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543 of the 545 seats in the Lok Sabha[lower-alpha 2] 272 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Opinion polls | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Registered | 911,950,734 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turnout | 67.40% ( 0.96pp) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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 Results by constituency | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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General elections were held in India in seven phases from 11 April to 19 May 2019 to elect the members of the 17th Lok Sabha. Votes were counted and the result was declared on 23 May.[1][2][3][4] The election resulted in a landslide victory for the BJP which won 303 seats and formed the government.
Around 912 million people were eligible to vote, and voter turnout was over 67 per cent – the highest ever, as well as the highest ever participation by women voters.[5][6][lower-alpha 3]
The Bharatiya Janata Party received 37.36% of the vote, the highest vote share by a political party since the 1989 general election, and won 303 seats, further increasing its substantial majority.[8] In addition, the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) won 353 seats.[9] The BJP won 37.76%[10] of votes, while the NDA's combined vote was 45% of the 603.7 million votes that were polled.[11][12] The Indian National Congress won 52 seats, failing to get 10% of the seats needed to claim the post of Leader of the Opposition.[13] In addition, the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) won 91 seats, while other parties won 98 seats.[14]
Legislative assembly elections in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Odisha and Sikkim were held simultaneously with the general election,[15][16] as well as by-elections of twenty-two seats of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly.[17]
Electoral system
All 543 elected MPs are elected from single-member constituencies using first-past-the-post voting. The President of India appoints an additional two members from the Anglo-Indian community if he believes that community is under-represented.[18]
Eligible voters must be Indian citizens, 18 or older than 18, an ordinary resident of the polling area of the constituency and registered to vote (name included in the electoral rolls), possess a valid voter identification card issued by the Election Commission of India or an equivalent.[19] Some people convicted of electoral or other offences are barred from voting.[20]
The elections are held on schedule and as per the Constitution of India that mandates parliamentary elections once every five years.[21]
Election schedule
Official logo,
"Desh ka Maha त्यौहार"
"Desh ka Maha त्यौहार"
Election schedule
The election schedule was announced by Election Commission of India (ECI) on 10 March 2019, and with it the Model Code of Conduct came into effect.[22][23]
The election was scheduled to be held in seven phases. In Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, the election was held in all seven phases. The polling for the Anantnag constituency in the state of Jammu and Kashmir was held in three phases, due to violence in the region.[24]
| State/Union territory | Total
constituencies |
Election dates and number of constituencies | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phase 1 | Phase 2 | Phase 3 | Phase 4 | Phase 5 | Phase 6 | Phase 7 | ||
| 11 April | 18 April | 23 April | 29 April | 6 May | 12 May | 19 May | ||
| Andhra Pradesh | 25 | 25 | ||||||
| Arunachal Pradesh | 2 | 2 | ||||||
| Assam | 14 | 5 | 5 | 4 | ||||
| Bihar | 40 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 8 |
| Chhattisgarh | 11 | 1 | 3 | 7 | ||||
| Goa | 2 | 2 | ||||||
| Gujarat | 26 | 26 | ||||||
| Haryana | 10 | 10 | ||||||
| Himachal Pradesh | 4 | 4 | ||||||
| Jammu and Kashmir | 6 | 2 | 2 | 1⁄3[n 1] | 1⁄3[n 1] | 11⁄3[n 1] | ||
| Jharkhand | 14 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | |||
| Karnataka | 28 | 14 | 14 | |||||
| Kerala | 20 | 20 | ||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 29 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | |||
| Maharashtra | 48 | 7 | 10 | 14 | 17 | |||
| Manipur | 2 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Meghalaya | 2 | 2 | ||||||
| Mizoram | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Nagaland | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Odisha | 21 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | |||
| Punjab | 13 | 13 | ||||||
| Rajasthan | 25 | 13 | 12 | |||||
| Sikkim | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Tamil Nadu | 39 | 38[n 2] | ||||||
| Telangana | 17 | 17 | ||||||
| Tripura | 2 | 1 | 1[n 3] | |||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 80 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 13 |
| Uttarakhand | 5 | 5 | ||||||
| West Bengal | 42 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Chandigarh | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Daman and Diu | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Delhi | 7 | 7 | ||||||
| Lakshadweep | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Puducherry | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Constituencies | 543 | 91 | 95 | 1161⁄3 | 711⁄3 | 501⁄3 | 59 | 59 |
| Total constituencies by end of phase | 542 | 91 | 186 | 3021⁄3 | 3732⁄3 | 424 | 483 | 542[n 2] |
| % complete by end of phase | 17% | 34% | 56% | 69% | 78% | 89% | 100% | |
| Result | 543 | 23 May 2019 | ||||||
Rescheduled voting, cancellations
- Vellore, Tamil Nadu: Over ₹11 crore (US$1.4 million) in cash was seized in Vellore from DMK leaders – a regional party in Tamil Nadu. According to The News Minute, this cash is alleged to have been for bribing the voters.[25] Based on the evidence collected during the raids, the Election Commission of India cancelled the 18 April election date in the Vellore constituency. The DMK leaders denied wrongdoing and alleged a conspiracy.[26]
- Tripura East, Tripura: The Election Commission of India deferred polling from 18 to 23 April due to the law and order situation.[27] The poll panel took the decision following reports from the Special Police Observers that the circumstances were not conducive for holding free and fair elections in the constituency.[28]
Campaign
Issues
Allegations of undermining institutions
The opposition parties accused the NDA government of destroying democratic institutions and processes.[29] Modi denied these allegations, and blamed Congress and the communists for undermining institutions including the police, the CBI, and the CAG, and cited the murder of BJP activists in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.[30] The Congress party, along with other opposition parties and a group of retired civil servants, accused the ECI of being compromised, and implied that they endorsed the model code of conduct violations by Narendra Modi and other BJP political leaders during their campaigns.[31] Another group of 81 retired civil servants, judges and academics disputed these allegations, made counter-allegations, and stated that the ECI acted fairly and similarly in alleged violations by either side. The group stated that such political attacks on the ECI were a "deliberate attempt to denigrate and delegitimise the democratic institutions".[32]
Economic performance
According to The Times of India, the major economic achievements of the incumbent NDA government included an inflation rate less than 4 per cent, the GST reform, and the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code. Its programs, in recent years, that have positively touched many among the Indian masses, include the Jan Dhan Yojana, rural cooking gas and electricity for homes.[33] According to the IMF, the Indian economy has been growing in recent years, its GDP growth rate is among the highest in the world for major economies, and India is expected to be the fastest growing major economy in 2019–2020 and 2020–2021, with real GDP projected to grow at 7.3 per cent.[34][35][36] The GDP growth data has been disputed[33] by a group of Indian social scientists, economists and the political opposition's election campaign, while a group of Indian chartered accountants has defended the data, the GDP calculation methodology, and questioned the motivations of those disputing the recent Indian GDP statistics.[37]
The opposition's election campaign has claimed that both the demonetisation and GST law have "seriously hit small business, farmers and casual labour", states The Times of India.[33][38] The incumbent has claimed that they inherited a country from the previous Congress-led government that was "a legacy of policy paralysis, corruption and economic fragility", and that the BJP-led government policies have placed India on better economic fundamentals and a fast gear.[39] Modi claims that his government pursued demonetisation in the national interest, his government has identified and de-registered 338,000 shell companies, identified and recovered ₹130,000 crore (US$16 billion) in black money since 2014, and almost doubled India's tax base.[40][41] The Congress party disputes the incumbents' claims, and has alleged that BJP offices have "become hubs of creating black money", and seeks a judicial inquiry into the Rafale deal with France and BJP's role in corruption.[42]
National security and terrorism
In response to the 2019 Pulwama attack, the Indian Air Force conducted airstrikes inside Pakistan — for the first time since the 1971 Indo-Pakistani war. The ongoing conflict with Pakistan became a significant factor in the election. The opposition parties accused of politicising the army, whilst the BJP countered their accusations by stating that such allegations raised by them were adversely affecting the morale of armed forces.[43]
According to the Pew Research Center, both before and after the outbreak of recent India-Pakistan tensions, their 2018 and 2019 surveys suggest that the significant majority of the voters consider Pakistan as a "very serious threat" to their country, and terrorism to be a "very big problem".[44][45]
Unemployment
According to the Pew Research Center, a majority of Indian voters consider the lack of employment opportunities as a "very big problem" in their country. "About 18.6 million Indians were jobless and another 393.7 million work in poor-quality jobs vulnerable to displacement", stated the Pew report.[45]
A report on unemployment prepared by the National Sample Survey Office's (NSSO's) periodic labour force survey, has not been officially released by the government. According to Business Today, this report is the "first comprehensive survey on employment conducted by a government agency after Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced demonetisation move in November 2016". According to this report, the 2017–2018 "usual status"[lower-alpha 4] unemployment rate in India is 6.1 per cent, which is a four-decade high.[46][lower-alpha 4] The government has claimed that the report was not final.[51] According to the International Labour Organization (ILO) – a United Nations agency, unemployment is rising in India and the "unemployment rate in the country [India] will stand at 3.5 percent in 2018 and 2019 – the same level of unemployment seen in 2017 and 2016", instead of dropping to 3.4 per cent as it had previously projected.[52] According to the ILO's World Employment Social Outlook Report, the unemployment rate in India has been in the 3.4 to 3.6 per cent range over the UPA-government led 2009–2014 and the NDA-government led 2014–2019 periods.[52]
Opposition parties claimed in their election campaign that the unemployment in India had reached crisis levels. The NDA government has denied the existence of any job crisis.[53] Prime minister Narendra Modi claimed that jobs are not lacking but the accurate data on jobs has been lacking.[54][55]
The opposition has attacked the NDA government's performance with the NSSO reported 6.1 per cent unemployment data. Modi and his government have questioned this job statistics report, stating that "most surveys that try to capture unemployment rate are skewed since these did not cover the unorganised sector, which accounts for 85–90 per cent of jobs [in India]".[56]
Agrarian and rural distress
The Congress party campaign highlighted "agrarian distress" as an election issue.[57] The BJP campaign highlighted that the Congress party had been in power for five generations of the Nehru dynasty and its past promises and campaign issues have been empty. It claimed that the recent farmer loan waivers by Congress have not reached "even 10% of the farmers" nor has it helped the financial situation of the farmers. BJP highlights that its "Kisan Samman Nidhi" helps the small farmers at the time of seed planting through a direct deposit of ₹6000 to their accounts.[58] The opposition accused this as being an attempt to lure voters.[59]
According to The Times of India, a group of farmer associations demanded that the 2019 election manifesto of competing political parties should promise to "keep agriculture out of the World Trade Organization (WTO)" and that the interests of Indian farmers must not be compromised in global trade treaties.[60] They also demanded loan waivers and income support for the agriculture sector.[60] According to the Business Standard and the United Nation's Food and Agriculture Organization, India has witnessed record crop harvests in recent years including 2017 when its farmers grew more foodgrains than ever before.[61][62] However, the farmers consider the "low remunerative prices" they receive in the free market to be too low and a need for the Indian government to establish higher minimum support prices for agricultural products. These farmers consider this an issue for the 2019 general elections.[61]
Dynasty politics
The BJP highlighted that the Congress party has relied on Rahul Gandhi for leadership since 2013, its lack of internal party institutions and claimed that whenever Congress has been in power, the freedom of press and Indian government institutions have "taken a severe beating".[63][64] During the election campaign, its leaders mentioned the Emergency of 1975, the nepotism, corruption and widespread abuses of human rights under the Congress rule in the past.[63][65][66] Congress-led alliance leader H. D. Kumaraswamy – the son of a former prime minister of India and the former chief minister of Karnataka, countered that "India developed because of dynasty politics", stating that "dynasty politics are not the main issue, rather country's problems are".[67] The Congress alleged hypocrisy by the BJP, claiming that the BJP itself forms alliances with dynasty-based parties such as the Akali Dal in Punjab, and that family relatives of senior BJP leaders such as Rajnath Singh and Arun Jaitley have been in politics too.[68]
According to an IndiaSpend report published by the BloombergQuint, the smaller and regional parties such as the Jammu and Kashmir National Conference, Lok Jan Sakti Party, Shiromani Akali Dal, Biju Janata Dal and Samajwadi Party have higher densities of dynasty-derived candidates and elected representatives in recent years.[69][70] While both the Congress and the BJP have also nominated candidates from political dynasties, states the report, the difference between them is that in Congress "top party leadership has been handed down from generation to generation within the same [Nehru Gandhi dynasty] family", while there has been a historic non-dynastic diversity in the top leadership within the BJP. According to the report, while BJP has also nominated candidates from political dynasties, its better public relations operation "can leap to its defence when attacked on the same grounds".[69] In contrast to the IndiaSpend report, analysis of Kanchan Chandra, a prominent professor of Politics, of the 2004, 2009 and 2014 general elections included a finding that the Congress party has had about twice or more dynastic parliamentarians than the BJP at those elections, and higher than all major political parties in India except the Samajwadi Party.[71][lower-alpha 5] Many of these dynastic politicians in India who inherit the leadership positions have never held any jobs and lack state or local experience, states Anjali Bohlken – a professor and political science scholar, and this raises concerns of rampant nepotism and appointments of their own friends, relatives and cronies if elected.[72] The BJP has targeted the Congress party in the 2019 elections for alleged nepotism and a family dynasty for leadership.[63][69]
Campaign controversies
Income tax raids
In April 2019, raids conducted by the Income Tax Department found bundles of unaccounted for cash amounting to ₹281 crore (US$35 million), along with liquor and documentary evidence in premises of people with close connections to Madhya Pradesh chief minister Kamal Nath of the Congress. Modi has highlighted this evidence to attack the Congress in its election campaign, alleging corruption is part of Congress party's culture.[73][74]
Social media abuses and fake news
According to The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal, the election attracted a systematic attempt to spread misinformation through social media.[75][76] Facebook said that over a hundred of these advocacy accounts spreading disinformation were traced to "employees of the Pakistani military public relations wing".[75][76] Some others have been linked to the INC and BJP.[75][76]
Political parties spent over ₹53 crore (US$6.6 million) with the largest spending by BJP on digital platforms for online ads. The BJP placed 2,500 ads on Facebook while the Congress placed 3,686 ads.[77] According to a study by Vidya Narayanan and colleagues at the Oxford Internet Institute, social media was used by all the major parties and alliances, and all of them linked or posted divisive and conspiratorial content and images. According to Narayanan, "a third of the BJP's images, a quarter of the INC's images, and a tenth the SP-BSP's images were catalogued as divisive and conspiratorial".[78][79] The Narayanan et al. study added that "we observed very limited amounts of hate speech, gore or pornography in either platform samples" by BJP, Congress or SP-BSP, but the election did include proportionally more polarising information on social media than other countries except for the US presidential election in 2016.[79]
About 50,000 fake news stories were published during the recent Lok Sabha elections and shared 2 million times, according to a study conducted by fact-checking startup Logically.[80]
In September 2019, the BBC launched the Trusted News Initiative to help combat election-related disinformation, citing the 2019 general elections as a motivating factor.[81]
EC actions under Article 324
Election Commission curtailed West Bengal campaigning by one day, after a bust of 19th century Bengali icon Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was vandalised during 7th phase poll violence.[82]
Party campaigns
- 12 January 2019 – Prime Minister Modi launched the BJP's election campaign.[83]
- 14 February 2019 – The INC president Rahul Gandhi launched his campaign from Lal Dungri village in Gujarat's Dharampur.[84]
- 24 March 2019 – The Aam Aadmi Party began its campaign in Delhi.[85][86]
- 2 April 2019 – The Trinamool Congress party launched its campaign from Dinhata, Coochbehar.[87]
- 7 April 2019 – Bahujan Samaj Party and Samajwadi Party began campaigning together as an alliance (Mahagathbandhan) along with regional parties such as the Rashtriya Lok Dal.[88] Their first joint campaign started in Deoband in Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh.[89][90]
Party manifestos
Highlights of the Congress manifesto
The Congress released its manifesto, titled Congress Will Deliver on 3 April.[91][92] Some of its highlights:[91][93][94]
- Introduce a Nyuntam Aay Yojana welfare program wherein ₹72,000 (US$900) per year will be transferred directly to the bank account of a woman-member in each family in the poorest 20 per cent households.
