2022 Chilean constitutional referendum
4 September 2022
Do you approve the text of the New Constitution proposed by the Constitutional Convention?
Results
Choice
 Votes  %
Approve 4,860,266 38.13%
Reject 7,886,434 61.87%
Valid votes 12,746,700 97.86%
Invalid or blank votes 278,092 2.14%
Total votes 13,024,792 100.00%
Registered voters/turnout 15,173,929 85.84%
Results by commune

A constitutional referendum was held in Chile on 4 September 2022,[1] in order to determine whether the public agreed with the text of a new Political Constitution of the Republic drawn up by the Constitutional Convention. It was commonly referred to as the "exit plebiscite" (plebiscito de salida).[2][3]

The proposed constitution, which had faced "intense criticism that it was too long, too left-wing and too radical",[4] was rejected by a margin of 62% to 38%.[5][6]

Date

The election at the National Stadium in Santiago.
'Rechazo' campaign, 1 September 2022.

According to the itinerary originally proposed for the constituent process, it was estimated that the plebiscite to approve or reject the text of the new Constitution would take place in September 2021, if the Constitutional Convention met its term of nine months and did not request the three-month extension, or in March 2022, if it requested such an extension.[7] In addition, the exit plebiscite could not be held 60 days before or after another election, nor could it be held in January or February, which would have placed it on the first Sunday in March if an extension were requested.[8][9]

As a result of the postponement of the first plebiscite to 25 October 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the date of the exit plebiscite was also modified. It was projected to take place during the third quarter of 2022, in September at the latest.[10] In April 2022, it was announced that the referendum would be held on 4 September.[1]

Format

Article 142 of the 1980 Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile indicates the text of the ballot in the plebiscite:[8]

In the aforementioned plebiscite, the citizens will have an electoral card that will contain the following question ... : "Do you approve the text of the New Constitution proposed by the Constitutional Convention?". Under the question posed there will be two horizontal stripes, one next to the other. The first one will have the expression "Approve" at the bottom and the second one, the word "Reject", so that the voter can mark his preference over one of the alternatives.

— Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile of 1980, article 142

There was no contingency plan in place as to what will happen if the new constitution is rejected. Chilean human rights lawyer Dinka Benítez stated that "given that 80 percent of those who voted in the plebiscite want a new constitution, it seems that Chile … will necessarily have to find a way to have a new constitution" in some form, and that a "reject" vote would not necessarily be a death knell for constitutional reform.[11]

Proposed new constitution

Party positions

Choice Parties Political orientation Leader Ref
check Approve Apruebo Dignidad (AD) Progressivism Gabriel Boric [12]
Democratic Revolution (RD) Democratic socialism Juan Ignacio Latorre
Social Convergence (CS) Libertarian socialism Alondra Arellano
Commons Socialism of the 21st century Marco Velarde
Communist Party of Chile (PCCh) Communism Guillermo Teillier
Social Green Regionalist Federation (FREVS) Regionalism Flavia Torrealba Diaz
Humanist Action (AH) Humanism Tomás Hirsch
Unir Movement (UNIR) Progressivism Marcelo Díaz
Democratic Socialism (SD) Social democracy
Socialist Party of Chile (PS) Social democracy Paulina Vodanovic
Party for Democracy (PPD) Progressivism Natalia Piergentili
Radical Party of Chile (PR) Social liberalism Leonardo Cubillos
Liberal Party of Chile (PL) Social liberalism Vlado Mirosevic
Christian Democratic Party (PDC) Christian democracy Felipe Delpin [13]
Humanist Party (PH) Universal humanism Natalia Ibáñez [14]
Green Ecologist Party (PEV) Green politics Félix González Gatica [15]
☒ Reject Chile Vamos (ChV) Liberal conservatism Sebastián Sichel [16]
Independent Democratic Union (UDI) Conservatism Javier Macaya
National Renewal (RN) Conservatism Francisco Chahuán
Political Evolution (Evópoli) Classical liberalism Luz Poblete Coddou
Republican Party (PLR) National conservatism Rojo Edwards [17]
Party of the People (PDG) Populism Franco Parisi [18]

Opinion polls

The tables below list opinion polling results in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first and using the dates when the survey fieldwork was done, as opposed to the date of publication. Where the fieldwork dates are unknown, the date of publication is given instead. The highest percentage figure in each polling survey is displayed with its background shaded in the leading option's color. The "Lead" column on the right shows the percentage-point difference between the options in a poll.

