2018 Turkish presidential election
24 June 2018
Opinion polls
Turnout86.24% (Increase 12.11 pp)
 
Candidate Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Muharrem İnce
Party AK Party CHP
Alliance People's Alliance Nation Alliance
Popular vote 26,330,823 15,340,321
Percentage 52.59% 30.64%
 
Candidate Selahattin Demirtaş[lower-alpha 1] Meral Akşener
Party HDP İyi Party
Alliance HDK[lower-alpha 2] Nation Alliance
Popular vote 4,205,794 3,649,030
Percentage 8.40% 7.29%
Results by province
President before election

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
AK Party

 Elected President

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
AK Party

Presidential elections were held in Turkey on 24 June 2018 as part of the 2018 general election, alongside parliamentary elections on the same day. They were the first presidential elections held after constitutional amendments were approved in a 2017 referendum.[2]

The elections were originally scheduled for November 2019. President Erdoğan and MHP Chairman Bahçeli called for early elections, giving as reason to "not wait any longer" for the entry into force of the 2017 constitutional amendments.[3] Following this, with the 2018 elections, the office of prime minister was abolished and the first government under the presidential system took office.

Incumbent President Erdoğan declared his candidacy for the People's Alliance on 27 April 2018. The main opposition, the Republican People's Party, nominated Muharrem İnce, a member of parliament known for his combative opposition and spirited speeches against Erdoğan.[4] The Peoples' Democratic Party nominated Selahattin Demirtaş, its imprisoned former chairman. Besides these candidates, Meral Akşener, the founder and leader of the İyi Party,[5] Temel Karamollaoğlu, the leader of the Felicity Party, and Doğu Perinçek, the leader of the Patriotic Party, announced their candidacies and collected the 100,000 signatures required to stand.

Campaigning centred mainly on the faltering economy and the currency and debt crisis, with both government and opposition commentators warning of a more serious economic crisis following the elections. The 2018 Gaza border protests, following the United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel, along with the Turkish military operation in Afrin, also featured in the campaign.

Electoral system

Ballot paper used for the 2018 presidential election

The President of Turkey is directly elected through the two-round system, under which a candidate must obtain at least 50%+1 of the popular vote in order to be elected. If no candidate secures an overall majority outright, then a runoff is held between the two most voted-for candidates from the first round, the winner of which is then declared elected. The first direct election to the Turkish presidency was held in 2014, after a referendum in 2007 abolished the previous system under which the head of state was elected by the legislature, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The President of Turkey is subject to term limits, and may serve at most two consecutive five-year terms.

Prospective presidential candidates must be at least 40 years old and must have completed higher education. Any political party that has won 5% of the vote in the previous parliamentary election can put forward a candidate, although parties that have not met this threshold can form alliances and field joint candidates as long as their total vote share exceeds 5%. Independents can run if they collect 100,000 signatures from the electorate.[6] An estimate released in July 2017 predicted that collecting 100,000 signatures to stand for election could exceed ₺15 million (US$4.2 million) in costs, if each individual signature would require certification by a notary. However, the Supreme Electoral Council of Turkey (YSK) announced that signature collection would occur between 4 and 9 May, with voters having to submit their nominations at their local electoral council branch.

Based on the results of the previous general election in November 2015, only the Justice and Development Party (AKP), Republican People's Party (CHP), Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) and Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP) are eligible to field candidates for the presidential election. The remaining parties combined received under 3% of the vote and are thus unable to field either a joint candidate or a candidate in their own right. In addition to past election results, parties which have a parliamentary group can nominate a candidate. Thus, the newly formed İyi Party was also eligible to nominate their candidate, as 15 CHP members of parliament had defected to them with the intention of allowing the party to form a parliamentary group. However, İyi Party leader and presidential candidate Meral Akşener insisted on being nominated by collecting signatures rather than through parliament.