- Create 1 million "Seva Mitra" jobs in rural and urban local government bodies. Fill all 400,000 central government vacancies before March 2020, and encourage state governments to fill their 2,000,000 vacancies. Enact a law that requires all non-government controlled employers with over 100 employees to implement an apprentice program.
- Enact a permanent National Commission on Agricultural Development and Planning and introduce a "Kisan Budget" (Farmer Budget) in the parliament every year. Waive all farmer loans in all states with any amounts outstanding.
- Enact a Right to Homestead Act that will provide free land to every household that does not own a home.
- Enact a Right to Healthcare Act and guarantee every citizen free diagnostics, free medicines, free hospitalisation, and free out-patient care. Double spending on healthcare to 3 per cent of its GDP by 2024.
- Double spending on education to 6 per cent of its GDP by 2024.
- Revise the national GST law from three tax tiers to a single moderate rate of tax. Reduce taxes on exported products to zero. Exempt from the GST essential goods and services that are currently not exempt. Enact a new Direct Taxes Code.
- Augment and rapid construction of national highways. Modernise Indian railway infrastructure. Promote green energy. Manufacturing promotion.
- Increase defence spending.
- Enact a National Election Fund, wherein public funds will be distributed to recognised political parties to run their campaign
- Preserve special status and special rights to natives of Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 and 35A.[94]
- Amend the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958. End the Sedition law (Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code).
Highlights of the BJP manifesto
The BJP released its manifesto sub-titled Sankalpit Bharat, Sashakt Bharat (lit. "Resolute India, Empowered India") on 8 April.[95][96] Some of its highlights:[94][96][97]
- Implementation of a nationwide NRC exercise[98] to identify & deport undocumented immigrants, an immigrant being defined in this context as a person who is unable to provide documentary evidence of his/her residency in India prior to 26 March 1971 or that of his/her immediate ancestors (parents & grandparents) in case of being born after the previously-mentioned date, preceded by an amendment in citizenship laws that will allow only undocumented Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi & Christian immigrants from Pakistan, Bangladesh & Afghanistan who entered India before 31 December 2014 to automatically obtain Indian citizenship.[99][100]
- End special status and special rights to natives of by abrogating Article 370 and Article 35A of the Constitution of India.[94]
- Double farmer incomes by 2022 by completing all major and micro-irrigation infrastructure projects, opening adequate markets and modern farm produce storage centres, implement minimum price supports for farmer produce, farmer loans and all-weather rural roads. Introduce a pension bill for small and marginal farmers to provide social security after 60 years of age.
- Bring all secondary schools under the national board quality purview. Invest ₹100,000 crore (US$13 billion) in higher education, open new and increase seats at existing engineering, management and law schools. Establish skills and innovations centre at block-level in every town. Enhance higher education opportunities for women by introducing financial support and subsidies programs. Source 10 per cent of government procurement from companies with more than 50 per cent female employees.
- Ensure a pucca (lit. brick-solid, modern) house, safe potable water, toilet, LPG gas cylinder, electricity, and banking account for every family. Reduce the percentage of families living under the poverty line to a single digit by 2024.
- Double the length of national highways. Improve fuel quality by mandating 10 per cent ethanol in petrol. Scale renewable energy capacity to 175 GW.
- Electrify and convert to broad gauge all railway tracks.
- Establish 150,000 health and wellness centres. Start 75 new medical colleges. Raise doctor-to-population ratio to 1:1400. Triple childcare facilities. Achieve 100 per cent immunisation of all babies.
- Raise India's ranking further in "ease of doing business". Double exports, introduce single-window compliance procedures for all businesses.
- Reduce air pollution by eliminating all crop residue burning.
- Digitise paperwork and proceedings, modernise the courts.
- Launch and promote a National Digital Library with e-books and leading journals to provide free knowledge accessible to all students. Launch a "Study in India" program to bring foreign students to institutes of higher education.
- Privatisation of defence, space and agriculture sector for development of India.
- Zero tolerance for terrorism, fund resources to strengthen national security, guarantee veterans, and soldier welfare, modernise police forces.
Other parties
Other national and regional parties released their manifestos too:
- The Tamil Nadu-based regional parties AIADMK and DMK released their manifesto on 18 March 2019, with each promising to release the seven Tamils jailed after being found guilty for their role in the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi, a former Congress party leader and prime minister of India. The AIADMK promised to press for the political rights of the Tamil people in the Eelam region of Sri Lanka, while the DMK has promised Indian citizenship to all Sri Lankan expats. According to the Deccan Herald, the AIADMK has promised a cash transfer of ₹18,000 (US$230) per year to "all families below the poverty level, destitute women, widows without income, differently-abled, landless agricultural labourers, rural and urban manual labourers and destitute senior citizens". The AIADMK also promised to raise the tax exemption limit and revisions to the GST law. The DMK promised a probe into Rafale fighter jet deal, and a plan to distribute free sanitary napkins to working women along with starting martial arts schools for girls.[101]
- Biju Janata Dal (BJD) released its manifesto on 9 April 2019. It promised a ₹100,000 (US$1,300) zero-interest crop loan to farmers every year, a ₹500,000 (US$6,300) zero-interest loan to women-run self-help groups, 75 per cent jobs reservation in Odisha-based companies to Odisha youth, free education to all girls and a marriage assistance grant of ₹25,000 (US$310) to daughters of poor families. It also promised to complete two expressways.[102]
- Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPIM) manifesto promised to raise the minimum wage to ₹216,000 (US$2,700) per year, an old age pension of ₹72,000 (US$900) per year and universal public distribution of 35 kilograms of foodgrains per family. It also stated the restoration of inheritance tax and an increase in the taxes on individuals and corporations.[103] It also promised spending 6 per cent of GDP on education, enacting a Right to Free Health Care with 3.5 per cent of GDP on health in the short term and 5 per cent in the long term, introduction of price controls on essential drugs, breaking monopoly of drug multinationals, as well as enact a Right to Guaranteed Employment in urban areas.[104]
- Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) promised to open talks with Pakistan on terrorism. It also promised to expand trade and political relationship with Russia, and seek to weaken Russia's ties with China and Pakistan.[105]
- Samajwadi Party promised an annual pension of ₹36,000 (US$450) to poor families in a form of a cash transfer to women. It has also proposed a new property tax of 2 per cent on homes valued above ₹25,000,000 (US$310,000) as well as raising income taxes on the affluent. It also promised to create 100,000 new jobs every year.[106]
- Telugu Desam Party released its manifesto on 5 April 2019. It promised zero-interest loans to farmer without any caps, a grant of ₹15,000 (US$190) per year to each farmer as investment support, a grant of ₹100,000 (US$1,300) to each family with a daughter in the year of her marriage, an unemployment allowance of ₹3,000 (US$38) for any youth who has completed intermediate education, and free laptops to all students at the intermediate level.[107]
- AITMC's manifesto was released on 27 March 2019. It promised a judicial probe into demonetisation, a review of GST law, and sought to bring back the Planning Commission. It also promised free medical care, expanding the "100-day work scheme" currently operating in India to "200-day work scheme" along with a pay increase.[108]
- Aam Aadmi Party released its manifesto on 25 April 2019 promising full statehood for Delhi to give the Delhi government control over police and other institutions.[109] The manifesto promised 85 per cent reservations in the Delhi-based colleges and jobs for the voters of Delhi and their families.[110][111]
Campaign finance
Several organisations offered varying estimates for the cost of the election campaign. The Centre for Media Studies in New Delhi estimated that the election campaign could exceed $7 billion.[112] According to the Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR), an election watchdog, in the financial year 2017–18 BJP received ₹4,370,000,000 (US$55 million), about 12 times more donations than Congress and five other national parties combined.[112]
The electoral bonds in denominations ranging from 1,000 rupees to 10 million rupees ($14 to $140,000) can be purchased and donated to a political party. The bonds don't carry the name of the donor and are exempt from tax.[113][lower-alpha 6] Factly – an India data journalism portal, traced the electoral bond donations for 2018 under India's Right to Information Act. According to Factly, electoral bonds worth about ₹10,600,000,000 (US$130 million) were purchased and donated in 2018. According to Bloomberg, this accounted for 31.2 per cent of political donations in 2018, while 51.4 per cent of the total donated amount were each below ₹20,000 (US$250) and these too were from unknown donors. About 47 per cent of the donations to political parties were from known sources.[113] Between 1 January and 31 March 2019, donors bought ₹17,100,000,000 (US$210 million) worth of electoral bonds and donated.[117] The spending in elections boosts national GDP, and the 2009 election spending contributed about 0.5 per cent to GDP.[118]
According to Centre for Media Studies, the BJP spent over Rs 280 billion (or 45%) of the Rs 600 billion spent by all political parties during the polls.[119] Congress questions BJP over its poll expenditure[120]
Parties and alliances
Political alliances
With the exception of 2014, no single party has won the majority of seats in the Lok Sabha since 1984, and therefore, forming alliances is the norm in Indian elections.
There were three main national pre-poll alliances. They are the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) headed by the BJP, the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) headed by the INC and the Left Front of the communist leaning parties. Given the volatile nature of coalition politics in India, alliances may change during and after the election.
The INC did not form alliances in states where it is in direct contest with the BJP. These states include Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Chhattisgarh. It formed alliances with regional parties in Jammu and Kashmir, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Jharkhand, and Kerala.[121]
The left parties, most notably the Communist Party of India (Marxist) contested on its own in its strongholds West Bengal, Tripura and Kerala, confronting both NDA and UPA. In Tamil Nadu, it was part of Secular Progressive Alliance led by DMK and allied with Jana Sena Party in Andhra Pradesh.[122]
In January 2019, Bahujan Samaj Party and Samajwadi Party announced a grand alliance (Mahagathbandhan) to contest 76 out of the 80 seats in Uttar Pradesh leaving two seats, namely Amethi and Rae Bareli, for INC and another two for other political parties.[123]
Political parties
More than 650 parties contested in these elections. Most of them were small with regional appeal. The main parties are the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Indian National Congress (INC). This was the first time that BJP (437) contested more seats than Congress (421) in the Lok Sabha elections.[124][125]
Candidates
Altogether 8,039 candidates were in the fray for 542 parliamentary constituencies, i.e., 14.8 candidates per constituency on an average, according to PRS India, an NGO.[126]
About 40% of the candidates fielded by Prime Minister Narendra Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party had a criminal case against them. Key opposition party Congress was not far behind with 39% of the candidates with criminal charges, according to Association of Democratic Reforms analysis.[127]
| Parties | States/UTs | Seats contested | Seats won | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | 2014 | Swing | 2019 | 2014 | Swing | |||||
| Aam Aadmi Party | Andaman & Nicobar Islands | 1 | 35 | 0 | 1 | 4 | -3 | |||
| Bihar | 3 | 0 | ||||||||
| Chandigarh | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Goa | 2 | 0 | ||||||||
| Haryana | 3 | 0 | ||||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 7 | 0 | ||||||||
| Odisha | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Punjab | 13 | 1 | ||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 4 | 0 | ||||||||
| All Jharkhand Students Union (AJSU) | Jharkhand | 1 | 1 | 0 | +1 | |||||
| All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | Tamil Nadu | 22 | 1 | 37 | -36 | |||||
| All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen | Bihar | 1 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 1 | +1 | |||
| Maharashtra | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Telangana | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| All India Trinamool Congress | Andaman & Nicobar Islands | 1 | 62 | 0 | 22 | 34 | -12 | |||
| Assam | 8 | 0 | ||||||||
| Bihar | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Jharkhand | 6 | 0 | ||||||||
| Odisha | 3 | 0 | ||||||||
| Tripura | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| West Bengal | 42 | 22 | ||||||||
| All India United Democratic Front | Assam | 3 | 1 | 3 | -2 | |||||
| Apna Dal (Soneylal) | Uttar Pradesh | 2 | 2 | 0 | +2 | |||||
| Bahujan Samaj Party | Andaman & Nicobar Islands | 1 | 0 | 10 | 0 | +10 | ||||
| Andhra Pradesh | 3 | 0 | ||||||||
| Arunachal Pradesh | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
| Assam | ||||||||||
| Bihar | 35 | 0 | ||||||||
| Chandigarh | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Chhattisgarh | 11 | 0 | ||||||||
| Dadra & Nagar Haveli | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Daman & Diu | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Goa | ||||||||||
| Gujarat | 25 | 0 | ||||||||
| Haryana | 8 | 0 | ||||||||
| Himachal Pradesh | 4 | 0 | ||||||||
| Jammu & Kashmir | 2 | 0 | ||||||||
| Jharkhand | 14 | 0 | ||||||||
| Karnataka | 28 | 0 | ||||||||
| Kerala | 16 | 0 | ||||||||
| Lakshadweep | ||||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 25 | 0 | ||||||||
| Maharashtra | 44 | 0 | ||||||||
| Manipur | ||||||||||
| Meghalaya | ||||||||||
| Mizoram | ||||||||||
| Nagaland- | ||||||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 5 | 0 | ||||||||
| Odisha | 17 | 0 | ||||||||
| Puducherry | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Punjab | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Rajasthan | 22 | 0 | ||||||||
| Sikkim | ||||||||||
| Tamil Nadu | 35 | 0 | ||||||||
| Telangana | 5 | 0 | ||||||||
| Tripura | ||||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 38 | 10 | ||||||||
| Uttarakhand | 4 | 0 | ||||||||
| West Bengal | 36 | 0 | ||||||||
| Bharatiya Janata Party | Andaman & Nicobar Islands | 1 | 436 | 0 | 303 | 282 | +21 | |||
| Andhra Pradesh | 25 | 0 | ||||||||
| Arunachal Pradesh | 2 | 2 | ||||||||
| Assam | 10 | 9 | ||||||||
| Bihar | 17 | 17 | ||||||||
| Chandigarh | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Chhattisgarh | 11 | 9 | ||||||||
| Dadra & Nagar Haveli | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Daman & Diu | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Goa | 2 | 1 | ||||||||
| Gujarat | 26 | 26 | ||||||||
| Haryana | 10 | 10 | ||||||||
| Himachal Pradesh | 4 | 4 | ||||||||