Voting intention estimates

The table below lists weighted voting intention estimates. Refusals are generally excluded from the party vote percentages, while question wording and the treatment of "don't know" responses and those not intending to vote may vary between polling organizations.

Color key:

  Poll conducted after legal ban on opinion polls

Voting preferences

The table below lists raw, unweighted voting preferences.

Results

Results
ChoiceVotes%
For4,860,26638.13
Against7,886,43461.87
Total12,746,700100.00
Valid votes12,746,70097.86
Invalid votes200,8121.54
Blank votes77,2800.59
Total votes13,024,792100.00
Registered voters/turnout15,173,92985.84
Source: SERVEL

Analysis

Celebrations for the triumph of the Rejection of a New Constitution in Chile, 4 September 2022.

Chileans' views on the new constitution changed throughout the process of the Constitutional Convention. When the Constitutional Convention started meeting in August 2021, participants in a national poll were asked if they believed that the new constitution resulting from the process would help solve Chile's problems, have no effect, or worsen the current situation, 49% said it would have a positive effect, and 15% said it would have a negative effect. By May 2022, 36% of Chileans said that they believed the new constitution would have a positive effect, a drop from the previous poll.[19] In a study carried out by the independent think tank Espacio Público-IPSOS in July 2022, 38% of respondents believed that the new constitution would bring about several negative changes for the country, while 23% believed it would bring positive changes.[20]

Doubts about the representativeness of the Constitutional Convention's members may have led to its rejection. Respondents to Espacio Público-IPSOS' survey felt the members of the Constitutional Convention were unrepresentative of Chileans as a whole; 59% of respondents said they did not believe the composition of the Constitutional Convention was a good representation of the diversity of Chilean society, and 63% of respondents said they did not feel represented by the Constitutional Convention.[20]

Chileans were also skeptical of particular elements of the new constitution. The indigenous justice system, the plurinational state, and the role of Congress created the most concern. The language of the new constitution declared, "Chile is a Plurinational and Intercultural State that recognizes the coexistence of diverse nations and peoples within the framework of the unity of the State."[21] Regarding an indigenous justice system, the new constitution also declared that "pre-existing indigenous peoples and nations, as well as their members, are entitled to the full exercise of their collective and individual rights by virtue of their self-determination."[21] These new elements generated fears about internal divisions and competing sources of justice to the generally centrist Chilean citizenry.[22][20] Participants believed that the new constitution would worsen the sale and consumption of drugs, unemployment, poverty and political corruption.[20][23]

According to NACLA right-wing groups and conservative media in Chile led throughout the process a negative campaign that spread misinformation about the proposed constitution and the members drafting it.[24]

Aftermath

Boric announced a new process for drafting a new constitution, with Al Jazeera writing, "Most Chileans and their politicians have agreed the constitution that dates from the dictatorship must change." Boric called on the heads of all political parties for a meeting on Monday, 5 September 2022, to chart a path forward.[25] As a result of the rejection, the incumbent 1980 Constitution will remain in force, with The Guardian writing that "Chile's future looks decidedly uncertain," and that, "Boric has expressed a willingness to repeat the constitutional process, but the basis for reform is still very much up for debate."[26] Colombian president Gustavo Petro lamented the win of the rejection vote, considering that Chile had decided to "revive Augusto Pinochet".[27]

The Economist considered that "common sense" had led Chileans to reject the proposed constitution, it also called the result a "blow" for the government of Gabriel Boric.[28]

In the aftermath of the plebiscite the internal division that the Christian Democratic Party's official support for the "Approve" option had created resurfaced, with various calls for a renewed leadership, and some calling for the explusion of members who had supported the "Reject" option.[29]