Candidates

Official candidates

The Supreme Electoral Council (YSK) formally announced the candidates on 13 May.[7]

Official list of presidential candidates in order they appear on the ballot paper[8]
1 2 3 4 5 6
Muharrem İnce Meral Akşener Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Selahattin Demirtaş Temel Karamollaoğlu Doğu Perinçek
CHP
(Nation Alliance)		 İYİ
(Nation Alliance)		 AKP
(People's Alliance)		 HDP
(No alliance)		 Felicity
(Nation Alliance)		 Patriotic
(No alliance)
View campaign View campaign View campaign View campaign View campaign View campaign

Selection process

Former President Abdullah Gül announces that he will not stand as a presidential candidate on 28 April

In the run-up to the election, various parties underwent a candidate selection process to nominate presidential candidates.

People's Alliance (AKP and MHP)

Serving president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan was widely seen as the undisputed candidate of the People's Alliance, an alliance set up by the governing Justice and Development Party (AKP) and the far-right Nationalist Movement Party (MHP). This was confirmed by MHP leader Devlet Bahçeli on 21 April 2018.[9] The AKP parliamentary group voted unanimously to nominate Erdoğan on 3 May.[10]

Republican People's Party (CHP)

Muharrem İnce being announced as the CHP's presidential candidate on 4 May

The main opposition Republican People's Party (CHP) began a wide search for a candidate, with several rumours that the party was content with supporting a cross-party candidate that was not necessarily in line with the party's values as part of an election alliance. CHP leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu subsequently conducted several meetings with the leaders of the Felicity Party and the İyi Party. Former President Abdullah Gül was mentioned as a cross-party option, allegedly receiving the support of senior officials, but was disbanded following heavy opposition from the lower ranks and voters. Gül eventually announced that he would not stand, citing the lack of cross-party consensus.[11] Despite ruling it out several times, party leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu was frequently mentioned as a potential candidate, along with Yılmaz Büyükerşen, İlhan Kesici, Muharrem İnce and Mehmet Haberal. Certain MPs, such as Öztürk Yılmaz and Didem Engin also publicly declared their interest.[12] On 26 April, CHP MP Özgür Özel, himself seen as a potential candidate, announced that their nominee would be one who would make the AKP 'crazy' the most.[13] On 4 May, Yalova MP Muharrem İnce was declared the party's candidate.[14]

Peoples' Democratic Party (HDP)

HDP co-leader Sezai Temelli

The HDP nominated Selahattin Demirtaş, their former leader who was also the HDP's candidate in 2014, on 4 May.[15] It was reported that the party executive had broadly agreed on Demirtaş earlier, raising concern that his preventative detention since 2016 could potentially bar him from running. Originally due in court on 11 April, Demirtaş's trial for charges of 'spreading terrorist propaganda' was delayed to 30 April, and then again to 8 June.[16] His candidacy was announced as a part of a 'broad coalition of Kurdish and left-wing parties'.[17] His lawyers and HDP officials claimed that his detention wouldn't affect his candidacy. In his first message after announcing his candidacy, he called on his supporters to be his 'hands and arms' during the campaign.[18]

İyi Party

Meral Akşener announcing her presidential ambitions during the establishment of the İyi Party on 25 October 2017

Upon announcing the İyi Party's establishment on 25 October 2017, party leader Meral Akşener announced that she would be a candidate in the presidential election.[19] She reaffirmed her candidacy on 18 April 2018, shortly after the election was called.[20] The party subsequently received pressure from the CHP and the Felicity Party (SP) to enter a joint alliance and support a cross-party candidate, with the SP supporting Abdullah Gül. Akşener refused to withdraw her candidacy, with the party's General Administration Council voting unanimously to nominate her as their party candidate on 24 April 2018.[21]

Felicity Party (SP)

SP leader Temel Karamollaoğlu and CHP leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu meet to discuss a joint candidate on 23 April 2018

In the run-up to the election, SP leader Temel Karamollaoğlu managed to carry his party to the mainstream media following a number of speeches where he heavily criticised the government. This led to the SP being regarded as a potential kingmaker in future alliances, causing several larger parties to approach Karamollaoğlu in a bid to field a joint candidate. Although this led to the Nation Alliance being established between the SP, CHP and the İyi Party, no consensus was reached on a joint presidential candidate and each party decided to nominate their own. The SP polled their members on four potential candidates, namely Karamollaoğlu, Abdullah Gül, Haşim Kılıç and Abdüllatif Şener. Karamollaoğlu was announced as the party's candidate on 1 May.[22]

Others

The left-wing Patriotic Party declared their leader Doğu Perinçek as their candidate. As part of a triple alliance of small centre-right parties consisting of the Motherland Party (ANAP), the True Path Party (DYP) and the Justice Party (AP), the AP's leader Vecdet Öz was nominated as a joint candidate. As independents, journalist Levent Gültekin and Tuna Bekleviç declared their intentions to run.