| Jammu & Kashmir | 6 | 3 | ||||||||
| Jharkhand | 13 | 11 | ||||||||
| Karnataka | 27 | 25 | ||||||||
| Kerala | 15 | 0 | ||||||||
| Lakshadweep | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 29 | 28 | ||||||||
| Maharashtra | 25 | 23 | ||||||||
| Manipur | 2 | 1 | ||||||||
| Meghalaya | 2 | 0 | ||||||||
| Mizoram | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Nagaland- | ||||||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 7 | 10 | ||||||||
| Odisha | 21 | 8 | ||||||||
| Puducherry | ||||||||||
| Punjab | 3 | 2 | ||||||||
| Rajasthan | 24 | 24 | ||||||||
| Sikkim | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Tamil Nadu | 5 | 0 | ||||||||
| Telangana | 17 | 4 | ||||||||
| Tripura | 2 | 2 | ||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 76 | 62 | ||||||||
| Uttarakhand | 5 | 5 | ||||||||
| West Bengal | 42 | 18 | ||||||||
| Biju Janata Dal | Odisha | 21 | 12 | 20 | -8 | |||||
| Communist Party Of India | Andhra Pradesh | 2 | 49 | 0 | 2 | 1 | +1 | |||
| Assam | 2 | 0 | ||||||||
| Bihar | 2 | 0 | ||||||||
| Chhattisgarh | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Gujarat | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Haryana | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Jharkhand | 3 | 0 | ||||||||
| Karnataka | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Kerala | 4 | 0 | ||||||||
| Lakshadweep | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 4 | 0 | ||||||||
| Maharashtra | 2 | 0 | ||||||||
| Manipur | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Odisha | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Punjab | 2 | 0 | ||||||||
| Rajasthan | 3 | 0 | ||||||||
| Tamil Nadu | 2 | 2 | ||||||||
| Telangana | 2 | 0 | ||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 11 | 0 | ||||||||
| West Bengal | 3 | |||||||||
| Communist Party Of India (MARXIST) | Andhra Pradesh | 2 | 69 | 0 | 3 | 9 | -6 | |||
| Assam | 2 | 0 | ||||||||
| Bihar | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Himachal Pradesh | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Jharkhand | 2 | 0 | ||||||||
| Karnataka | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Kerala | 14 | 1 | ||||||||
| Lakshadweep | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Maharashtra | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Odisha | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Punjab | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Rajasthan | 3 | 0 | ||||||||
| Tamil Nadu | 2 | 2 | ||||||||
| Telangana | 2 | 0 | ||||||||
| Tripura | 2 | 0 | ||||||||
| Uttarakhand | 1 | |||||||||
| West Bengal | 31 | |||||||||
| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | Tamil Nadu | 24 | 24 | 0 | +24 | |||||
| Independent | Andaman & Nicobar Islands | 9 | 3443 | 0 | 4 | 3 | +1 | |||
| Andhra Pradesh | 99 | 0 | ||||||||
| Arunachal Pradesh | 2 | 0 | ||||||||
| Assam | 44 | 1 | ||||||||
| Bihar | 230 | 0 | ||||||||
| Chandigarh | 13 | 0 | ||||||||
| Chhattisgarh | 54 | 0 | ||||||||
| Dadra & Nagar Haveli | 4 | 1 | ||||||||
| Daman & Diu | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Goa | 4 | 0 | ||||||||
| Gujarat | 197 | 0 | ||||||||
| Haryana | 85 | 0 | ||||||||
| Himachal Pradesh | 18 | 0 | ||||||||
| Jammu & Kashmir | 36 | 0 | ||||||||
| Jharkhand | 101 | 0 | ||||||||
| Karnataka | 264 | 1 | ||||||||
| Kerala | 115 | 0 | ||||||||
| Lakshadweep | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 175 | 0 | ||||||||
| Maharashtra | 418 | 1 | ||||||||
| Manipur | 5 | 0 | ||||||||
| Meghalaya | 3 | 0 | ||||||||
| Mizoram | 3 | 0 | ||||||||
| Nagaland- | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 43 | 0 | ||||||||
| Odisha | 31 | 0 | ||||||||
| Puducherry | 8 | 0 | ||||||||
| Punjab | 45 | 0 | ||||||||
| Rajasthan | 111 | 0 | ||||||||
| Sikkim | 2 | 0 | ||||||||
| Tamil Nadu | 542 | 0 | ||||||||
| Telangana | 299 | 0 | ||||||||
| Tripura | 9 | 0 | ||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 284 | 0 | ||||||||
| Uttarakhand | 17 | 0 | ||||||||
| West Bengal | 100 | 0 | ||||||||
| Indian National Congress | Andaman & Nicobar Islands | 1 | 421 | 1 | 52 | 44 | +8 | |||
| Andhra Pradesh | 25 | 0 | ||||||||
| Arunachal Pradesh | 2 | 0 | ||||||||
| Assam | 14 | 3 | ||||||||
| Bihar | 9 | 1 | ||||||||
| Chandigarh | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Chhattisgarh | 11 | 2 | ||||||||
| Dadra & Nagar Haveli | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Daman & Diu | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Goa | 2 | 1 | ||||||||
| Gujarat | 26 | 0 | ||||||||
| Haryana | 10 | 0 | ||||||||
| Himachal Pradesh | 4 | 0 | ||||||||
| Jammu & Kashmir | 5 | 0 | ||||||||
| Jharkhand | 7 | 1 | ||||||||
| Karnataka | 21 | 1 | ||||||||
| Kerala | 16 | 15 | ||||||||
| Lakshadweep | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 29 | 1 | ||||||||
| Maharashtra | 25 | 1 | ||||||||
| Manipur | 2 | 0 | ||||||||
| Meghalaya | 2 | 1 | ||||||||
| Mizoram | ||||||||||
| Nagaland- | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 7 | 0 | ||||||||
| Odisha | 18 | 1 | ||||||||
| Puducherry | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Punjab | 13 | 8 | ||||||||
| Rajasthan | 25 | 0 | ||||||||
| Sikkim | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Tamil Nadu | 9 | 8 | ||||||||
| Telangana | 17 | 3 | ||||||||
| Tripura | 2 | 0 | ||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 67 | 1 | ||||||||
| Uttarakhand | 5 | 0 | ||||||||
| West Bengal | 40 | 2 | ||||||||
| Indian Union Muslim League | Andhra Pradesh | 3 | 9 | 0 | 3 | 2 | +1 | |||
| Kerala | 2 | 2 | ||||||||
| Maharashtra | 3 | 0 | ||||||||
| Tamil Nadu | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Jammu & Kashmir National Conference (NC) | Jammu & Kashmir | 3 | 3 | 0 | +3 | |||||
| Janata Dal (Secular) | Arunachal Pradesh | 2 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 2 | -1 | |||
| Karnataka | 7 | 1 | ||||||||
| Janata Dal (United) | Bihar | 17 | 25 | 16 | 16 | 2 | +14 | |||
| Jammu & Kashmir | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Lakshadweep | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Manipur | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Punjab | 1 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 3 | 0 | ||||||||
| Jharkhand Mukti Morcha | Bihar | 4 | 13 | 0 | 1 | 2 | -1 | |||
| Jharkhand | 4 | 1 | ||||||||
| Odisha | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| West Bengal | 4 | 0 | ||||||||
| Kerala Congress(M) | Kerala | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |||||
| Lok Janshakti Party | Bihar | 6 | 6 | 6 | 0 | |||||
| Mizo National Front (MNF) | Meghalaya | 1 | 1 | 0 | +1 | |||||
| Naga People's Front | Manipur | 1 | 1 | 0 | +1 | |||||
| National People's Party | Arunachal Pradesh | 1 | 11 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |||
| Assam | 7 | 0 | ||||||||
| Manipur | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Meghalaya | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Nagaland | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Nationalist Congress Party | Assam | 2 | 34 | 0 | 5 | 6 | -1 | |||
| Bihar | 5 | 0 | ||||||||
| Gujarat | 3 | 0 | ||||||||
| Lakshadweep | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Maharashtra | 19 | 4 | ||||||||
| Manipur | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Punjab | 2 | 0 | ||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party (NDPP) | Nagaland | 1 | 1 | 0 | +1 | |||||
| Rashtriya Loktantrik Party | Rajasthan | 1 | 1 | 0 | +1 | |||||
| Revolutionary Socialist Party | Kerala | 1 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |||
| West Bengal | 4 | 0 | ||||||||
| Samajwadi Party | Andhra Pradesh | 2 | 49 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 0 | |||
| Assam | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Bihar | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Jharkhand | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 2 | 0 | ||||||||
| Maharashtra | 4 | 0 | ||||||||
| Odisha | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 37 | 5 | ||||||||
| Shiromani Akali Dal | Punjab | 10 | 2 | 4 | -2 | |||||
| Shivsena | Bihar | 14 | 98 | 0 | 18 | 18 | 0 | |||
| Chhattisgarh | 9 | 0 | ||||||||
| Dadra & Nagar Haveli | 2 | 0 | ||||||||
| Haryana | 3 | 0 | ||||||||
| Jammu & Kashmir | 3 | 0 | ||||||||
| Karnataka | 2 | 0 | ||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 5 | 0 | ||||||||
| Maharashtra | 22 | 18 | ||||||||
| Punjab | 6 | 0 | ||||||||
| Rajasthan | 4 | 0 | ||||||||
| Telangana | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 11 | 0 | ||||||||
| West Bengal | 16 | 0 | ||||||||
| Sikkim Krantikari Morcha | Sikkim | 1 | 1 | 0 | +1 | |||||
| Telangana Rashtra Samithi | Telangana | 16 | 9 | 11 | -2 | |||||
| Telugu Desam Party | Andhra Pradesh | 25 | 3 | 15 | -12 | |||||
| Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi | Andhra Pradesh | 3 | 7 | 0 | 1 | 0 | +1 | |||
| Karnataka | 2 | 0 | ||||||||
| Kerala | 1 | 0 | ||||||||
| Tamil Nadu | 1 | 1 | ||||||||
| Yuvajana Sramika Rythu Congress Party | Andhra Pradesh | 25 | 22 | 8 | +14 | |||||
| All India N.R. Congress | Puducherry | 1 | 0 | 1 | -1 | |||||
| Pattali Makkal Katchi | Tamil Nadu | 7 | 1 | -1 | ||||||
| Rashtriya Janata Dal | Bihar | 19 | 21 | 4 | -4 | |||||
| Jharkhand | 2 | |||||||||
| Rashtriya Lok Samta Party | Bihar | 5 | 3 | -3 | ||||||
| Sikkim Democratic Front | Sikkim | 1 | 1 | -1 | ||||||
| Swabhimani Paksha | Maharashtra | 2 | 1 | -1 | ||||||
| Indian National Lok Dal | Haryana | 10 | 2 | -2 | ||||||
| Aap Aur Hum Party | Bihar | 1 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Aam Adhikar Morcha | Bihar | 4 | 5 | |||||||
| Jharkhand | 1 | |||||||||
| Akhil Bhartiya Apna Dal | Bihar | 1 | 5 | |||||||
| Chandigarh | 1 | |||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 2 | |||||||||
| Punjab | 1 | |||||||||
| Adim Bhartiya Dal | Haryana | 1 | ||||||||
| Akhil Bhartiya Gondwana Party | Madhya Pradesh | 4 | 5 | |||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha | Jharkhand | 1 | 5 | |||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Odisha | 3 | |||||||||
| Akhil Bhartiya Mithila Party | Bihar | 1 | ||||||||
| Akhil Bhartiya Jharkhand Party | Jharkhand | |||||||||
| West Bengal | 1 | |||||||||
| Jharkhand Party | Jharkhand | 4 | ||||||||
| Akhil Bharatiya Jan Sangh | Bihar | 1 | 6 | |||||||
| Gujarat | 1 | |||||||||
| Haryana | 1 | |||||||||
| Maharashtra | 1 | |||||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 1 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Akhil Bharatiya Muslim League (Secular) | Karnataka | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| Telangana | 1 | |||||||||
| Akhil Bharatiya Manavata Paksha | Maharashtra | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 1 | |||||||||
| Akhil Bhartiya Navnirman Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Atulya Bharat Party | NCT OF Delhi | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Aajad Bharat Party (Democratic) | Madhya Pradesh | 2 | 6 | |||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 4 | |||||||||
| Akhil Bharatiya Sena | Maharashtra | 1 | ||||||||
| Akhil Bhartiya Sarvadharma Samaj Party | Maharashtra | 1 | ||||||||
| Andhra Chaitanya Party | Andhra Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Adarshwaadi Congress Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Adhunik Bharat Party | Uttar Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| Aadarsh Janata Sewa Party | Haryana | 1 | ||||||||
| Ahila India Dhayaga Makkal Munnetra Katchi | Tamil Nadu | 1 | ||||||||
| Asli Deshi Party | Bihar | 4 | ||||||||
| Aadarsh Sangram Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Apna Dal United Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Adhikar Vikas Party | Chhattisgarh | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Asom Gana Parishad | Assam | 3 | 4 | |||||||
| Telangana | 1 | |||||||||
| Akhil Hind Forward Bloc (Krantikari) | Bihar | 2 | ||||||||
| Akhand Hind Party | Maharashtra | 1 | ||||||||
| Ahimsa Socialist Party | Tamil Nadu | 1 | ||||||||
| All India Forward Bloc | Andhra Pradesh | 2 | 34 | |||||||
| Arunachal Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Assam | 3 | |||||||||
| Bihar | 4 | |||||||||
| Chandigarh | 1 | |||||||||
| Haryana | 2 | |||||||||
| Himachal Pradesh | 3 | |||||||||
| Jammu & Kashmir | 1 | |||||||||
| Jharkhand | 4 | |||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 2 | |||||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 1 | |||||||||
| Odisha | 2 | |||||||||
| Telangana | 1 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 5 | |||||||||
| West Bengal | 3 | |||||||||
| All India Hindustan Congress Party | Andaman & Nicobar Islands | 1 | 4 | |||||||
| Gujarat | 1 | |||||||||
| Karnataka | 1 | |||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| All India Jana Andolan Party | West Bengal | 1 | ||||||||
| All India Labour Party | West Bengal | 1 | ||||||||
| All India Minorities Front | Maharashtra | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 2 | |||||||||
| Agila India Makkal Kazhagam | Kerala | 1 | 4 | |||||||
| Puducherry | 1 | |||||||||
| Tamil Nadu | 2 | |||||||||
| All Indians Party | Sikkim | 1 | ||||||||
| All India Praja Party | Andhra Pradesh | 3 | ||||||||
| All Indian Rajiv Congress Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| All India Ulama Congress | Madhya Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| All India Uzhavargal Uzhaippalargal Katchi | Tamil Nadu | 1 | ||||||||
| Akila India Vallalar Peravai | Tamil Nadu | 1 | ||||||||
| Asom Jana Morcha | Assam | 4 | ||||||||
| Aam Janta Party (India) | Uttar Pradesh | 7 | ||||||||
| Aam Janta Party Rashtriya | Bihar | 3 | ||||||||
| Aapki Apni Party (Peoples) | Haryana | 7 | 21 | |||||||
| Maharashtra | 3 | |||||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 6 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 5 | |||||||||
| Akhil Bhartiya Ekata Party | Maharashtra | 1 | ||||||||
| Akhil Bhartiya Lok Dal | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Apna Kisan Party | Bihar | 1 | ||||||||
| Akhand Samaj Party | Uttar Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| Al-Hind Party | Uttar Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| All India Peoples' Front (Radical) | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| All Pensioner’S Party | Tamil Nadu | 1 | ||||||||
| Aasra Lokmanch Party | Maharashtra | 2 | ||||||||
| Amra Bangalee | Jharkhand | 2 | 10 | |||||||
| Tripura | 2 | |||||||||
| West Bengal | 6 | |||||||||
| Anaithu Makkal Katchi | Tamil Nadu | 1 | ||||||||
| Azad Mazdoor Kissan Party | Karnataka | 1 | ||||||||
| Aadarsh Mithila Party | Bihar | 2 | ||||||||
| Anaithu Makkal Puratchi Katchi | Tamil Nadu | 2 | ||||||||
| Ambedkar Yug Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Anaithu India Makkal Katchi | 1 | |||||||||
| Anjaan Aadmi Party | NCT OF Delhi | 1 | ||||||||
| Ambedkar National Congress | Andhra Pradesh | 2 | 21 | |||||||
| Bihar | 1 | |||||||||
| Chandigarh | 1 | |||||||||
| Gujarat | 2 | |||||||||
| Jharkhand | 1 | |||||||||
| Maharashtra | 4 | |||||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 1 | |||||||||
| Odisha | 2 | |||||||||
| Punjab | 2 | |||||||||
| Telangana | 5 | |||||||||
| Annadata Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Andaman & Nicobar Janta Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Aihra National Party | Jharkhand | 3 | 8 | |||||||
| Karnataka | 1 | |||||||||
| Telangana | 1 | |||||||||
| West Bengal | 3 | |||||||||
| Adarsh Nyay Rakshak Party | Madhya Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Ahinsa Samaj Party | Madhya Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Anti Corruption Dynamic Party | Maharashtra | 1 | 11 | |||||||
| Puducherry | 1 | |||||||||
| Tamil Nadu | 7 | |||||||||
| Telangana | 2 | |||||||||
| Apna Desh Party | Gujarat | 2 | ||||||||
| Ambedkarite Party Of India | Andhra Pradesh | 1 | 77 | |||||||
| Bihar | 2 | |||||||||
| Chhattisgarh | 11 | |||||||||
| Gujarat | 1 | |||||||||
| Himachal Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Jharkhand | 4 | |||||||||
| Karnataka | 1 | |||||||||
| Kerala | 3 | |||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 8 | |||||||||
| Maharashtra | 16 | |||||||||
| Odisha | 6 | |||||||||
| Punjab | 4 | |||||||||
| Rajasthan | 15 | |||||||||
| Tamil Nadu | 1 | |||||||||
| Telangana | 1 | |||||||||
