian Express. 5 October 2016. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016.
  96. ↑ "Following situation with great concern: UN on rising India-Pak tensions at LoC". Hindustan Times. 30 September 2016. Archived from the original on 30 September 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  97. ↑ "Press-conference by Ambassador V.Churkin, Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to the United Nations and President of the UN Security Council for the month of October 2016". Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the United Nations. 3 October 2016. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2016.
  98. ↑ "Aziz eyes bilateral meeting during Amritsar conference". Daily News & Analysis. 24 November 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  99. ↑ "BSF jawan injured in ceasefire violation by Pakistani troops". The Times of India. 2 December 2016. Archived from the original on 3 December 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  100. ↑ "Pakistan willing to hold bilateral talks at 'Heart of Asia': Basit". Daily Excelsior. 28 November 2016. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  101. ↑ "Vice President releases book 'Securing India: The Modi Way' | DD News". ddnews.gov.in. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  102. ↑ "Book discussion | Securing India the Modi Way: Pathankot, Surgical Strikes and More | ORF". ORF. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  103. ↑ "HistoryTV18 show 'Special Operations: India – Surgical Strikes' premieres on 22 January: All you need to know". Firstpost. 19 January 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  104. ↑ "Special Operations: India 'Surgical Strikes' English Episode". History TV18. Retrieved 21 April 2018.
  105. ↑ "Uri box office collection Day 6: Vicky Kaushal film refuses to slow down". The Indian Express. 17 January 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
  106. ↑ Jain, Arushi (31 July 2020). "Avrodh The Siege Within review: An interesting web series on 2016 surgical strike". The Indian Express. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  107. ↑ Ramnath, Nandini (31 July 2020). "'Avrodh' review: Show about 2016 surgical strike goes beyond Line of Control in more ways than one". Scroll.in. Retrieved 31 July 2020.

Further reading

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.