Nominations

İyi Party candidate Meral Akşener on campaign
Signatures received by each candidate between 4 and 9 May 2018

The Constitution of Turkey, amended following the 2017 constitutional referendum, allows any party with a parliamentary group (at least 20 MPs) to nominate a presidential candidate. This meant that the AKP, CHP, HDP, MHP and technically the İyi Party were eligible to automatically nominate candidates through parliament. Meral Akşener, the İyi Party's leader and presidential candidate, opted to be nominated through signatures instead. The MHP, as part of the People's Alliance, did not field a candidate and announced support for the AKP candidate Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. The CHP formally nominated Muharrem İnce and the HDP nominated Selahattin Demirtaş. The remaining candidates were required to collect at least 100,000 signatures.

Voters were able to give signatures to their preferred presidential candidate between 4 May and 9 May at their local electoral council branch. They were only permitted to nominate one candidate. Seven candidates applied to the YSK to seek nomination by signatures, with three applications being rejected due to insufficient paperwork. As a result, the remaining four successful applicants were as follows.

Voters abroad were not eligible to give signatures, prompting Perinçek to appeal to the Constitutional Court, arguing that the YSK had violated the rights of Turkish citizens abroad. Overseas citizens were, however, allowed to send a signed declaration by post to their local electoral council in Turkey. Only 72 overseas citizens did so, with 17 signing for Akşener, 18 signing for Karamollaoğlu, 35 signing for Perinçek and no signatures for Öz.[23]

Party Candidate Daily signatures Result
4 May[24] 5 May[25] 6 May[26] 7 May[27] 8 May[28] 9 May[29]
İYİMeral Akşener
Green tickY 127,850
173,569
207,142
232,744
246,684
255,582
Green tickY Nominated
SPTemel Karamollaoğlu
44,959
95,168
Green tickY 135,945
150,134
160,680
167,967
Green tickY Nominated
VATANDoğu Perinçek
14,555
26,845
45,026
65,433
93,919
Green tickY 118,575
Green tickY Nominated
APVecdet Öz
231
706
1,256
2,015
2,505
3,030
Red XN Not nominated
Totals
187,595
296,288
389,369
450,426
503,788
545,154

Campaign

Erdoğan campaign

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, incumbent President of Turkey since 2014, was officially nominated as the presidential candidate of the Justice and Development Party (AKP) on 3 May 2018.[30] Shortly thereafter, the nominally oppositional Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) reiterated that it would endorse Erdoğan's candidacy, and would jointly apply to the electoral commission for its formal registration.[31] In early May, it was confirmed by Erdoğan that he would be visiting the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo in the early stages of the campaign, most likely on 20 May 2018, and hold campaign rallies with the Bosnian Turks to drum up support for his re-election bid.[32]

İnce campaign

Muharrem İnce at the CHP manifesto launch, 26 May

Muharrem İnce, a member of parliament for Yalova, was announced as the presidential candidate of the Republican People's Party (CHP) on 3 May 2018.[33] On the following day, 4 May, party leader Kemal Kilicdaroglu formally proclaimed the CHP's support for İnce.[34] Shortly thereafter, the CHP began preparations for the campaign season, launching the production of campaign material and merchandise. It was revealed in early May that İnce's campaign would adopt the slogan "Türkiye'ye güvence Muharrem İnce", roughly translating to "Muharrem İnce, an assurance to Turkey",[35] and that it would be kicked off with an election rally in his home city of Yalova on 5 May.[36]

Demirtaş campaign

Selahattin Demirtaş's campaign being launched outside Edirne prison where he is incarcerated, 25 May

Selahattin Demirtaş was officially announced as the candidate of the People's Democratic Party (HDP) on 4 May 2018, after members of the party had hinted at his candidacy weeks in advance. Party leader Pervin Buldan declared that Demirtaş, a jailed former co-chair of the HDP, would be leading a five-party "Kurdish alliance" into the general election.[37]

