Abbad ibn Bishr al-Awsi
Native name
عباد بن بشر
Born33 years before Hijri year
Medina, Hejaz
Died632
Al-Yamama
Relations
  • Bishr ibn Waqsh (father)
    Fatima bint Bishr bin Uday Al-Khazrajiyah (mother)[1]
    Banu Aws branch of 'Abd al-Ash'al tribe (clan)
    Azd (tribe)
Other workFirst chain narrator of Hadith
Ulama
Zakat and tax collector
Military career
AllegianceMedina
Rashidun Caliphate
Service/branchRashidun army

ʿAbbād ibn Bishr (Arabic: عباد بن بشر) (c.597–632) was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.[2] After the Hijrah of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca, Abbad and his clansmen were given name of Ansar for their assistance to gave shelter to the Muslims who came to their town. His Kunya or Teknonymy were Abu al-Rabi'.

Background

Banu Aws branches

Abbad ibn Bishr came from banu 'Abd al-Ash'al clan, a sub branch of Banu Aws, an immigrant clan from Yemen which descended from Azd and settled in Yathrib, leaving their homeland due to a great flood in Yemen[3] around 300 AD.[4] The Azdian Yathrib settler, which consisted of Aws and Banu Khazraj were widely known in Arabia before Islam as warlike peoples with full battle experiences, particularly the Aws, which was deemed by historian as the more military minded of the two.[3]

The Medinese, which consisted of Aws and Khazraj, along with their Jewish allies, Banu Nadir, Banu Qurayza, and Banu Qaynuqa, were involved in degenerating years of warfare such as battle of Sumair, battle of Banu Jahjaha of Aus-Banu Mazin of Khazraj, battle of Sararah day, battle of Banu Wa'il ibn Zayd, battle of Zhufr-Malik, battle of Fari', battle of Hathib, battle of Rabi' day, first battle of Fijar in Yathrib (not Fijar war between Qays with Kinana in Mecca[5]), battle of Ma'is, battle of Mudharras. and second battle of Fijar in Yathrib.[5] The Medinese also even contacted against foreign invaders came from outside Hejaz, including such as Shapur II of Sasanian Empire in relatively vague result,[6] and also in successful defense against Himyarite Kingdom under their sovereign, Tabban Abu Karib,[7][8] who also known as Dhu al-Adh'ar.[9] However, the most terrible conflict for both Aws and Khazraj were a civil war called the battle of Bu'ath, which leave bitter taste for both clans, and caused them to grew weary of war, due to the exceptionally high level of violence, even by their standards, and the needless massacres that occurred during that battle.[5][3]

Thus, in search of enlightenments and seeking arbitration from third party, the Yathribese then pledge their allegiance to Muhammad, a Qurayshite Meccan who preach new faith of Islam during the Medinese pilgrimage to Kaaba time.[10] As Muhammad managed to convince many notables of both Aws and Khazraj, which also included Abbad ibn Bishr who personally convinced by a Muhajirun named Mus'ab ibn Umayr[1] of his cause on his new faith, the chieftains of both Aws and Khazraj tribe, particularly Sa'd ibn Mu'adh, Usaid Bin Hudair, Saʽd ibn ʽUbadah, and As'ad ibn Zurara agreed to embrace Islam and appoint Muhammad as arbitrator and de facto leader of Medina.[8][3] In no time, Abbad and other Yathribese agreed to provide shelter for Meccan Muslims who has been persecuted by Quraysh polytheists, while also agreeing to change their city name from Yathrib to Medina, as Yathrib has bad connotation in Arabic.[8]

Biography

Burton's "Pilgrimage" illustration of Muslims Hijrah to Medina

As Abbad ibn Bishr embraced Islam and pledged his loyalty to Muhammad, he immediately instructed to be paired with one of Muhajirun as sworn brother, which is Abu Hudhayfa ibn Utba.[1] Thus, Hereafter the arrival of Muslims of Mecca, Abbad served in various military campaign, where he along with other Ansaris and Muhajirun fought the first pitched battle were fought at the Battle of Badr in March 624.[11][1] Later in the same year, after the Muslims defeated the Qaynuqa tribe in April as the Jewish tribe has been accused of treachery,[12]