| Tripura | 1 | |||||||||
| West Bengal | 1 | |||||||||
| Apna Samaj Party | 1 | |||||||||
| All Peoples Party | Andhra Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Ambedkarist Republican Party | Maharashtra | 2 | ||||||||
| Andhra Rastra Praja Samithi | Andhra Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Akhand Rashtrawadi Party | Madhya Pradesh | 1 | 4 | |||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 2 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Autonomous State Demand Committee | Assam | 1 | ||||||||
| Assam Dristi Party | Assam | 1 | ||||||||
| Akhil Bharat Samagra Kranti Party | Chhattisgarh | 1 | ||||||||
| Adarsh Samaj Party | Uttar Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| Ambedkar Samaj Party | Karnataka | 4 | 8 | |||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 4 | |||||||||
| All India Puratchi Thalaivar Makkal Munnettra Kazhagam | Tamil Nadu | 1 | ||||||||
| Aarakshan Virodhi Party | Madhya Pradesh | 2 | 4 | |||||||
| Rajasthan | 2 | |||||||||
| Awami Samta Party | Uttar Pradesh | 3 | ||||||||
| Anna Ysr Congress Party | Andhra Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| B. C. United Front | Andhra Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Bharatiya Aavaam Ekta Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Bahujan Azad Party | Bihar | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| Maharashtra | 1 | |||||||||
| Bahujan Samyak Party (Mission) | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Bahujan Awam Party | Uttar Pradesh | 4 | ||||||||
| Bharatiya Aam Awam Party | Bihar | 1 | ||||||||
| Bhartiya Anarakshit Party | Telangana | 3 | 4 | |||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Bhartiya Azad Sena | Jharkhand | 1 | ||||||||
| Bharatiya Bahujan Congress | Bihar | 5 | 6 | |||||||
| Gujarat | 1 | |||||||||
| Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh | Karnataka | 2 | ||||||||
| Bharat Bhrashtachar Mitao Party | Bihar | 1 | ||||||||
| Bhartiya Bhaichara Party | Uttar Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| Bharatiya Bahujan Samta Party | Uttar Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| Bharath Dharma Jana Sena | Kerala | 4 | ||||||||
| Bharatrashtra Democratic Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Bharatiya Gana Parishad | Assam | 4 | ||||||||
| Bhartiya Amrit Party | Madhya Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| Bharatiya Bahujan Parivartan Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Bharatiya Jan Morcha Party | Madhya Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Bharatiya Praja Surajya Paksha | Maharashtra | 8 | ||||||||
| Bharatiya Rashtravadi Samanta Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Bharatiya Samta Samaj Party | Bihar | 1 | 3 | |||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 2 | |||||||||
| Bharatiya Sarvodaya Kranti Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Bhartiya Janta Dal (Integrated) | NCT OF Delhi | 1 | ||||||||
| Bharatiya National Janta Dal | West Bengal | 1 | ||||||||
| Bhartiya Lokmat Rashtrwadi Party | Bihar | 2 | 7 | |||||||
| Chhattisgarh | 1 | |||||||||
| Jharkhand | 1 | |||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Maharashtra | 1 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Bhartiya Manvadhikaar Federal Party | 1 | |||||||||
| Bhartiya Naujawan Inklav Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Bhartiyabahujankranti Dal | Karnataka | 2 | 5 | |||||||
| Maharashtra | 3 | |||||||||
| Bharatiya Bahujan Party | Chhattisgarh | 1 | ||||||||
| Bharat Bhoomi Party | Chhattisgarh | 2 | 3 | |||||||
| Karnataka | 1 | |||||||||
| Bhartiya Dalit Party | Bihar | 3 | ||||||||
| Bhartiya Hind Fauj | Uttar Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| Bhartiya Janta Dal | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Bhartiya Janraj Party | Haryana | 2 | 4 | |||||||
| Punjab | 2 | |||||||||
| Bahujan Maha Party | Andhra Pradesh | 1 | 20 | |||||||
| Gujarat | 1 | |||||||||
| Haryana | 1 | |||||||||
| Karnataka | 2 | |||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Maharashtra | 13 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Bharat Nirman Party | Bihar | 1 | ||||||||
| Bhartiya Harit Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Bharatiya Peoples Party | Karnataka | 1 | ||||||||
| Bharatiya Rashtravadi Paksha | Gujarat | 1 | ||||||||
| Bharatiya Sampuran Krantikari Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Bhartiya Sarvodaya Party | Jharkhand | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| Uttarakhand | 1 | |||||||||
| Bhartiya Insan Party | Bihar | 1 | 3 | |||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 2 | |||||||||
| Bharat Jan Aadhar Party | Maharashtra | 4 | ||||||||
| Bharatiya Jan Kranti Dal (Democratic) | Bihar | 4 | 7 | |||||||
| Jharkhand | 1 | |||||||||
| Karnataka | 1 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Bhartiya Jan Nayak Party | Uttar Pradesh | 4 | ||||||||
| Bhartiya Jan Samman Party | Chandigarh | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| Haryana | 1 | |||||||||
| Bhartiya Jan Sampark Party | Madhya Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Bhartiya Jan Satta Party | Rajasthan | 1 | ||||||||
| Bundelkhand Kranti Dal | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Bhartiya Kisan Party | Chandigarh | 4 | 15 | |||||||
| Haryana | 1 | |||||||||
| Maharashtra | 5 | |||||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 1 | |||||||||
| Rajasthan | 1 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 3 | |||||||||
| Bharatiya Kisan Parivartan Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Bhartiya Krishak Dal | Uttar Pradesh | 4 | ||||||||
| Bhartiya Kisan Union Samaj Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Bhartiya Kranti Vir Party | Bihar | 1 | ||||||||
| Bihar Lok Nirman Dal | Bihar | 8 | ||||||||
| Baliraja Party | Bihar | 2 | 7 | |||||||
| Maharashtra | 4 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Bhartiya Lok Seva Dal | Jharkhand | 1 | 10 | |||||||
| Punjab | 7 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 2 | |||||||||
| Bharat Lok Sewak Party | NCT OF Delhi | 3 | 4 | |||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Bhartiya Manavadhikaar Federal Party | Chandigarh | 1 | 9 | |||||||
| Gujarat | 1 | |||||||||
| Jharkhand | 1 | |||||||||
| Maharashtra | 5 | |||||||||
| Odisha | 1 | |||||||||
| Bharateeya Manavadhikar party | West Bengal | 2 | ||||||||
| Bharatiya Momin Front | Bihar | 7 | 8 | |||||||
| Jharkhand | 1 | |||||||||
| Bharatiya Majdoor Janta Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Bahujan Mukti Party | Assam | 1 | 120 | |||||||
| Bihar | 12 | |||||||||
| Chandigarh | 1 | |||||||||
| Dadra & Nagar Haveli | 1 | |||||||||
| Gujarat | 6 | |||||||||
| Haryana | 5 | |||||||||
| Himachal Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Jharkhand | 5 | |||||||||
| Karnataka | 1 | |||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 9 | |||||||||
| Maharashtra | 35 | |||||||||
| Odisha | 5 | |||||||||
| Punjab | 6 | |||||||||
| Rajasthan | 2 | |||||||||
| Telangana | 7 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 10 | |||||||||
| Uttarakhand | 2 | |||||||||
| West Bengal | 6 | |||||||||
| Bharatiya Minorities Suraksha Mahasangh | Jharkhand | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| Maharashtra | 1 | |||||||||
| Bhartiya Manav Samaj Party | Madhya Pradesh | 1 | 3 | |||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 2 | |||||||||
| Bhartiya Mitra Party | Bihar | 3 | ||||||||
| Bahujan Nyay Dal | Bihar | 3 | 4 | |||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Bhartiya Nojawan Dal | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Bhartiya Navodaya Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Bharatiya Nyay-Adhikar Raksha Party | West Bengal | 7 | ||||||||
| Bhartiya Navjawan Sena (Paksha) | Maharashtra | 3 | ||||||||
| Bhartiya New Sanskar Krantikari Party | Bihar | 1 | ||||||||
| Bhartiya Pragatisheel Congress | NCT OF Delhi | 1 | ||||||||
| Bhartiya Panchyat Party | Jharkhand | 2 | ||||||||
| Bodoland Peoples Front | Assam | 1 | ||||||||
| Bharat Prabhat Party | Bihar | 2 | 53 | |||||||
| Chandigarh | 1 | |||||||||
| Chhattisgarh | 1 | |||||||||
| Haryana | 5 | |||||||||
| Jharkhand | 2 | |||||||||
| Karnataka | 2 | |||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 8 | |||||||||
| Maharashtra | 5 | |||||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 2 | |||||||||
| Odisha | 2 | |||||||||
| Punjab | 5 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 16 | |||||||||
| West Bengal | 2 | |||||||||
| Bharatiya Prajagala Kalyana Paksha | Karnataka | 2 | ||||||||
| Bhapase Party | Maharashtra | 1 | ||||||||
| Bharatiya Rashtriya Morcha | Bihar | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Bahujana Raajyam Party (Phule Ambedkar) | Telangana | 1 | ||||||||
| Bharat Rakshak Party (Democratic) | Rajasthan | 2 | ||||||||
| Bhartiya Republican Party (Insan) | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Bahujan Republican Socialist Party | Gujarat | 1 | 27 | |||||||
| Maharashtra | 26 | |||||||||
| Bhartiya Rashtrawadi Party | Chandigarh | 1 | ||||||||
| Bhartiya Shakti Chetna Party | Chhattisgarh | 5 | 35 | |||||||
| Gujarat | 1 | |||||||||
| Haryana | 5 | |||||||||
| Himachal Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 11 | |||||||||
| Maharashtra | 1 | |||||||||
| Punjab | 1 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 10 | |||||||||
| Bahujan Suraksha Dal | Gujarat | 1 | ||||||||
| Bhartiya Sarvjan Hitey Samaj Party | Chhattisgarh | 1 | ||||||||
| Bhartiya Tribal Party | Chhattisgarh | 2 | 19 | |||||||
| Dadra & Nagar Haveli | 1 | |||||||||
| Gujarat | 6 | |||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Maharashtra | 5 | |||||||||
| Rajasthan | 4 | |||||||||
| Bahujan Samaj Party (AMBEDKAR) | Chandigarh | 1 | 5 | |||||||
| Punjab | 4 | |||||||||
| Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi | Maharashtra | 1 | ||||||||
| Bajjikanchal Vikas Party | Bihar | 7 | ||||||||
| Bhartiya Vanchitsamaj Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Corruption Abolition Party | NCT OF Delhi | 1 | ||||||||
| Christian Democratic Front | Tamil Nadu | 1 | ||||||||
| Challengers Party | NCT OF Delhi | 2 | ||||||||
| Chandigarh Ki Aawaz Party | Chandigarh | 1 | ||||||||
| Communist Party Of India (MARXIST-LENINIST) (LIBERATION) | Andhra Pradesh | 2 | 18 | |||||||
| Bihar | 4 | |||||||||
| Jharkhand | 2 | |||||||||
| Odisha | 2 | |||||||||
| Puducherry | 1 | |||||||||
| Punjab | 3 | |||||||||
| Tamil Nadu | 2 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 3 | |||||||||
| Uttarakhand | 1 | |||||||||
| West Bengal | 2 | |||||||||
| Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) CPI(M)(L) | 4 | |||||||||
| Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Red Star | 4 | |||||||||
| Communist Party Of India (Marxist–Leninist) Red Star | Andhra Pradesh | 1 | 25 | |||||||
| Chandigarh | 2 | |||||||||
| Jharkhand | 3 | |||||||||
| Karnataka | 2 | |||||||||
| Kerala | 4 | |||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Maharashtra | 2 | |||||||||
| Odisha | 5 | |||||||||
| Rajasthan | 1 | |||||||||
| Tamil Nadu | 1 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 2 | |||||||||
| West Bengal | 5 | |||||||||
| Chhattisgarh Swabhiman Manch | Chhattisgarh | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| Maharashtra | 1 | |||||||||
| Chhattisgarh Vikas Ganga Rashtriya Party | Chhattisgarh | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Dal | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Dalita Bahujana Party | Telangana | 3 | ||||||||
| Democratic Corruption Liberation Front | 1 | |||||||||
| Democratic Party of India (Ambedkar) | Punjab | 1 | 3 | |||||||
| Desh Janhit Party | Maharashtra | 1 | ||||||||
| Daksha Party | Haryana | 1 | ||||||||
| Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam | Tamil Nadu | 4 | ||||||||
| Desiya Makkal Sakthi Katchi | Maharashtra | 1 | 9 | |||||||
| Tamil Nadu | 8 | |||||||||
| Dogra Swabhiman Sangathan Party, | Jammu & Kashmir | 2 | ||||||||
| Democratic Party Of India | 1 | |||||||||
| Democratic Prajakranthi Party Secularist | Karnataka | 1 | ||||||||
| Dalit Soshit Pichhara Varg Adhikar Dal | Haryana | 1 | 3 | |||||||
| Maharashtra | 1 | |||||||||
| Rajasthan | 1 | |||||||||
| Desiya Uzhavar Uzhaipalar Kazhagam | Tamil Nadu | 3 | ||||||||
| Engineers Party | Karnataka | 1 | ||||||||
| Ekta Samaj Party | NCT OF Delhi | 1 | ||||||||
| Ezhuchi Tamilargal Munnetra Kazhagam | Tamil Nadu | 3 | ||||||||
| Forward Democratic Labour Party | Chhattisgarh | 1 | ||||||||
| Fauji Janta Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Freethought Party Of India | Odisha | 3 | ||||||||
| Gareeb Aadmi Party | Karnataka | 1 | ||||||||
| Gondvana Gantantra Party | Chhattisgarh | 9 | 23 | |||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 9 | |||||||||
| Maharashtra | 2 | |||||||||
| Odisha | 1 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 2 | |||||||||
| Garvi Gujarat Party | Gujarat | 3 | ||||||||
| Garib Janshakti Party | Bihar | 2 | ||||||||
| Gujarat Janta Panchayat Party | Gujarat | 1 | ||||||||
| Ganasangam Party Of India | Tamil Nadu | 3 | ||||||||
| Gorkha Rashtriya Congress | West Bengal | 1 | ||||||||
| Hindustani Awam Morcha (Secular) | Bihar | 3 | ||||||||
| Hamari Apni Party | Maharashtra | 1 | ||||||||
| Hardam Manavtawadi Rashtriya Dal | Andhra Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Hind Congress Party | Haryana | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| Punjab | 1 | |||||||||
| Hindu Samaj Party | 1 | |||||||||
| Hindustan Janta Party | Karnataka | 3 | 7 | |||||||
| Maharashtra | 4 | |||||||||
| Hindusthan Praja Paksha | Maharashtra | 1 | ||||||||
| Himachal Jan Kranti Party | Himachal Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Hindusthan Nirman Dal | Assam | 5 | 47 | |||||||
| Bihar | 2 | |||||||||
| Gujarat | 9 | |||||||||
| Jammu & Kashmir | 1 | |||||||||
| Jharkhand | 2 | |||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 8 | |||||||||
| Maharashtra | 2 | |||||||||
| Odisha | 2 | |||||||||
| Rajasthan | 1 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 14 | |||||||||
| Uttarakhand | 1 | |||||||||
| Hamro Sikkim Party | Sikkim | 1 | ||||||||
| Hind Samrajya Party | Bihar | 1 | ||||||||
| Hindustan Shakti Sena | Chandigarh | 1 | 9 | |||||||
| Punjab | 8 | |||||||||
| Hum Bhartiya Party | Jharkhand | 1 | 9 | |||||||
| Maharashtra | 5 | |||||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 1 | |||||||||
| Punjab | 1 | |||||||||
| Telangana | 1 | |||||||||
| Hum Sabki Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Indian Christian Front | Karnataka | 2 | 4 | |||||||
| Tamil Nadu | 2 | |||||||||
| Indian Democratic Republican Front | Punjab | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| West Bengal | 1 | |||||||||
| Indian Gandhiyan Party | Kerala | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | ||||||||||
| Indian Indira Congress (R) | Rajasthan | 1 | ||||||||
| Indian Labour Party (Ambedkar Phule) | Andhra Pradesh | 1 | 4 | |||||||
| Karnataka | 3 | |||||||||
| Ilantamilar Munnani Kazhagam | Tamil Nadu | 1 | ||||||||
| Indian New Congress Party | Karnataka | 4 | ||||||||
| Independent People’S Party | Jammu & Kashmir | 1 | ||||||||
| Indian National League | Uttar Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| India Praja Bandhu Party | Andhra Pradesh | 4 | 11 | |||||||
| Chhattisgarh | 1 | |||||||||
| Telangana | 6 | |||||||||
| Indigenousn People'S Front Of Tripura | Tripura | 2 | ||||||||
| Indian Peoples Green Party | Rajasthan | 2 | ||||||||
| Indian Rakshaka Nayakudu Party | Telangana | 1 | ||||||||
| Indian Unity Centre | West Bengal | 2 | ||||||||
| Inqalab Vikas Dal | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Jan Adesh Akshuni Sena | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Jan Adhikar Party | Bihar | 6 | 19 | |||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 3 | |||||||||
| Maharashtra | 7 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 3 | |||||||||
| Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik) | Bihar | 1 | ||||||||
| Jharkhand Anushilan Party | West Bengal | 1 | ||||||||
| Janta Dal Rashtravadi | Bihar | 3 | ||||||||
| Jamat-E-Seratul Mustakim | West Bengal | 2 | ||||||||
| Jago Hindustan Party | Bihar | 3 | ||||||||
| Jharkhand Party (Secular) | Jharkhand | 1 | ||||||||