Akşener campaign

Meral Akşener was nominated as the candidate of the İyi Party on 4 May 2018, after she had successfully collected the 100,000 signatures required for minor party candidates to gain ballot access. Reportedly, she passed this threshold less than four hours after having launched her signature collection campaign.[38]

Karamollaoğlu campaign

Temel Karamollaoğlu beginning his campaign on 1 May

Temel Karamollaoğlu was nominated as the candidate of the Felicity Party (SP) on 6 May 2018, after he had successfully collected the 100,000 signatures required for minor party candidates to gain ballot access. Karamollaoğlu's campaign adopted the slogan "Türkiye'ye bilge başkan" ("A wise leader for Turkey").

Perinçek campaign

Doğu Perinçek was nominated as the candidate of the VATAN Party on 9 May 2018, after he had successfully collected the 100,000 signatures required for minor party candidates to gain ballot access.[39]

Endorsements

Parties

Candidate Endorsement Ideology
MHP
 Nationalist Movement Party Ultranationalism
BBP
 Great Unity Party Sunni Islamism
HÜDAPAR
 Free Cause Party[40] Pan-Islamism
ANAP
 Motherland Party[41] Social conservatism
ASP
 AS Party[42] Pro-military
İnce
CHP
YURT-P
 Homeland Party[43] Turkish nationalism
TİYAP
 Underemployed and Pensioners' Party of Turkey[44] Social democracy
KP
 Women's Party[44] Feminism
EYP
 Unhindered Life Party[44] Disability rights
BTP
 Great Turkey Party[44] Liberal conservatism
MMP
 National Struggle Party[44] Turkish nationalism
MHHP
 Defense of Rights Movement Party[44] Kemalism
TBP
 Unity Party of Turkey[44] Kemalism
TBP
 United Turkey Party[44] Turkish nationalism
GAP
 Young Anatolia Party[44] National conservatism
AVATAN
 Motherland Party[45] Liberal conservatism
DBP
 Democratic Regions Party[46] Kurdish nationalism
ÖDP
 Freedom and Solidarity Party[46] Socialism
TİP
 Workers' Party of Turkey[47] Communism
ÖSP
 Freedom and Socialism Party[46] Democratic Socialism
EMEP
 Labour Party[48] Hoxhaism
PSK
 Kurdistan Socialist Party[46] Kurdish nationalism
PAK
 Kurdistan Freedom Party[49] Kurdish nationalism
KDP-T
 Kurdistan Democratic Party/North[49] Kurdish nationalism
ESP
 Socialist Party of the Oppressed[50] Communism
EHP
 Labourist Movement Party[50] Communism
DP
 Democratic Party Liberal conservatism
DYP
 True Path Party (Muğla branch)[51] Liberal conservatism
HEPAR
 Rights and Equality Party Turkish nationalism

NGOs and unions

Controversies

State of emergency

On 20 July 2016, five days after an attempted coup, the government declared a state of emergency (Turkish: Olağanüstü Hal, OHAL), allowing ministers to rule the country by decree, bypassing parliament and limiting certain civil freedoms. The government have frequently been criticised for violating the constitutional limits of a state of emergency, using it as an excuse for governing without any political opposition. Since 2016, the state of emergency has been extended for the sixth time, with parliament voting to extend it by a further three months on 18 January 2018.[52] The extension led to speculation that the election would occur under state of emergency conditions, similar to the 2017 constitutional referendum.

Heather Nauert, the Spokesperson for the United States Department of State and acting Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs, issued a statement on 20 April citing 'concern' for whether free and fair elections would be possible under a state of emergency.[53] On 24 April, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) issued a statement calling for the elections to be delayed, declaring that they would not meet European standards or be held in a democratic manner. Prince Zeid bin Ra'ad, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, also issued a statement calling for the state of emergency to end in order to guarantee credible elections.[54]

The calls to end the state of emergency were criticised by the Turkish government and loyal members of parliament, who called the PACE declaration 'politicised, unfair, unjust and beyond the limits'. Prime minister Binali Yıldırım criticised PACE for being 'non-credible' due to it having invited Democratic Union Party (PYD) chairman Salih Muslim, who is regarded as a terrorist leader by Turkey, to give a speech. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs declared Nauert's statements about a forthcoming election 'unacceptable'.[55]

