The Arm Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) is an open-standard, on-chip interconnect specification for the connection and management of functional blocks in system-on-a-chip (SoC) designs. It facilitates development of multi-processor designs with large numbers of controllers and components with a bus architecture. Since its inception, the scope of AMBA has, despite its name, gone far beyond microcontroller devices. Today, AMBA is widely used on a range of ASIC and SoC parts including applications processors used in modern portable mobile devices like smartphones. AMBA is a registered trademark of Arm Ltd.^[1]

AMBA was introduced by Arm in 1996. The first AMBA buses were the Advanced System Bus (ASB) and the Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB). In its second version, AMBA 2 in 1999, Arm added AMBA High-performance Bus (AHB) that is a single clock-edge protocol. In 2003, Arm introduced the third generation, AMBA 3, including Advanced eXtensible Interface (AXI) to reach even higher performance interconnect and the Advanced Trace Bus (ATB) as part of the CoreSight on-chip debug and trace solution. In 2010 the AMBA 4 specifications were introduced starting with AMBA 4 AXI4, then in 2011^[2] extending system-wide coherency with AMBA 4 AXI Coherency Extensions (ACE). In 2013^[3] the AMBA 5 Coherent Hub Interface (CHI) specification was introduced, with a re-designed high-speed transport layer and features designed to reduce congestion. These protocols are today the de facto standard for embedded processor bus architectures because they are well documented and can be used without royalties.

Design principles

AMBA AXI handshake

An important aspect of an SoC is not only which components or blocks it houses, but also how they interconnect. AMBA is a solution for the blocks to interface with each other.

The objective of the AMBA specification is to:

• facilitate right-first-time development of embedded microcontroller products with one or more CPUs, GPUs or signal processors,
• be technology independent, to allow reuse of IP cores, peripheral and system macrocells across diverse IC processes,
• encourage modular system design to improve processor independence, and the development of reusable peripheral and system IP libraries
• minimize silicon infrastructure while supporting high performance and low power on-chip communication.

AMBA protocol specifications

The AMBA specification defines an on-chip communications standard for designing high-performance embedded microcontrollers. It is supported by Arm Limited with wide cross-industry participation.

The AMBA 5 specification defines the following buses/interfaces:

• AXI5, AXI5-Lite and ACE5 Protocol Specification
• Advanced High-performance Bus (AHB5, AHB-Lite)
• Coherent Hub Interface (CHI) ^[3]
• Distributed Translation Interface (DTI)
• Generic Flash Bus (GFB)

The AMBA 4 specification defines following buses/interfaces:

• AXI Coherency Extensions (ACE) - widely used on the latest Arm Cortex-A processors including Cortex-A7 and Cortex-A15
• AXI Coherency Extensions Lite (ACE-Lite)
• Advanced Extensible Interface 4 (AXI4)
• Advanced Extensible Interface 4 Lite (AXI4-Lite)
• Advanced Extensible Interface 4 Stream (AXI4-Stream v1.0)
• Advanced Trace Bus (ATB v1.1)
• Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB4 v2.0)
• AMBA Low Power Interfaces (Q-Channel and P-Channel)

AMBA 3 specification defines four buses/interfaces:

• Advanced eXtensible Interface (AXI3 or AXI v1.0) - widely used on Arm Cortex-A processors including Cortex-A9
• Advanced High-performance Bus Lite (AHB-Lite v1.0)
• Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB3 v1.0)
• Advanced Trace Bus (ATB v1.0)

AMBA 2 specification defines three buses/interfaces:

• Advanced High-performance Bus (AHB) - widely used on ARM7, ARM9 and Arm Cortex-M based designs
• Advanced System Bus (ASB)
• Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB2 or APB)

AMBA specification (First version) defines two buses/interfaces:

• Advanced System Bus (ASB)
• Advanced Peripheral Bus (APB)

The timing aspects and the voltage levels on the bus are not dictated by the specifications.

AMBA products

A family of synthesizable intellectual property (IP) cores AMBA Products is licensable from Arm Limited that implement a digital bus in an SoC for the efficient moving and storing of data using the AMBA protocol specifications. The AMBA family includes AMBA Network Interconnect (CoreLink NIC-400), Cache Coherent Interconnect (CoreLink CCI-500), SDRAM memory controllers (CoreLink DMC-400), DMA controllers (CoreLink DMA-230, DMA-330), level 2 cache controllers (L2C-310), etc.

A number of manufacturers utilize AMBA buses for non-Arm designs. As an example Infineon uses an AMBA bus for the ADM5120 SoC based on the MIPS architecture.

Competitors

• Wishbone from OpenCores – Free and open bus architecture (formerly from Silicore)
• CoreConnect bus technology from IBM, used in IBM's embedded PowerPC, but also in many other SoC-like systems with the Xilinx MicroBlaze or similar cores
• IPBus by IDT
• Avalon – proprietary bus system by Altera for use in their Nios II SoCs^[5]
• Open Core Protocol (OCP) from Accellera
• HyperTransport (HT) from AMD (though this is an off-chip interface, not on-chip bus)
• QuickPath Interconnect (QPI) by Intel (though this is an off-chip interface, not on-chip bus)
• virtual share from PICC - free and open source
• TileLink - Free and open bus architecture from CHIPS Alliance^[6]

See also

• Functional specification
• Master/slave (technology)
• Network on a chip, an alternative to bus-based architectures

References

External links

• Arm Developer AMBA Homepage - from Arm
• AMBA Specification home page - of ARM
• AMBA of ARM
• AMBA Documentation - from ARM
  • AMBA 2 Specification including AHB - from ARM
  • AMBA AXI and ACE Protocol Specification AXI3, AXI4, and AXI4-Lite, ACE and ACE-Lite - from ARM
  • AMBA APB Specification including APB4, APB3, APB2 - from ARM