| Janhit Bharat Party | Uttar Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| Jharkhand Party | Jharkhand | 4 | ||||||||
| Jai Hind Party | Bihar | 1 | ||||||||
| Jai Hind Samaj Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Jai Jawan Jai Kisan Party | Haryana | 1 | 4 | |||||||
| Punjab | 3 | |||||||||
| Jannayak Janta Party | Haryana | 7 | ||||||||
| Janhit Kisan Party | Bihar | 2 | 8 | |||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 6 | |||||||||
| Jammu & Kashmir Pir Panjal Awami Party | Jammu & Kashmir | 1 | ||||||||
| Jai Lok Party | Madhya Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Jai Maha Bharath Party | Maharashtra | 1 | 3 | |||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 1 | |||||||||
| Sikkim | 1 | |||||||||
| Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (Ulgulan) | 1 | |||||||||
| Janata Congress | Jharkhand | 2 | 7 | |||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 3 | |||||||||
| Maharashtra | 1 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Jana Jagruti Party | Andhra Pradesh | 7 | ||||||||
| Janata Party | Bihar | 4 | ||||||||
| Jharkhand Party (Naren) | Jharkhand | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| West Bengal | 1 | |||||||||
| Janvadi Party(Socialist) | Bihar | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Janapaalana Party (Democratic) | Andhra Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Jai Prakash Janata Dal | Bihar | 5 | 11 | |||||||
| Jharkhand | 2 | |||||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 2 | |||||||||
| Odisha | 2 | |||||||||
| Jharkhand People's Party | Jharkhand | 4 | ||||||||
| Jharkhand People's Party | 1 | |||||||||
| Janta Raj Party | Uttar Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| Janral Samaj Party | Chandigarh | 1 | 5 | |||||||
| Punjab | 4 | |||||||||
| Janta Raj Vikas Party | Bihar | 1 | ||||||||
| Jan Shakti Dal | Uttar Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| Jansatta Dal Loktantrik | Uttar Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| Jan Shakti Ekta Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Jan Samman Party | Madhya Pradesh | 1 | 3 | |||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 1 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Jan Sangh Party | West Bengal | 1 | ||||||||
| Janasena Party | Andhra Pradesh | 17 | 24 | |||||||
| Telangana | 7 | |||||||||
| Jan Satya Path Party | Gujarat | 4 | ||||||||
| Jai Swaraj Party | Telangana | 1 | ||||||||
| Jan Seva Sahayak Party | Uttar Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| Jansatta Party | Uttar Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| Jan Sangharsh Virat Party | Gujarat | 2 | 5 | |||||||
| Jharkhand | 1 | |||||||||
| Rajasthan | 1 | |||||||||
| West Bengal | 1 | |||||||||
| Janta Kranti Party (Rashtravadi) | Uttar Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| Justice Party | 1 | |||||||||
| Jai Vijaya Bharathi Party | Karnataka | 1 | ||||||||
| Jantantrik Vikas Party | Bihar | 3 | ||||||||
| Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) | Jharkhand | 2 | ||||||||
| Jwala Dal | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Jammu & Kashmir National Panthers Party | Bihar | 1 | ||||||||
| Jammu & Kashmir | 5 | |||||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 1 | |||||||||
| Tamil Nadu | 1 | |||||||||
| Jammu & Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party + | Jammu & Kashmir | 2 | ||||||||
| Jammu & Kashmir People Conference | Jammu & Kashmir | 3 | ||||||||
| Kamatapur People’S Party (United) | West Bengal | 6 | ||||||||
| Kerala Congress | Kerala | 1 | ||||||||
| Kannada Chalavali Vatal Paksha | Karnataka | 1 | ||||||||
| Kisan Raj Party | Madhya Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Kisan Raksha Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Karnataka Jantha Paksha | Karnataka | 2 | ||||||||
| Karnataka Karmikara Paksha | Karnataka | 4 | ||||||||
| Kalinga Sena | Jharkhand | 1 | 5 | |||||||
| Odisha | 4 | |||||||||
| Kisan Majdoor Berojgar Sangh | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Kisan Mazdoor Sangharsh Party | Uttar Pradesh | 4 | ||||||||
| Karnataka Pragnyavantha Janatha Party | Karnataka | 1 | ||||||||
| Kisan Party Of India | Madhya Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| Karnataka Praja Party (Raithaparva) | Karnataka | 2 | ||||||||
| Kranti Kari Jai Hind Sena | Karnataka | 1 | 5 | |||||||
| Maharashtra | 4 | |||||||||
| Kartavya Rashtriya Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Krupaa Party | Odisha | 3 | ||||||||
| Kanshiram Bahujan Dal | NCT OF Delhi | 1 | 5 | |||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 4 | |||||||||
| Khusro Sena Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Kalyankari Jantantrik Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Lok Chetna Dal | Bihar | 1 | ||||||||
| Lok Gathbandhan Party | Gujarat | 1 | 7 | |||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 6 | |||||||||
| Lok Insaaf Party | Punjab | 3 | ||||||||
| Lok Jan Sangharsh Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Loktantrik Jan Swaraj Party | Bihar | 1 | ||||||||
| Lok Jan Vikas Morcha | Bihar | 2 | ||||||||
| Lok Dal | Uttar Pradesh | 5 | ||||||||
| Lokjagar Party | Maharashtra | 1 | ||||||||
| Loktantrik Janshakti Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Lokpriya Samaj Party | Haryana | 1 | ||||||||
| Loktanter Suraksha Party | Haryana | 2 | ||||||||
| Loktantrik Rashrtavadi Party | Gujarat | 1 | ||||||||
| Lok Sewa Dal | Bihar | 1 | ||||||||
| Loksangram | Maharashtra | 1 | ||||||||
| Maharashtra Swabhimaan Paksh | Maharashtra | 2 | ||||||||
| Makkal Sananayaga Kudiyarasu Katchi | Tamil Nadu | 1 | ||||||||
| Manipur People’S Party | Manipur | 1 | ||||||||
| Moulik Adhikar Party | Bihar | 1 | 13 | |||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 12 | |||||||||
| Mera Adhikaar Rashtriya Dal | Uttar Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| Marxist Communist Party Of India (United) | Andhra Pradesh | 1 | 6 | |||||||
| Kerala | 1 | |||||||||
| Rajasthan | 1 | |||||||||
| Telangana | 3 | |||||||||
| Mazdoor Dalit Kisaan Mahila Gareeb Party (Hindustani) | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Minorities Democratic Party | Madhya Pradesh | 2 | 3 | |||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Manipur Democratic Peoples's Front | Manipur | 1 | ||||||||
| Mundadugu Praja Party | Andhra Pradesh | 4 | ||||||||
| Mahamukti Dal | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Mahasankalp Janta Party | Uttar Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| Makkalatchi Katchi | Tamil Nadu | 2 | ||||||||
| Manav Kranti Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Maharashtra Kranti Sena | Maharashtra | 2 | ||||||||
| Majdoor Kisan Union Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Mazdoor Kirayedar Vikas Party | NCT OF Delhi | 5 | ||||||||
| Marxist Leninist Party Of India (Red Flag) | Karnataka | 1 | 3 | |||||||
| Maharashtra | 2 | |||||||||
| Mithilanchal Mukti Morcha | Bihar | 1 | ||||||||
| Makkal Needhi Maiam | Puducherry | 1 | 38 | |||||||
| Tamil Nadu | 37 | |||||||||
| Manvadhikar National Party | Gujarat | 2 | 4 | |||||||
| Jammu & Kashmir | 2 | |||||||||
| Manavtawadi Samaj Party | Uttar Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh Jan Vikas Party | Madhya Pradesh | 3 | ||||||||
| Mulnibasi Party of India | West Bengal | 2 | ||||||||
| Moolniwasi Samaj Party | Bihar | 2 | 3 | |||||||
| Jharkhand | 1 | |||||||||
| Maanavvaadi Janta Party | Bihar | 2 | ||||||||
| Manuvadi Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Mahila & Yuva Shakti Party | Haryana | 1 | ||||||||
| New All India Congress Party | Gujarat | 2 | ||||||||
| National Apni Party | NCT OF Delhi | 1 | ||||||||
| Nationalist People'S Front | Rajasthan | 1 | ||||||||
| Nirbhay Bharteey Party | Gujarat | 1 | ||||||||
| National Bhrashtachar Mukt Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Navsarjan Bharat Party | Dadra & Nagar Haveli | 1 | ||||||||
| National Dalitha Dhal Party | Andhra Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| National Development Party | Karnataka | 1 | ||||||||
| New Democratic Party of India | West Bengal | 3 | ||||||||
| Navbharat Ekta Dal | Himachal Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| North East India Development Party | Manipur | 2 | ||||||||
| Nagrik Ekta Party | Uttar Pradesh | 4 | ||||||||
| National Fifty Fifty Front | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Naam Indiar Party | Tamil Nadu | 2 | ||||||||
| Nationalist Janshakti Party | Uttar Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| National Jagaran Party | Bihar | 1 | ||||||||
| National Labour Party | Kerala | 1 | ||||||||
| National Lokmat Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Nationalist Justice Party | Punjab | 4 | ||||||||
| National Nava Kranthi Party | Andhra Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Navbharat Nirman Party | Maharashtra | 1 | ||||||||
| Nava Praja Rajyam Party | Telangana | 1 | ||||||||
| National Republican Congress | Assam | 2 | ||||||||
| The National Road Map Party Of India | Assam | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 1 | |||||||||
| Nava Samaj Party | Andhra Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Netaji Subhash Chander Bose Rashtriya Azad Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Naam Tamilar Katchi | Puducherry | 1 | 38 | |||||||
| Tamil Nadu | 37 | |||||||||
| Naitik Party | Maharashtra | 2 | 6 | |||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 4 | |||||||||
| Navarang Congress Party | Andhra Pradesh | 3 | 5 | |||||||
| Jammu & Kashmir | 2 | |||||||||
| Navodayam Party | Andhra Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| Navnirman Party | Haryana | 1 | ||||||||
| Navataram Party | Andhra Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| New India Party | Telangana | 2 | ||||||||
| National Women'S Party | Madhya Pradesh | 1 | 3 | |||||||
| Telangana | 1 | |||||||||
| Nawan Punjab Party | Punjab | 1 | ||||||||
| National Youth Party | NCT OF Delhi | 2 | ||||||||
| Odisha Pragati Dal | Odisha | 1 | ||||||||
| Proutist Bloc, India | Bihar | 1 | 9 | |||||||
| Karnataka | 2 | |||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Maharashtra | 1 | |||||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 3 | |||||||||
| Odisha | 1 | |||||||||
| PC | 3 | |||||||||
| Peace Party | Maharashtra | 3 | 14 | |||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 11 | |||||||||
| Puducherry Development Party | Puducherry | 1 | ||||||||
| Peoples Democratic Party | Jammu & Kashmir | 1 | 5 | |||||||
| Kerala | 2 | |||||||||
| Party For Democratic Socialism | West Bengal | 5 | ||||||||
| People's Party Of India(secular) | Tamil Nadu | 2 | 3 | |||||||
| People’S Union Party | Maharashtra | 1 | ||||||||
| Punjab Ekta Party | Punjab | 3 | 3 | |||||||
| Pichhra Samaj Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Prajatantra Aadhar Party | Gujarat | 1 | ||||||||
| Prem Janata Dal | Telangana | 1 | ||||||||
| Prahar Janshakti Party | Maharashtra | 1 | ||||||||
| Purvanchal Janta Party (Secular) | Assam | 6 | 14 | |||||||
| Jharkhand | 1 | |||||||||
| Karnataka | 1 | |||||||||
| Odisha | 1 | |||||||||
| Tamil Nadu | 2 | |||||||||
| West Bengal | 3 | |||||||||
| Pragatisheel Lok Manch | Uttarakhand | 1 | ||||||||
| Punjab Labour Party | Punjab | 1 | ||||||||
| Public Mission Party | Bihar | 2 | ||||||||
| Pragatisheel Manav Samaj Party | Uttar Pradesh | 3 | ||||||||
| Pravasi Nivasi Party | Kerala | 1 | ||||||||
| Peoples Party Of India (Democratic) | Bihar | 9 | 56 | |||||||
| Chhattisgarh | 1 | |||||||||
| Gujarat | 2 | |||||||||
| Haryana | 6 | |||||||||
| Himachal Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Jharkhand | 4 | |||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 7 | |||||||||
| Maharashtra | 6 | |||||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 5 | |||||||||
| Punjab | 2 | |||||||||
| Rajasthan | 2 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 8 | |||||||||
| Uttarakhand | 1 | |||||||||
| People'S Party Of Arunachal | Arunachal Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| Pyramid Party Of India | Andhra Pradesh | 20 | 48 | |||||||
| Gujarat | 2 | |||||||||
| Karnataka | 6 | |||||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 5 | |||||||||
| Punjab | 1 | |||||||||
| Tamil Nadu | 2 | |||||||||
| Telangana | 11 | |||||||||
| West Bengal | 1 | |||||||||
| Prajatantrik Samadhan Party | Madhya Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Poorvanchal Rashtriya Congress | Madhya Pradesh | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| Rajasthan | 1 | |||||||||
| Peoples Representation For Identity And Status Of Mizoram (Prism) Party | Mizoram | 1 | 6 | |||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 5 | |||||||||
| Prithviraj Janshakti Party | Uttar Pradesh | 3 | ||||||||
| Prabuddha Republican Party | Maharashtra | 4 | 5 | |||||||
| Rajasthan | 1 | |||||||||
| Praja Shanthi Party | Andhra Pradesh | 4 | ||||||||
| Praja Satta Party | Karnataka | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| Telangana | 1 | |||||||||
| Pragatishil Samajwadi Party (Lohia) | Bihar | 8 | 82 | |||||||
| Haryana | 8 | |||||||||
| Jammu & Kashmir | 1 | |||||||||
| Karnataka | 2 | |||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 9 | |||||||||
| Maharashtra | 1 | |||||||||
| Odisha | 2 | |||||||||
| Rajasthan | 1 | |||||||||
| Tamil Nadu | 2 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 47 | |||||||||
| Uttarakhand | 1 | |||||||||
| Pichhara Samaj Party United | Jharkhand | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Proutist Sarva Samaj | Bihar | 1 | 7 | |||||||
| Jharkhand | 2 | |||||||||
| Karnataka | 1 | |||||||||
| Rajasthan | 2 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | ||||||||||
| Pragatisheel Samaj Party | Uttar Pradesh | 3 | ||||||||
| Prajaa Swaraaj Party | Telangana | 1 | ||||||||
| Purvanchal Mahapanchayat | Bihar | 2 | 3 | |||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Parivartan Samaj Party | Madhya Pradesh | 1 | 3 | |||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 1 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Rashtriya Ambedkar Dal | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Radical Democrats | Andhra Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Aadarsh Member Party | Madhya Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Raita Bharat Party | Karnataka | 1 | ||||||||
| Rajnaitik Vikalp Party | Bihar | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Ahinsa Manch | West Bengal | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Aamjan Party | Madhya Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Rajyadhikara Party | Andhra Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtrawadi Party of India, | Uttar Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Independent Morcha | Odisha | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Janasachetan Party (R.J.P.) | West Bengal | 5 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Jansanchar Dal | 1 | |||||||||
| Rashtriya Janta Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Janwadi Party (Socialist) | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Mahan Gantantra Party | Bihar | 3 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Mahila Party | 1 | |||||||||
| Rashtriya Matadata Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Naujawan Dal | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Sahara Party | Haryana | 1 | 3 | |||||||
| Punjab | 2 | |||||||||
| Rastriya Aam Jan Seva Party | Maharashtra | 1 | ||||||||
| Rastriya Insaaf Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Vikas Party | Haryana | 1 | ||||||||
| Rayalaseema Rashtra Samithi | Andhra Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Bahujan Congress Party | Maharashtra | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Bhagidari Samaj Party | Haryana | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Bharatiya Jan Jan Party | Uttar Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Backward Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Republican Bahujan Sena | Maharashtra | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Dal United | Bihar | 1 | ||||||||