Media censorship

Following his nomination as the CHP's presidential candidate on 4 May, Muharrem İnce began his campaign with a rally in his hometown of Yalova. It was noted that only pro-opposition TV channels such as Halk TV were covering the event, with the state broadcaster TRT notably absent. In his next rally at Balıkesir, İnce declared that if TRT were to continue not broadcasting opposition campaigns, he would march to the TRT headquarters with the CHP's 130 MPs and conduct his next rally in front of them.[56]

A similar situation was observed during the İyi Party's first extraordinary congress on 1 April, which was only covered by Halk TV. In response, party leader Meral Akşener claimed that she had not embarked on her campaign with any expectations from 'the government's media'.[57] The party subsequently sent the TRT photos from the congress, an abacus and a calculator as a 'present', so that they could count how many people attended the event.[58]

Election violence

Felicity Party leader and candidate Temel Karamollaoğlu visits injured MP candidate Mehmet Fethi Öztürk in hospital, 26 May 2018

On 7 May, a group armed with knives and clubs consisting of allegedly 50 to 60 people approached an İyi Party election stand in Bağcılar, Istanbul, wounding 8 people with one in critical condition.[59][60] The group allegedly consisted of rival Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) campaigners, many of which had reportedly been suspended from the party for past violent activity.[61] A total of 8 people were arrested following the attack, with six being released and two being charged afterwards.[62]

On 8 May, the house of İyi Party founding member Mehmet Aslan in Beykoz, Istanbul was shot at by unknown assailants. Aslan was not in the building at the time.[63]

On 26 May, a group of Felicity Party and Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) activists engaged in a brawl in Ankara following a dispute over hanging up party flags. Clubs were used by MHP activists, injuring 7 Felicity Party activists with two in serious condition.[64] Felicity Party MP candidate for Ankara, Mehmet Fethi Öztürk, was among the two seriously injured. Gunshots were also reported, which were blamed on Öztürk and led to his arrest while in hospital.[65]

Nomination irregularities

The Supreme Electoral Council of Turkey (YSK) had devised a system to collect signatures for voters to nominate candidates, with the process taking place between 4 and 9 May. On 8 May, Patriotic Party leader Doğu Perinçek, who by that time was close to reaching the 100,000 signatures needed for nomination, criticised the system for irregularities. Perinçek claimed that the system has crashed throughout 8 May, affecting people who wanted to give signatures, criticising the government for incompetence.[66] The crashes in the system caused doubt about whether Perinçek would reach the required 100,000 signatures by the 9 May deadline.[67] Regardless, Perinçek managed to surpass 100,000 signatures by noon on 9 May.

Leaked speech

During a leaked speech of a private meeting with AKP officials, Erdoğan ordered them to go in a great number as official representatives in voting locations to seize control of the ballot boxes, ensuring that the "work there would be finished before it even started". He also ordered them to target HDP voters with the help of AKP local officials who he assured them would be in possession of voters lists to help with their "special work". This would be done in order to prevent HDP crossing the 10% electoral threshold, which would greatly help the AKP and prevent a repeat of the "7 June experience",[68] when the AKP lost its parliamentary majority in an upset defeat.

Opinion polls

Opinion polls have been conducted to gauge voter intentions for the presidential election. Polls have generally shown a clear lead for Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, though with vote totals below his 2014 election victory where he was elected with 51.8% of the vote outright. Indicating that a second round will most likely take place, the polls indicate that there is competition between Muharrem İnce and Meral Akşener over who will proceed to the run-off and face Erdoğan. Emboldened vote shares indicate percentages above 50%, indicating outright first round victory.