See also

References

Opinion poll sources
  1. ↑ "Encuesta Atlas Chile – Plebiscito de salida para una nueva constitución" (in Spanish). 3 September 2022. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
  2. 1 2 "Chile: últimos sondeos reducen los votos a favor del rechazo al plebiscito". La República (in Spanish). 3 September 2022. Archived from the original on 3 September 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
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Other
  1. 1 2 Fuentes, Cristóbal (5 April 2022). "Ya hay fecha: plebiscito de salida para votar una nueva Constitución será el 4". La Tercera. Archived from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2022.
  2. ↑ Armaza, Christian (26 October 2020). "Plebiscito de salida: la instancia donde se aprobará o rechazará la nueva Constitución". El Día (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
  3. ↑ "Plebiscito de Salida: cuándo es y por qué es urgente". chile.as.com. 13 March 2022. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  4. ↑ Schmidt, Samantha (5 September 2022). "Chilean voters decisively reject leftist constitution". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 5 September 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  5. ↑ "Plebiscito: Chile rechaza propuesta de nueva Constitución con histórica participación de más de 12 millones de personas". La Tercera. 4 September 2022. Archived from the original on 4 September 2022. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  6. ↑ "Chile votes overwhelmingly to reject new, progressive constitution". The Guardian. 5 September 2022. Archived from the original on 5 September 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  7. ↑ "Los 17 procesos electorales que deberá atravesar Chile hasta el 2022". T13 (in Spanish). 16 November 2019. Archived from the original on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
  8. 1 2 "Constitución Política de la República de Chile". LeyChile (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
  9. ↑ "El cronograma constitucional: Los pasos que vienen tras el triunfo del Apruebo en el Plebiscito". T13 (in Spanish). 26 October 2020. Archived from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
  10. ↑ Gobierno de Chile. "Proceso constituyente" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 12 July 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
  11. ↑ Harrison, Chase (20 May 2022). "A Look at What Is—and Isn't—in Chile's Constitutional Draft". AS/COA. Archived from the original on 19 June 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
  12. ↑ Latorre, Rocío (6 June 2022). "Primeros pasos de cara al Apruebo: oficialismo establece una "instancia de coordinación" para campaña". La Tercera. Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  13. ↑ "Democracia Cristiana irá por el Apruebo en plebiscito constitucional". T13. Archived from the original on 9 July 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  14. ↑ "Instagram". Instagram. Archived from the original on 5 September 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  15. ↑ "Archived copy". Twitter. Archived from the original on 14 August 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  16. ↑ Meganoticias (4 June 2022). "Partidos de Chile Vamos hacen llamado a votar "Rechazo" en plebiscito de salida". meganoticias.cl (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 4 June 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  17. ↑ Pérez, Graciela (17 May 2022). "Republicanos es el primer partido de oposición que rechaza borrador de la Convención: "Es una mala propuesta"". La Tercera. Archived from the original on 13 August 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  18. ↑ ADN. "Partido de la Gente irá por el Rechazo en el plebiscito de nueva Constitución". ADN (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 July 2022. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  19. ↑ Nolte, Detlef (2022). Chile's Constitutional Reform Process Rebooted. GIGA Focus Lateinamerika. Vol. 4. Hamburg: German Institute for Global and Area Studies (GIGA) - Leibniz-Institut für Globale und Regionale Studien, Institut für Lateinamerika-Studien. doi:10.57671/gfla-22042.
  20. 1 2 3 4 "¿Cómo vemos el proceso constituyente?: Miradas a un momento histórico" (PDF). July 2022.
  21. 1 2 Tricot, Tokichen (2 April 2022). "Chile moving toward a plurinational State". Latinoamérica 21. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  22. ↑ Stuenkel, Oliver. "Chile's Rejection of the New Constitution Is a Sign of Democratic Maturity". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  23. ↑ "Why Did Chileans Reject the Draft Constitution?". NACLA. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
  24. ↑ "Far Right Holds Chile Hostage". NACLA. 23 May 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  25. ↑ "Chile says emphatic no to proposed new constitution in referendum". Archived from the original on 5 September 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  26. ↑ "Chile votes overwhelmingly to reject new, progressive constitution". TheGuardian.com. 5 September 2022. Archived from the original on 5 September 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  27. ↑ Forbes Staff (5 September 2022). "'Revivió Pinochet': Petro tras la victoria del rechazo a la nueva constitución en Chile". Forbes Colombia. Archived from the original on 5 September 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  28. ↑ "Common sense prevails as Chileans reject a new constitution". The Economist. 5 August 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
  29. ↑ Muñoz, José; Saéz, Diego (10 October 2022). "Democracia Cristiana discute pasos a seguir para revertir crisis interna del partido". Radio Bío-Bío (in Spanish). Retrieved 1 October 2022.

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