| Real Democracy Party | Gujarat | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Garib Dal | Haryana | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Rashtriya Gondvana Party | Chhattisgarh | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Jansena Party | Maharashtra | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Hind Sena | Bihar | 6 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Jansabha Party | Chhattisgarh | 7 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Jan Adhikar Party | NCT OF Delhi | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| West Bengal | 1 | |||||||||
| Rashtriya Jan Adhikar Party (United) | Uttar Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Janadhikar Suraksha Party | West Bengal | 6 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Jatigat Aarakshan Virodhi Party | Haryana | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Jantantrik Bharat Vikas Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Jan Gaurav Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Janhit Sangharsh Party | Manipur | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Jankranti Party | Chandigarh | 1 | 3 | |||||||
| Jammu & Kashmir | 1 | |||||||||
| Telangana | 1 | |||||||||
| Rashtriya Janmat Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| Rashtriya Jansurajya Party | Maharashtra | 2 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Janshakti Party (Secular) | Maharashtra | 2 | 7 | |||||||
| Punjab | 1 | |||||||||
| Rashtriya Jansambhavna Party | Bihar | 7 | 13 | |||||||
| Karnataka | 1 | |||||||||
| Maharashtra | 2 | |||||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 1 | |||||||||
| Rajasthan | 1 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Rashtriya Jansangharsh Swaraj Party | Jharkhand | 2 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Janutthan Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtravadi Kranti Dal | Maharashtra | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Kranti Party | Rajasthan | 1 | 5 | |||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 4 | |||||||||
| Rashtriya Krantikari Samajwadi Party | Andhra Pradesh | 1 | 4 | |||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Rajasthan | 1 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Rashtriya Lok Sarvadhikar Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Lok Dal | Uttar Pradesh | 3 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Lokswaraj Party | Chandigarh | 1 | 8 | |||||||
| Haryana | 6 | |||||||||
| Rashtriya Mazdoor Ekta Party | Haryana | 1 | 3 | |||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 2 | |||||||||
| Rashtriya Mangalam Party | Rajasthan | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Maratha Party | Maharashtra | 5 | ||||||||
| Revolutionary Marxist Party of India | Haryana | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| Rashtra Nirman Party | Haryana | 1 | 5 | |||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 3 | |||||||||
| Rashtriya Nav Nirman Bharat Party | Gujarat | 1 | ||||||||
| Republican Paksha (Khoripa) | Chhattisgarh | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Praja Congress (Secular) | Andhra Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Pragati Party | Bihar | 1 | ||||||||
| Republican Party Of India | Bihar | 1 | 8 | |||||||
| Haryana | 1 | |||||||||
| Karnataka | 1 | |||||||||
| Tamil Nadu | 1 | |||||||||
| Telangana | 1 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Republican Party Of India (Kamble) | Goa | 1 | ||||||||
| Republican Party Of India (A) | Andhra Pradesh | 5 | 33 | |||||||
| Assam | 3 | |||||||||
| Bihar | 2 | |||||||||
| Chandigarh | 3 | |||||||||
| Haryana | 1 | |||||||||
| Jharkhand | 2 | |||||||||
| Karnataka | 3 | |||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 4 | |||||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 5 | |||||||||
| Punjab | 1 | |||||||||
| Tamil Nadu | 2 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| West Bengal | 1 | |||||||||
| Republican Party Of India (KHOBRAGADE) | Andhra Pradesh | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| Telangana | 1 | |||||||||
| Republican Party of India (Reformist) | Madhya Pradesh | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| Republican Party Of India (Karnataka) | Karnataka | 4 | ||||||||
| Republican Party of India Ektavadi | Haryana | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Power Party | Gujarat | 2 | 3 | |||||||
| Rajasthan | 1 | |||||||||
| Republican Sena | Karnataka | 4 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Rashtrawadi Party | Bihar | 1 | 7 | |||||||
| Haryana | 1 | |||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 3 | |||||||||
| Rajasthan | 1 | |||||||||
| Rashtriya Apna Dal | Madhya Pradesh | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Rashtrawadi Shramjeevi Dal | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Sangail Party | Jharkhand | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Sahyog Party | Bihar | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Samaj Paksha | Gujarat | 1 | 12 | |||||||
| Karnataka | 2 | |||||||||
| Kerala | 1 | |||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Punjab | 1 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 6 | |||||||||
| Rashtriya Samanta Dal | Uttar Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Samrasta Party | NCT OF Delhi | 3 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Samta Party (Secular) | Bihar | 4 | 5 | |||||||
| Jharkhand | 1 | |||||||||
| Rashtravadi Party (Bharat) | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Revolutionary Socialist Party Of India(Marxist) | 1 | |||||||||
| Rashtriya Samajwadi Party (Secular) | Gujarat | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| Maharashtra | 1 | |||||||||
| Rashtra Sewa Dal | Bihar | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Shoshit Samaj Party | Madhya Pradesh | 2 | 7 | |||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 5 | |||||||||
| Rashtriya Samta Vikas Party | Rajasthan | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Sarvjan Vikas Party | Bihar | 2 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Azad Manch | Himachal Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Janvikas Party (Democratic) | Bihar | 1 | ||||||||
| Right to Recall Party | Gujarat | 4 | 14 | |||||||
| Jharkhand | 1 | |||||||||
| Karnataka | 1 | |||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Maharashtra | 1 | |||||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 2 | |||||||||
| Rajasthan | 3 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Rashtriya Ulama Council | Bihar | 1 | 10 | |||||||
| Maharashtra | 4 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 5 | |||||||||
| Rashtravadi Janata Party | Bihar | 2 | 4 | |||||||
| West Bengal | 2 | |||||||||
| Rashtriya Viklang Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtriya Vyapari Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtra Vikas Zumbes Party | Gujarat | 1 | ||||||||
| Rashtrawadi Chetna Party | 1 | |||||||||
| Sathi Aur Aapka Faisala Party | Bihar | 2 | ||||||||
| Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)(Simranjit Singh Mann) | Punjab | 2 | ||||||||
| Samaj Adhikar Kalyan Party | Chandigarh | 1 | 6 | |||||||
| Punjab | 5 | |||||||||
| Samajwadi Samaj Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Sabse Achchhi Party | Uttar Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| Sarvshreshth Dal | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Saman Aadmi Saman Party | Madhya Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Sabka Dal United | Uttar Pradesh | 3 | ||||||||
| Swatantra Bharat Paksha | Maharashtra | 3 | ||||||||
| Sabhi Jan Party | Uttar Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| Samaj Bhalai Morcha | 1 | |||||||||
| Swarna Bharat Party | Assam | 1 | 3 | |||||||
| Maharashtra | 1 | |||||||||
| Rajasthan | 1 | |||||||||
| Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party | Bihar | 5 | 24 | |||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 19 | |||||||||
| Socialist Party (India) | Madhya Pradesh | 1 | 3 | |||||||
| Punjab | 1 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Shiromani Akali Dal (Taksali) | Punjab | 1 | ||||||||
| Secular Democratic Congress | Karnataka | 1 | 4 | |||||||
| Kerala | 2 | |||||||||
| Telangana | 1 | |||||||||
| Social Democratic Party Of India | Andhra Pradesh | 1 | 14 | |||||||
| Karnataka | 1 | |||||||||
| Kerala | 10 | |||||||||
| Tamil Nadu | 1 | |||||||||
| West Bengal | 1 | |||||||||
| Samajwadi Forward Bloc | Andhra Pradesh | 1 | 11 | |||||||
| Karnataka | 1 | |||||||||
| Kerala | 1 | |||||||||
| Maharashtra | 1 | |||||||||
| Tamil Nadu | 1 | |||||||||
| Telangana | 6 | |||||||||
| Saaf Party | Uttar Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| Sangharsh Sena | Maharashtra | 1 | ||||||||
| Shane Hind Fourm | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Shiromani Akali Dal(Taksali) | 1 | |||||||||
| Shri Janta Party | Madhya Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Smart Indians Party | Madhya Pradesh | 4 | ||||||||
| Samajwadi Janata Dal Democratic | Bihar | 1 | ||||||||
| Samajwadi Jan Parishad | West Bengal | 1 | ||||||||
| Swatantra Jantaraj Party | Madhya Pradesh | 1 | 9 | |||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 8 | |||||||||
| Samajwadi Janata Party(Karnataka) | Karnataka | 1 | ||||||||
| Social Justice Party Of India | Telangana | 3 | ||||||||
| Sajag Samaj Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Sanjhi Virasat Party | NCT OF Delhi | 1 | ||||||||
| Sankhyanupati Bhagidari Party | Bihar | 2 | ||||||||
| Samata Kranti Dal | Odisha | 1 | ||||||||
| Satya Kranti Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Shiromani Lok Dal Party | 1 | |||||||||
| Sarvjan Lok Shakti Party | Uttar Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| Samrat Ashok Sena Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Samajik Nyaya Party | Haryana | 2 | ||||||||
| Samta Vikas Party | Madhya Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Socialist Janata Party | NCT OF Delhi | 1 | ||||||||
| Swaraj Party (Loktantrik) | Bihar | 2 | ||||||||
| Sapaks Party | Bihar | 1 | 12 | |||||||
| Haryana | 1 | |||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 10 | |||||||||
| Samajtantric Party Of India | West Bengal | 1 | ||||||||
| Samaanya Praja Party | Andhra Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Sarvadharam Party (MADHYA PRADESH) | Chhattisgarh | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Sanman Rajkiya Paksha | Maharashtra | 1 | ||||||||
| Sikkim Republican Party | Sikkim | 1 | ||||||||
| Sarvodaya Prabhat Party | NCT OF Delhi | 1 | ||||||||
| Shakti Sena (Bharat Desh) | Chhattisgarh | 1 | ||||||||
| Shoshit Samaj Dal | Bihar | 7 | ||||||||
| Samata Samadhan Party | Madhya Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Samdarshi Samaj Party | Uttar Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| Sanatan Sanskriti Raksha Dal | Madhya Pradesh | 1 | 7 | |||||||
| Maharashtra | 2 | |||||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 3 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Satya Bahumat Party | Himachal Pradesh | 1 | 7 | |||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 3 | |||||||||
| Rajasthan | 2 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Subhashwadi Bhartiya Samajwadi Party (Subhas Party) | Uttar Pradesh | 3 | ||||||||
| Socialist Unity Centre Of India (COMMUNIST) | Andhra Pradesh | 2 | 114 | |||||||
| Assam | 6 | |||||||||
| Bihar | 8 | |||||||||
| Chhattisgarh | 2 | |||||||||
| Gujarat | 2 | |||||||||
| Haryana | 4 | |||||||||
| Jharkhand | 5 | |||||||||
| Karnataka | 7 | |||||||||
| Kerala | 9 | |||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 3 | |||||||||
| Maharashtra | 1 | |||||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 1 | |||||||||
| Odisha | 8 | |||||||||
| Puducherry | 1 | |||||||||
| Punjab | 1 | |||||||||
| Rajasthan | 1 | |||||||||
| Tamil Nadu | 4 | |||||||||
| Telangana | 2 | |||||||||
| Tripura | 1 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 3 | |||||||||
| Uttarakhand | 1 | |||||||||
| West Bengal | 42 | |||||||||
| Sikkim United Front (SUF) | Sikkim | 1 | ||||||||
| Sunder Samaj Party | Chhattisgarh | 1 | ||||||||
| Samagra Utthan Party | Bihar | 1 | 7 | |||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 5 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Svatantra Bharat Satyagrah Party | Gujarat | 2 | ||||||||
| Sarvodaya Bharat Party | Chhattisgarh | 1 | 8 | |||||||
| Gujarat | 1 | |||||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Maharashtra | 2 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 3 | |||||||||
| Sarva Janata Party | Karnataka | 3 | ||||||||
| Sarv Vikas Party | Uttarakhand | 1 | ||||||||
| Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Party | Gujarat | 4 | ||||||||
| Sarvjan Sewa Party | Chandigarh | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| Punjab | 1 | |||||||||
| Swarnim Bharat Inquilab | Madhya Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Swabhiman Party | Chhattisgarh | 1 | 3 | |||||||
| Himachal Pradesh | 2 | |||||||||
| Swatantra Samaj Party | Bihar | 1 | ||||||||
| Sanyukt Vikas Party | Bihar | 1 | 6 | |||||||
| Gujarat | 3 | |||||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 1 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Tamil Nadu Ilangyar Katchi | Tamil Nadu | 16 | ||||||||
| Telangana Communist Party Of India | Telangana | 1 | ||||||||
| The Future India Party | Tamil Nadu | 1 | ||||||||
| Telangana Jana Samithi | Telangana | 2 | ||||||||
| Tamil Maanila Congress (MOOPANAR) | Tamil Nadu | 1 | ||||||||
| Tamizhaga Murpokku Makkal Katchi | Tamil Nadu | 1 | ||||||||
| Tola Party | Haryana | 1 | ||||||||
| Telangana Prajala Party | Telangana | 1 | ||||||||
| Telangana Sakalajanula Party | Telangana | 1 | ||||||||
| Tamil Telugu National Party | Tamil Nadu | 1 | ||||||||
| Telangana Yuva Shakti | Telangana | 1 | ||||||||
| Tripura Peoples Party | Tripura | 1 | ||||||||
| Universal Brotherhood Movement | Tamil Nadu | 1 | ||||||||
| United Democratic Front Secular | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| United Democratic Party | Meghalaya | 1 | ||||||||
| Uttarakhand Kranti Dal | Uttarakhand | 4 | ||||||||
| Uttarakhand Kranti Dal (Democratic) | Uttarakhand | 4 | ||||||||
| Uttarakhand Parivartan Party | Uttarakhand | 1 | ||||||||
| Ulzaipali Makkal Katchy | Tamil Nadu | 6 | ||||||||
| United People's Party, Liberia | Assam | 2 | ||||||||
| Uttarakhand Pragatisheel Party | NCT OF Delhi | 1 | 2 | |||||||
| Uttarakhand | 1 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh Navnirman Sena | Jharkhand | 1 | ||||||||
| Uttama Prajaakeeya Party | Karnataka | 27 | ||||||||
| United States Of India Party | Tamil Nadu | 1 | ||||||||
| Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi | Maharashtra | 46 | ||||||||
| Vikassheel Insaan Party | Bihar | 4 | ||||||||
| Vishwa Jana Party | Andhra Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| Vishwa Manav Samaj Kalyan Parishad | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
| Vikas Insaf Party | Uttar Pradesh | 2 | ||||||||
| Vivasayigal Makkal Munnetra Katchi | Tamil Nadu | 1 | ||||||||
| Voters Party International | Assam | 7 | 20 | |||||||
| Bihar | 6 | |||||||||
| Jharkhand | 1 | |||||||||
| NCT OF Delhi | 1 | |||||||||
| Uttar Pradesh | 5 | |||||||||
| Vyavastha Parivartan Party | Gujarat | 4 | ||||||||
| Vanchitsamaj Insaaf Party | Uttar Pradesh | 3 | ||||||||
| Vishva Shakti Party | Jharkhand | 2 | 3 | |||||||
| Madhya Pradesh | 1 | |||||||||
| Vanchit Samaj Party | Bihar | 4 | ||||||||
| Voters Party | Haryana | 2 | ||||||||
| Wazib Adhikar Party | Bihar | 1 | ||||||||
| Welfare Party Of India | West Bengal | 2 | ||||||||
| Yuva Jan Jagriti Party | Gujarat | 6 | ||||||||
| Yuva Krantikari Party | Bihar | 4 | ||||||||
| Yekikrutha Sankshema Rashtriya Praja Party | Telangana | 1 | ||||||||
| Yuva Sarkar | Gujarat | 2 | ||||||||
| Yuva Vikas Party | Uttar Pradesh | 1 | ||||||||
Voter statistics
According to the ECI, 900 million people were eligible to vote, with an increase of 84.3 million voters since the last election in 2014,[128][129] making it the largest-ever election in the world.[130] 15 million voters aged 18–19 years became eligible to vote for the first time.[131][132] 468 million eligible voters were males, 432 million were females and 38,325 identified themselves belonging to third gender. Total 71,735 overseas voters also enrolled.