Graphical summary

Voting intention

Date Pollster Sample size Erdoğan İnce Akşener Demirtaş Karamollaoğlu Perinçek Lead 1 Lead 2
16–17 Jun 2018 Gezici 1,812 48.2 29.1 11.4 10.0 1.2 0.1 19.1 17.7
13 June 2018 Plus Mayak – 45.8 28.9 13.1 10.2 1.8 0.2 16.9 15.8
13 June 2018 AKAM 2,460 44.5 29.0 14.5 9.3 2.5 0.2 15.5 15.5
6–13 Jun 2018 REMRES 5,674 43.6 29.5 12.3 11.4 3.0 0.2 14.1 17.2
11 June 2018 CHP – 45.6 32.2 8.2 10.7 3.1 0.2 13.4 24.0
8–11 Jun 2018 Mediar 2,410 48.0 29.9 9.2 10.2 2.1 0.8 18.1 19.7
6 June 2018 İyi Party – 42.0 22.4 22.7 11.0 1.9 19.3 0.3
1–6 Jun 2018 MAK 5,400 51.5 24.4 12.5 8.8 2.2 0.6 29.6 11.9
29 May–1 June 2018 Sonar 3,000 48.3 31.4 9.5 8.2 2.1 0.5 16.9 21.9
28 May–1 June 2018 ORC 3,410 53.4 23.8 11.5 8.7 2.1 0.5 29.6 12.3
1–28 May 2018 Konsensus 2,000 47.9 26.8 14.8 9.7 0.7 0.1 21.1 12.0
22–23 May 2018 Mediar 4,268 43.5 22.2 19.3 12.8 1.6 0.6 21.3 2.9
17–23 May 2018 REMRES 4,276 42.2 24.6 16.9 12.3 3.8 0.2 17.6 7.7
13–20 May 2018 MAK 5,000 51.4 23.9 12.3 9.6 2.2 0.6 27.5 11.6
7–17 May 2018 Sonar 3,000 42.0 21.9 21.0 11.0 2.1 2.0 20.1 0.9
25 Apr–13 May 2018 Politic's 2,650 52.2 25.5 12.3 8.5 1.1 0.4 26.7 13.2
6–9 May 2018 REMRES 3,653 42.1 24.1 17.1 12.6 3.9 0.2 18.0 7.0
10 Aug 2014 Election[a] – 51.7
(Erdoğan)		 38.6
(İhsanoğlu)		 — 9.8
(Demirtaş)		 — — 13.1 26.8

Results

CandidatePartyVotes%
Recep Tayyip ErdoğanJustice and Development Party26,330,82352.59
Muharrem İnceRepublican People's Party15,340,32130.64
Selahattin DemirtaşPeoples' Democratic Party4,205,7948.40
Meral AkşenerGood Party3,649,0307.29
Temel KaramollaoğluFelicity Party443,7040.89
Doğu PerinçekPatriotic Party98,9550.20
Total50,068,627100.00
Valid votes50,068,62797.79
Invalid/blank votes1,129,3322.21
Total votes51,197,959100.00
Registered voters/turnout59,367,46986.24
Source: YSK

By demographic groups

Sociology of the electorate
Demographic Erdoğan İnce Demirtaş Akşener Karamollaoğlu
Total Vote 52.59% 30.64% 8.40% 7.29% 0.89%
Parliamentary election vote
AKP 78% 1% 1% 5% -
CHP 1% 71% 4% 9% -
HDP 1% 10% 94% 0% -
IYI 1% 13% 0% 72% -
MHP 17% 4% 0% 13% -
Millet+Cumhur

(Alliance vote)

 2% 1% 0% 1% -
1 November 2015 vote
AKP 89% 6% 1% 4% 0%
CHP 6% 89% 1% 4% 0%
HDP 10% 19% 71% 0% 0%
MHP 45% 25% 0% 25% 1%
2017 Constitutional Referendum vote
Yes 91% 4% 1% 3% 1%
No 9% 65% 15% 14% 1%
When decided
Voting Day 4% 4% 2% 3% -
Final week 3% 3% 1% 9% -
Between last 1–4 weeks 1% 10% 2% 8% -
Between last 1–2 months 3% 13% 6% 9% -
Before 2 months 89% 72% 87% 69% -
No answer 0% 0% 1% 2% -
Age
18–29 years old 50% 30% 11% 8% 1%
30–44 years old 53% 27% 12% 7% 1%
45+ years old 54% 33% 4% 8% 1%
Sex
Women 54% 35% 5% 6% 0,2%
Men 51% 26% 11% 10% 2%
Education
Elementary or less 60% 23% 10% 6% 1%
High school 52% 32% 6% 9% 1%
Bachelor's degree 32% 50% 7% 10% 1%
Employment status
Employee 51% 32% 8% 8% 1%
Unemployed 49% 27% 17% 6% 1%
Housewife 60% 28% 7% 5% 0%
Student/Non-working 59% 30% 7% 4% 0%
Retired 43% 31% 3% 21% 2%
Was the campaign process fair?
Fair 83% 19% 25% 26% -
Not fair 14% 76% 75% 69% -
No comment 4% 5% 10% 5% -
Future expectance
Better 88% 12% 20% 13% -
Same 6% 14% 18% 25% -
Worse 3% 69% 55% 53% -
Primary agenda of government should be
Economy 38% 44% 25% 52%
Fight against terrorism 11% 4% 5% 9% -
Education reform 4% 8% 2% 6% -
Start of solution process 3% 3% 21% 9% -
Cancellation of OHAL 1% 8% 11% 5% -
Law reform 4% 5% 6% 2% -
Foreign policy 3% 5% 1% 2% -
Human rights and democracy 2% 5% 5% 3% -
Source:Ipsos Turkey[69]

Notes

  1. ↑ In preventive detention in Edirne since 2016[1]
  2. ↑ Supported by the left-wing political parties and groups of the HDK

References

  1. ↑ "Jailed leader of Turkey's pro-Kurdish opposition makes first court appearance in 14 months". Reuters. 12 January 2018. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
  2. ↑ "Turkey referendum: Erdoğan wins vote amid dispute over ballots – as it happened | World news". The Guardian. 16 April 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
  3. ↑ "Erdoğan erken seçim tarihini açıkladı". www.cumhuriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). 18 April 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  4. ↑ "Turkey's main opposition nominates combative former teacher to challenge Erdogan". Reuters. 4 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  5. ↑ "100 bin imzayla Cumhurbaşkanı adayı olacağım". NTV. 18 April 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  6. ↑ "Anayasa değişikliği maddeleri tam metni | Yeni anayasa maddeleri nelerdir? | Son Dakika Türkiye Haberleri". Cnnturk.com. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
  7. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  8. ↑ "YSK'da kura çekimleri yapıldı! Cumhurbaşkanı adaylarının sıralaması belli oldu". 14 May 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
  9. ↑ "MHP Genel Başkanı Devlet Bahçeli: Adayımız Sayın Recep Tayyip Erdoğan'dır". 21 April 2018.
  10. ↑ Kamupersoneli.net. "Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan 316 İmza İle Aday Oldu!".
  11. ↑ "Abdullah Gül beklenen kararını açıkladı: Aday değilim". 28 April 2018.
  12. ↑ "CHP Milletvekili Didem Engin: Cumhurbaşkanlığı aday adayıyım Gündem Haberi - GÜNEŞ".
  13. ↑ "CHP'li Özgür Özel: 'Erdoğan'ı en çıldırtacak adayı açıklayacağız'". CNN Türk. Retrieved 15 May 2018.
  14. ↑ Yazıcıoğlu, Yıldız (4 May 2018). "CHP Cumhurbaşkanı Adayı Muharrem İnce: 'Partili Olmayacağım'".
  15. ↑ "HDP'nin Cumhurbaşkanı adayı Selahattin Demirtaş oldu". 4 May 2018.
  16. ↑ "Demirtaş'ın duruşması 8 Haziran'a ertelendi" [Demirtaş's trial adjourned until 8 June]. Deutsche Welle (in Turkish). 30 April 2018.
  17. ↑ "HDP resmen açıkladı: Demirtaş aday". 5 May 2018.
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  43. ↑ "Sadettin Tantan kimi destekliyor". Retrieved 24 June 2018.
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  45. ↑ "Anavatan Partisi'nden Muharrem İnce ve Millet İttifakı'na destek".
  46. 1 2 3 4 "PSK ile ÖSP'den Demirtaş'a destek". Retrieved 24 June 2018.
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  49. 1 2 "4 Partiyên tifaqa Kurdistanê: Dengê me ji Demîrtaş re ye". Retrieved 13 June 2018.
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  63. ↑ "Son Dakika… İyi Parti kurucusuna silahlı saldırı". Retrieved 15 May 2018.
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