The residents of the former enclaves exchanged under the 2015 India-Bangladesh boundary agreement voted for the first time.[133]
Electronic voting machines and security
The ECI deployed a total of 1.74 million voter-verified paper audit trail (VVPAT) units and 3.96 million electronic voting machines (EVM) in 1,035,918 polling stations.[134][135][136][137] Approximately 270,000 paramilitary and 2 million state police personnel provided organisational support and security at various polling booths.[138] On 9 April 2019, the Supreme Court ordered the ECI to increase VVPAT slips vote count to five randomly selected EVMs per assembly constituency, which meant that the ECI had to count VVPAT slips of 20,625 EVMs before it could certify the final election results.[139][140][141]
Voting
In the first phase, 69.58 per cent of the 142 million eligible voters cast their vote to elect their representatives for 91 Lok Sabha seats.[142] The voter turnout was 68.77 per cent in the same constituencies in the 2014 general elections.[142] In the second phase, 156 million voters were eligible to vote for 95 Lok Sabha seats and the turnout was 69.45 per cent, compared to 69.62 per cent in 2014.[142] For the third phase, 189 million voters were eligible to elect 116 Lok Sabha representatives.[142] According to ECI, the turnout for this phase was 68.40 per cent, compared to 67.15 per cent in 2014.[142] In the fourth of seven phases, 65.50 per cent of the 128 million eligible voters cast their vote to elect 72 representatives to the Indian parliament while the turnout for the same seats in the 2014 election was 63.05 per cent.[142] The fifth phase was open to 87.5 million eligible voters, who could cast their vote in over 96,000 polling booths.[143] In the sixth phase, 64.40 per cent of the 101 million eligible voters cast their vote in about 113,000 polling stations.[144]
The final turnout stood at 67.11 per cent, the highest ever turnout recorded in any of the general elections till date. The percentage is 1.16 per cent higher than the 2014 elections whose turnout stood at 65.95 per cent.[145] Over 600 million voters polled their votes in 2019 Indian General elections.
| State/UT | Total | Voter turnout by phase[142][lower-alpha 7] | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phase 1
11 April |
Phase 2
18 April |
Phase 3
23 April |
Phase 4
29 April |
Phase 5
6 May |
Phase 6
12 May |
Phase 7
19 May | ||||||||||
| Seats | Turnout (%) | Seats | Turnout (%) | Seats | Turnout (%) | Seats | Turnout (%) | Seats | Turnout (%) | Seats | Turnout (%) | Seats | Turnout (%) | Seats | Turnout (%) | |
| Andhra Pradesh | 25 | 79.70 |
25 | 79.70 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 2 | 78.47 |
2 | 78.47 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Assam | 14 | 81.52 |
5 | 78.27  |
5 | 81.19 |
4 | 85.11 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Bihar | 40 | 57.33 |
4 | 53.44 |
5 | 62.92 |
5 | 61.21 |
5 | 59.18 |
5 | 57.08 |
8 | 58.48 |
8 | 51.38 |
| Chhattisgarh | 11 | 71.48 |
1 | 66.04 |
3 | 74.95 |
7 | 70.73 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Goa | 2 | 74.94 |
– | – | – | – | 2 | 74.94 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Gujarat | 26 | 64.11 |
– | – | – | – | 26 | 64.11 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Haryana | 10 | 70.34 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 10 | 70.34 |
– | – |
| Himachal Pradesh | 4 | 70.22 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4 | 70.22 |
| Jammu and Kashmir[lower-alpha 8] | 6 | 44.97 |
2 | 57.38 |
2 | 45.66 |
1⁄3 | 13.68 |
1⁄3 | 10.32 |
11⁄3 | 19.92 |
– | – | – | – |
| Jharkhand | 14 | 66.80 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | 64.97 |
4 | 65.99 |
4 | 65.42 |
3 | 55.59 |
| Karnataka | 28 | 68.63 |
– | – | 14 | 68.80 |
14 | 68.47 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Kerala | 20 | 77.67 |
– | – | – | – | 20 | 77.67 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Madhya Pradesh | 29 | 71.10 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | 6 | 74.90 |
7 | 69.14 |
8 | 65.24 |
8 | 75.64 |
| Maharashtra | 48 | 60.79 |
7 | 63.04 |
10 | 62.85 |
14 | 62.36 |
17 | 57.33 |
– | – | – | – | – | – |
| Manipur | 2 | 82.75 |
1 | 84.20 |
1 | 81.24 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Meghalaya | 2 | 71.43 |
2 | 71.43 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Mizoram | 1 | 63.12 |
1 | 63.12 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Nagaland | 1 | 83.09 |
1 | 83.09 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Odisha | 21 | 73.06 |
4 | 73.82 |
5 | 72.56 |
6 | 71.62 |
6 | 74.38 |
– | – | – | – | – | – |
| Punjab | 13 | 65.96 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 13 | 65.96 |
| Rajasthan | 25 | 66.34 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | 13 | 68.17 |
12 | 63.71 |
– | – | – | – |
| Sikkim | 1 | 78.81 |
1 | 78.81 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Tamil Nadu[lower-alpha 9] | 38 | 72.02 |
– | – | 38 | 72.02 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Telangana | 17 | 62.71 | 17 | 62.71 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Tripura | 2 | 83.20 |
1 | 83.21 |
– | – | 1 | 83.19 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Uttar Pradesh | 80 | 59.21 |
8 | 63.92 |
8 | 62.46 |
10 | 61.42 |
13 | 59.11 |
14 | 58.00 |
14 | 54.44 | 13 | 47.82 |
| Uttarakhand | 5 | 61.48 |
5 | 61.48 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| West Bengal | 42 | 81.76 |
2 | 83.80 |
3 | 81.72 |
5 | 81.97 |
8 | 82.84 |
7 | 80.09 |
8 | 84.50 | 9 | 78.73 |
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands | 1 | 65.08 |
1 | 65.08 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Chandigarh | 1 | 70.62 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 | 70.62 |
| Dadra and Nagar Haveli | 1 | 79.59 |
– | – | – | – | 1 | 79.59 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Daman and Diu | 1 | 71.83 |
– | – | – | – | 1 | 71.83 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Delhi | 7 | 60.51 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 7 | 60.51 |
– | – |
| Lakshadweep | 1 | 84.96 |
1 | 84.96 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Puducherry | 1 | 81.21 |
– | – | 1 | 81.21 |
– | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Total | 542 | 67.11 |
91 | 69.58 |
95 | 69.45 |
1161⁄3 | 68.40 |
711⁄3 | 65.50 |
501⁄3 | 64.16 |
59 | 64.40 | 59 | 61.71 |
Turnout
State/UT-wise voter turnout details
| State/UT | Total electors | Total voters | Total turnout | Total seats |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Andaman & Nicobar Islands (UT) | 318,471 | 207,398 | 65.12% | 1 |
| Andhra Pradesh | 39,405,967 | 31,674,526 | 80.38% | 25 |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 803,563 | 659,766 | 82.11% | 2 |
| Assam | 22,050,059 | 17,992,753 | 81.60% | 14 |
| Bihar | 71,216,290 | 40,830,453 | 57.33% | 40 |
| Chandigarh (UT) | 646,729 | 456,637 | 70.61% | 1 |
| Chhattisgarh | 19,016,462 | 13,622,625 | 71.64% | 11 |
| Dadra & Nagar Haveli (UT) | 250,029 | 198,984 | 79.58% | 1 |
| Daman & Diu (UT) | 121,740 | 87,473 | 71.85% | 1 |
| Goa | 1,136,113 | 853,724 | 75.14% | 2 |
| Gujarat | 45,152,373 | 29,128,364 | 64.51% | 26 |
| Haryana | 18,057,010 | 12,701,029 | 70.34% | 10 |
| Himachal Pradesh | 5,330,154 | 3,859,940 | 72.42% | 4 |
| Jammu & Kashmir | 7,922,538 | 3,562,744 | 44.97% | 6 |
| Jharkhand | 22,404,856 | 14,966,781 | 66.80% | 14 |
| Karnataka | 51,094,530 | 35,159,448 | 68.81% | 28 |
| Kerala | 26,204,836 | 20,397,168 | 77.84% | 20 |
| Lakshadweep (UT) | 55,189 | 47,026 | 85.21% | 1 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 51,867,474 | 36,928,342 | 71.20% | 29 |
| Maharashtra | 88,676,946 | 54,111,038 | 61.02% | 48 |
| Manipur | 1,959,563 | 1,620,451 | 82.69% | 2 |
| Meghalaya | 1,914,796 | 1,367,759 | 71.43% | 2 |
| Mizoram | 792,464 | 500,347 | 63.14% | 1 |
| Nagaland | 1,213,777 | 1,007,437 | 83.00% | 1 |
| NCT of Delhi | 14,327,649 | 8,682,366 | 60.60% | 7 |
| Odisha | 32,497,762 | 23,817,169 | 73.29% | 21 |
| Puducherry (UT) | 973,410 | 790,895 | 81.25% | 1 |
| Punjab | 20,892,673 | 13,777,295 | 65.94% | 13 |
| Rajasthan | 48,955,813 | 32,476,481 | 66.34% | 25 |
| Sikkim | 434,128 | 353,415 | 81.41% | 1 |
| Tamil Nadu | 59,941,832 | 43,419,753 | 72.44% | 39 |
| Telangana | 29,708,615 | 18,646,856 | 62.77% | 17 |
| Tripura | 2,614,718 | 2,154,550 | 82.40% | 2 |
| Uttar Pradesh | 146,134,603 | 86,531,972 | 59.21% | 80 |
| Uttarakhand | 7,856,318 | 4,861,415 | 61.88% | 5 |
| West Bengal | 70,001,284 | 57,230,018 | 81.76% | 42 |
| India | 911,950,734 | 614,684,398 | 67.40% | 543 |
Opinion polls
Number of seats projected in opinion polls per alliance over time.
Indian General Election Trends - 2019
Various organisations have carried out opinion polling to gauge voting intentions in India. Results of such polls are displayed in this list. The date range for these opinion polls is from the previous general election, held in April and May 2014, to the present day. The ECI banned the release of exit polls from 11 April to 19 May, the last phase of the elections.[146] The commission also banned the publication or broadcast in the media of predictions made by astrologers and tarot card readers.[147]
| Poll type | Date published | Polling agency | Others | Majority | Ref | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NDA | UPA | ||||||
| Exit polls | India Today-Axis | 352 ± 13 | 93 ± 15 | 82 ± 13 | 70 ± 13 | [148] | |
| News24-Today's Chanakya | 350 ± 14 | 95 ± 9 | 97 ± 11 | 68 ± 14 | [149] | ||
| News18-IPSOS CNN-IBN-IPSOS |
336 | 82 | 124 | 64 | [150][151] | ||
| VDP Associates | 333 | 115 | 94 | 61 | [152] | ||
| Sudarshan News | 313 | 121 | 109 | 41 | [153] | ||
| Times Now-VMR | 306 ± 3 | 132 ± 3 | 104 ± 3 | 34 ± 3 | [154] | ||
| Suvarna News | 305 | 124 | 102 | 33 | [153] | ||
| India TV-CNX | 300 ± 10 | 120 ± 5 | 122 ± 6 | 28 ± 10 | [155] | ||
| India News-Polstrat | 287 | 128 | 127 | 15 | [156] | ||
| CVoter | 287 | 128 | 127 | 15 | [151] | ||
| News Nation | 286 | 122 | 134 | 14 | [157] | ||
| ABP-CSDS | 277 | 130 | 135 | 5 | [148] | ||
| NewsX-Neta | 242 | 164 | 137 | Hung | [151] | ||
| Opinion polls | 8 April 2019 | Times Now-VMR | 279 | 149 | 115 | 7 | [158] |
| 6 April 2019 | India TV-CNX | 275 | 126 | 142 | 3 | [159] | |
| Mar 2019 | Times Now-VMR | 283 | 135 | 125 | 11 | [160] | |
| Mar 2019 | News Nation | 270 | 134 | 139 | Hung | [161] | |
| Mar 2019 | CVoter | 264 | 141 | 138 | Hung | ||
| Mar 2019 | India TV-CNX | 285 | 126 | 132 | 13 | [162] | |
| Mar 2019 | Zee 24 Taas | 264 | 165 | 114 | Hung | [163] | |
| Feb 2019 | VDP Associates | 242 | 148 | 153 | Hung | [164] | |
| Jan 2019 | Times Now-VMR | 252 | 147 | 144 | Hung | [165] | |
| Jan 2019 | ABP News-CVoter | 233 | 167 | 143 | Hung | [166] | |
| Jan 2019 | India Today-Karvy | 237 | 166 | 140 | Hung | [167] | |
| Jan 2019 | VDP Associates | 225 | 167 | 150 | Hung | [168] | |
| Dec 2018 | India Today | 257 | 146 | 140 | Hung | [169] | |
| Dec 2018 | ABP News-CVoter | 247 | 171 | 125 | Hung | [170] | |
| Dec 2018 | India TV-CNX | 281 | 124 | 138 | 9 | [171] | |
| Nov 2018 | ABP News-CVoter | 261 | 119 | 163 | Hung | [172] | |
| Oct 2018 | ABP News | 276 | 112 | 155 | 4 | [173] | |
| Aug 2018 | India Today-Karvy | 281 | 122 | 140 | 9 | [174] | |
| May 2018 | ABP News-CSDS | 274 | 164 | 105 | 2 | [175] | |
| Jan 2018 | CVoter | 335 | 89 | 119 | 63 | ||
| Jan 2018 | India Today | 309 | 102 | 132 | 37 | [176] | |
Results
A cartogram showing the popular vote in each constituency.
Aftermath
Reactions
National
Rahul Gandhi speaks at a press conference after the announcement of results as seen from The Ridge, Shimla
Indian National Congress party leaders such as Rahul Gandhi and others conceded defeat and congratulated Modi and his party.[177] Other opposition parties and political leaders such as Sharad Pawar,[178] Mamata Banerjee and Omar Abdullah,[179] congratulated PM Modi and BJP for their victory.
On 20 November 2019 the Association for Democratic Reforms filed a petition with the Supreme Court of India over alleged ballot-counting discrepancies in the Lok Sabha voting and seeking a probe by the ECI.[180]
International
The leaders of Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burundi, Canada, China, Comoros, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Iceland, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lesotho, Lichtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mexico, Mongolia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, Nicaragua, North Korea, Nigeria, New Zealand, Oman, Pakistan, Palestine, Portugal, Qatar, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Sri Lanka, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, and Zimbabwe congratulated Narendra Modi and the BJP on their victory.[181]
Government formation
- 23 May 2019: PM Narendra Modi wins a second term with an overwhelming majority.
- 30 May 2019: PM Narendra Modi is sworn in as Prime Minister of India with 24 Cabinet Ministers, 9 MoS (Independent Charge) and 24 MoS.[182]
Swearing-in ceremony
Narendra Modi, parliamentary leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party, started his tenure after his swearing-in as the 16th Prime Minister of India on 30 May 2019. Several other ministers were also sworn in along with Modi. The ceremony was noted by media for being the first ever swearing-in of an Indian Prime Minister to have been attended by the heads of all BIMSTEC countries.
Impact
The benchmark BSE Sensex and Nifty50 indices hit intraday record highs and the Indian rupee strengthened after the exit polls and on the day the election results were announced.[183]
Timeline
Electoral timelines are as below:[184]
March 2019
- 10 March 2019: The Election Commission of India announced election scheduled to the 17th Lok Sabha.[184]
- The Model Code of Conduct comes into force.[185]
- 18 March 2019: Issue of notification for the 1st poll day.[184]
- 19 March 2019: Issue of notification for the 2nd poll day.[184]
- 25 March 2019: Last date for filing nominations for the 1st poll day.[184]
- 26 March 2019: Last date for filing nominations for the 2nd poll day.[184]
- Scrutiny of nominations filed for the 1st poll day.[184]
- 27 March 2019: Scrutiny of nominations filed for the 2nd poll day.[184]
- 28 March 2019: Issue of notification for the 3rd poll day.[184]
- Last day for withdrawal of candidature filed for the 1st poll day.[184]
- 29 March 2019: Last day for withdrawal of candidature filed for the 2nd poll day.[184]
April 2019
- 2 April 2019: Issue of notification for the 4th poll day.[184]
- 3 April 2019: Indian National Congress released their manifesto titled Congress Will Deliver.[186]
- 4 April 2019: Last date for filing nominations for the 3rd poll day.[184]
- 5 April 2019: Scrutiny of nominations filed for the 3rd poll day.[184]
- 8 April 2019: Bharatiya Janata Party released its manifesto titled Sankalpit Bharat, Sashakt Bharat.[187][188]
- Last day for withdrawal of candidature filed for the 3rd poll day.[184]
- 9 April 2019: Last date for filing nominations for the 4th poll day.[184]
- 10 April 2019: Issue of notification for the 5th poll day.[184]
- Scrutiny of nominations filed for the 4th poll day.[184]
- 11 April 2019: Polling held at 91 parliamentary constituencies spanning over 20 states for the first poll day.[184]
- 12 April 2019: Last day for withdrawal of candidature filed for the 4th poll day.[184]
- 16 April 2019: Issue of notification for the 6th poll day.[184]
- 18 April 2019: Polling held at 95 parliamentary constituencies spanning over 13 states for the second poll day.[184] (Vellore constituency election cancelled due to illegal cash deposit from Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidate.)
- Last date for filing nominations for the 5th poll day.[184]
- 20 April 2019: Scrutiny of nominations filed for the 5th poll day.[184]
- 22 April 2019: Issue of notification for the 7th poll day.[184]
- Last day for withdrawal of candidature filed for the 5th poll day.[184]
- 23 April 2019: Polling held at 117 parliamentary constituencies spanning over 14 states for the third poll day.[184]
- Last date for filing nominations for the 6th poll day.[184]
- 24 April 2019: Scrutiny of nominations filed for the 6th poll day.[184]
- 26 April 2019: Last day for withdrawal of candidature filed for the 6th poll day.[184]
- 29 April 2019: Polling held at 71 parliamentary constituencies spanning over 9 states for the fourth poll day.[184]
- Last date for filing nominations for the 7th poll day.[184]
- 30 April 2019: Scrutiny of nominations filed for the 7th poll day.[184]
May 2019
- 2 May 2019: Last day for withdrawal of candidature filed for the 7th poll day.[184]
- 6 May 2019: Polling held for 51 parliamentary constituencies in more than 7 states for the fifth polling day.[184]
- 12 May 2019: Polling held for 59 parliamentary constituencies in more than 7 states the sixth polling day.[184]
- 19 May 2019: Polling held at 59 parliamentary constituencies in more than 8 states the seventh polling day.[184]
- 23 May 2019: Counting of votes and declaration of results for all polling days.[184]
See also
Notes
- ↑ The election for the Vellore constituency was delayed and took place on 5 August 2019.
- ↑ Two seats were reserved for Anglo-Indians and filled through Presidential nomination.
- ↑ In 9 states and union territories of India – such as Arunachal Pradesh, Kerala and Uttarakhand – more women turned out to vote than men in 2019.[7]
- 1 2 The unemployment data in India is not collected on a monthly or an annual basis, rather it is determined through a sample survey once every 5 years, with a few exceptions. The survey methodology is unlike those in major world economies, and sub-classifies unemployment into categories such as "usual status unemployment" and "current status unemployment" based on the answers given by the individuals interviewed. Its methodology and results have been questioned by various scholars.[47][48][49] The report and the refusal of the BJP government to release it has been criticised by economist Surjit Bhalla.[48] According to Bhalla, the survey methodology is flawed and its results absurd, because the sample survey-based report finds that India's overall population has declined since 2011–12 by 1.2 per cent (contrary to the Census data which states a 6.7 per cent increase). The report finds that India's per cent urbanisation and urban workforce has declined since 2012, which is contrary to all other studies on Indian urbanisation trends, states Bhalla.[48] According to NSSO's report's data, "the Modi government has unleashed the most inclusive growth anywhere, and at any time in human history" – which is as unbelievable as the unemployment data it reports, states Bhalla.[48] The NSSO report suggests the inflation-adjusted employment income of casual workers has dramatically increased while those of the salaried wage-earners has fallen during the 5-years of BJP government.[48] The NSSO has also changed the sampling methodology in the latest round, state Bhalla and Avik Sarkar,[50] which is one of the likely sources of its flawed statistics and conclusions.[48]
- ↑ According to Chandra: in 2009 after the persistently dynastic Samajwadi party, the larger Biju Janata Dal ranked next, followed by the Congress party. In 2004 and 2014, Congress ranked second.[72]
- ↑ Stanley Kochanek in 1987 published about the "briefcase politics" tradition in Indian politics during the decades when the Congress party dominated Indian national politics.[114] Similarly, Rajeev Gowda and E Sridharan in 2012 have discussed the history of campaign financing laws in India and the role of black money in Indian elections.[115] Devesh Kapur and Milan Vaishnav discuss the rise of "briefcase" black money donations in India triggered by the 1969 campaign financing bans proposed and enacted by Indira Gandhi, and the campaign finance law reforms thereafter through 2017. They call the recent reforms as yielding "greater transparency than ever before, though limited".[116]
- ↑ / indicate change from the 2014 elections.
- ↑ Polling in Anantnag was scheduled over three days.
- ↑ Tamil Nadu has 39 constituencies. Polling in Vellore was cancelled and later held on 5 August 2019.
References
- ↑ "EC may announce Lok Sabha election schedule in March first week: Sources – Times of India". The Times of India. 18 January 2019. Archived from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2019.
- ↑ "2019 General Elections: Voting to be held in 7 phases from April 11 to May 19, counting on May 23". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
- ↑ "Lok Sabha Election 2019 Dates Schedule LIVE, Assembly Elections Dates For Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, 2019 Election Date Time for Polling, Counting and Results". timesnownews.com. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
- ↑ "Lok Sabha elections will begin on April 11 and polling will be held over seven phases through May 19, followed by counting of votes on May 23. Lok Sabha Election 2019 : Key Dates, Live News Updates, Election Calendar". english.manoramaonline.com. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
- ↑ At 67.1%, 2019 turnout's a record: Election Commission Archived 21 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine, The Times of India (20 May 2019)
- ↑ Polls Are Closed in India's Election: What Happens Next? Archived 19 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, Douglas Schorzman and Kai Schultz (19 May 2019)
- ↑ Women turn out in greater numbers than in previous elections Archived 21 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine, The Economic Times, Aanchal Bansal (20 May 2019)
- ↑ "India Election Results: Modi and the B.J.P. Make History". The New York Times. 23 May 2019. Archived from the original on 23 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
- ↑ "Modi thanks India for 'historic mandate'". 23 May 2019. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
- ↑ "Performance of National Parties". eci.gov.in. 23 May 2019.
- ↑ Ramani, Srinivasan (23 May 2019). "Analysis: Highest-ever national vote share for the BJP". The Hindu. Retrieved 22 December 2019 – via www.thehindu.com.
- ↑ "61 Crore Indians Voted In 2019 Lok Sabha Elections; 66% Estimated Voter Turnout". HuffPost India. 20 May 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2019.
- ↑ "Narendra Modi government will not have Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha again". India Today. Archived from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
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- Australia, Israel, Nepal and Portugal: International leaders congratulate Prime Minister Narendra Modi on purported landslide win Archived 23 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine, TimesNow News (23 May 2019)
- Austria: "Sebastian Kurz "@sebastiankurz"". Twitter. 24 May 2019. Archived from the original on 29 September 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
- Bahrain: "Bahrain News Agency "@bna_en"". Twitter. 26 May 2019. Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
- Bhutan: "PM Bhutan "@PMBhutan"". Twitter. 23 May 2019. Archived from the original on 21 May 2020. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
- Botswana: "Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"". Twitter. 29 May 2019. Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
- Brazil: "Jair M. Bolsonaro "@jairbolsonaro"". Twitter. 25 May 2019. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
- Bulgaria: "Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"". Twitter. 28 May 2019. Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
- Burundi: "Pierre Nkurunziza "@pnkurunziza"". Twitter. 23 May 2019. Archived from the original on 21 May 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
- Canada: Mall, Rattan (23 May 2019). "Trudeau congratulates Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi on his re-election". Indo-Canadian Voice. Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
- China, Japan, Pakistan, Russia: Xi, Putin and Netanyahu among first to congratulate Modi on election victory Archived 8 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine, The Economic Times (23 May 2019)
- Comoros: "Azali Assoumani "@Azali_officiel"". Twitter. 29 May 2019. Archived from the original on 21 May 2020. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
- Cyprus: "Nicos Anastasiades "@AnastasiadesCY"". Twitter. 23 May 2019. Archived from the original on 20 May 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
- Czech Republic: "Andrej Babiš "@AndrejBabis"". Twitter. 23 May 2019. Archived from the original on 20 May 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
- Estonia: "Jüri Ratas "@ratasjuri"". Twitter. 24 May 2019. Archived from the original on 21 May 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
- France: French President Macron congratulates PM Modi Archived 23 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Business Standard (23 May 2019)
- Georgia: "Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"". Twitter. 25 May 2019. Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
- Germany: "May, Merkel, Saudi Crown Prince congratulate Modi". Business Standard India. 26 May 2019. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
- Ghana: "Nana Akufo-Addo "@NAkufoAddo"". Twitter. 23 May 2019. Archived from the original on 20 May 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
- Iceland: "Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"". Twitter. 25 May 2019. Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
- Indonesia: "Joko Widodo "@jokowi"". Twitter. 24 May 2019. Archived from the original on 21 May 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
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- Italy: "Giuseppe Conte "@GiuseppeConteIT"". Twitter. 23 May 2019. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
- Jamaica: "Andrew Holness "@AndrewHolnessJM"". Twitter. 23 May 2019. Archived from the original on 20 May 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
- Kenya: "Raila Odinga "@RailaOdinga"". Twitter. 23 May 2019. Archived from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2019.
- Kuwait: "Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"". Twitter. 24 May 2019. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
- Latvia: "Krišjānis Kariņš "@krisjaniskarins"". Twitter. 24 May 2019. Archived from the original on 21 May 2020. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
- Lesotho: "Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"". Twitter. 29 May 2019. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
- Lichtenstein: "Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"". Twitter. 28 May 2019. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
- Luxembourg: "Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"". Twitter. 25 May 2019. Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
- Madagascar: "Andry Rajoelina "@SE_Rajoelina"". Twitter. 24 May 2019. Archived from the original on 21 May 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
- Malaysia: Dr M congratulates Modi on Indian election victory Archived 26 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Nation, The Star (26 May 2019)
- Maldives: "Mohamed Nasheed "@MohamedNasheed"". Twitter. 23 May 2019. Archived from the original on 21 May 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2019.
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- Singapore: Singapore PM congratulates Modi on poll victory, hopes for enhanced cooperation in digital space Archived 23 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine, PTI, Business Standard (23 May 2019)
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- United Kingdom: UK govt welcomes Modi's 'inspiring' re-election Archived 23 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine, PTI, Business Standard (23 May 2019)
- United States: Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) Archived 23 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Twitter (23 May 2019)
- Uzbekistan: "Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"". Twitter. 25 May 2019. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
- Venezuela: "Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"". Twitter. 25 May 2019. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
- Vietnam: "Raveesh Kumar "@MEAIndia"". Twitter. 23 May 2019. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
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- ↑ "Cabinet Ministers of Modi Government: Full list of ministers in Modi Cabinet 2019 | India News – Times of India". The Times of India. 30 May 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
- ↑ Lok Sabha Election Result Impact: Sensex creates history, breaches 40,000 mark to set record high Archived 23 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Zee Business (23 May 2019)
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 "Announcement of Schedule for General Elections to Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies in Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Odisha & Sikkim, 2019". Election Commission of India. 10 March 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- ↑ "Election code in force, project announcements, postings on hold". Live Mint. 11 March 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- ↑ "Congress releases manifesto for 2019 Lok Sabha elections, promises wealth and welfare". Economic Times. 3 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- ↑ "PM Modi, Amit Shah Launch BJP Manifesto Sankalp Patra". NDTV.com. 8 April 2019. Retrieved 8 April 2019.
- ↑ "BJP Manifesto 2019". Retrieved 8 April 2019.
Further reading
- Surjit S. Bhalla. Citizen Raj: Indian Elections 1952-2019 (2019 Buy Citizen Raj: Indian Elections 1952-2019 Book Online at Low Prices in India | Citizen Raj: Indian Elections 1952-2019 Reviews & Ratings - Amazon.in
- Prannoy Roy, Dorab R. Sopariwala. The Verdict: Decoding India's Elections (2019) The Verdict
External links
Media related to 2019 Indian general election at Wikimedia Commons
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