Approximately in the month of September, Muhammad ibn Maslamah were sent by Muhammad along with some of his kinsmen and allied tribe of Aws in a mission to assassinate Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf, one of Banu Nadir clansmen who conspired against Muhammad.[13] Ibn Maslamah bring along some of his Aws clansmen including Abbad, and several other clan member that historically count as allies of Banu Aws, such as Banu Sulaym, Banu Mustaliq, and Banu Khuza'ah.[1] Ibn Maslamah pretended to Ibn al-Ashraf that he needed a loan and offered to leave his weapons with him as security. Ibn al-Ashraf therefore came out to meet him and four others by night when they were fully armed, as Ka'b instructed the gate guards to allow Ibn Maslama and his colleagues to bring out the weapons.[13] Then, as the unsuspecting Ka'b lowered his guard, The assassin group led by Ibn Maslama immediately struck him and killed him with their weapons,[14] followed by Ibn Maslama, Abbad, and their colleagues managed to escape undetected within the night, as the tribes of Ka'b only learned the death of Ka'b on tomorrow, as they found the corpse of Ka'b lying on the ground.[13]

In the year 625 (four years after hijra), The Muslims engaged in the expedition of Dhat al-Riqa as an effort of pre-emptive attack as Muhammad received news that the Ghatafan tribe in Najd were planning to attack Medina.[15] In preemption, he assembled a detachment of over four hundred men including Abbad ibn Bishr. Arriving at Najd, they found the men of the tribes had fled to the hills. When the time of obligatory evening prayer came, Muhammad feared an ambush so he arranged the Muslims in ranks and divided them into two groups and performed salatul-khawf (emergency prayer of during conflict). As the Ghatafan witnessed the disciplined and vigilant rank of Muslim, they immediately cease their plan to attack the Muslims and stay at their position.[15] After Muhammad saw the Ghatafan would not come down to face them, he immediately commanding the Muslims to depart.[15] Then, as the Muslims packed their camp to return, Muhammad appointed Abbad ibn Bishr and Ammar ibn Yasir, whom Muhammad had paired as sworn-brothers, to patrol at night on the rear guard so they can alert the Muslims if there are any attempts from Ghatafan to ambush them during their departure.[15] Thus, Ammar sleep a while and it is Abbad turn to stay on guard, Abbad performing night non-obligatory prayer to fill his duty time.[15] Meanwhile, Abbad and Ammar were monitored by Ghatafan scout from afar, who in turn shooting his arrow to Abbad, who at that time were standing in his prayer.[15] Ammar then wake up and terrified that he see Abbad were still standing in his prayer, while several arrows stuck on his body, while the Ghatafan scout has been away according to Abbad after he finished his prayer.[15] Then both returned to Medina as the Muslim army have packed.[16]

Later, Abbad were tasked by Muhammad to manage the massive spoils of war on the aftermath of the battle of Hunayn, which consisted tens of thousand of camels, sheep and goats, along with thousands Uqiyyah of gold ingots.[1]

Abbad were involved in all military operations led by Muhammad and were tasked as Zakat collector for the tribe of Sulaym, Mustaliq, and Khuza'ah while not undergoing military operations.[1]

Death

Abbad was killed fighting the forces of Musailma at the battle of Yamamah in 632. Before the battle, he observed the lack of mutual confidence between the Muhajirin and Ansar, realized the campaign would fail unless they were separately regimented, and distinguished those who bore their responsibility and were steadfast in combat. When the battle commenced, Abbad ibn Bishr stood on a mound and shouted:

"O Ansar, distinguish yourselves among men. Destroy your scabbards. And do not forsake Islam."

Abbad gathered about four hundred men from the Ansar and launched an offensive into the enemy ranks, forcing their retreat to the garden of death, where Abbad ibn Bishr was mortally wounded. Although the battle was a victory for the Muslims, twelve hundred of their force were killed. So numerous were Abbad's wounds, that he was hardly recognizable. Although he passed at a young age, Abbad contributed much to the strength of the early Muslim community, and his life and martyrdom continue to inspire followers of Islam the world over.

Appraisal

Aishah bint Abi Bakr, wife of Muhammad narrated a Hadith from her husband praising Abbad: "There are three persons among the Ansar whom no one could excel in virtue: Sa'd ibn Mu'adh, Usaid Bin Hudair, and Abbad ibn Bishr.", Rather, another narration tells "...Among the best ansar were banu Ash'al... and the best of banu Ash'al are Sa'd ibn Mu'adh, Usaid ibn Hudair, and Abbad ibn Bishr...".[3]

In another narration, Anas ibn Malik said, "Usaid ibn Hudair and Abbad ibn Bishr were with the Prophet (Muhammad) [in his house]."[17]

Abbad also mostly known for his narration of a purview hadith regarding the virtues of Medinese Ansaris During the aftermath of the battle of Hunayn, which solidified the Ansaris status in scholarly view.[18] In the hadith, Muhammad has dubbed that loving and caring the Ansars and their descendants as a sign of faith, while disliking and not caring the Ansars and their descendants as a sign of Hypocrisy and faithless, thus prompting scholars of Islam, both classical and contemporary, to observe the context of this hadith that Ansaris relevance in Islam is a major section within Islam systemic belief, regardless the era.[18]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ibn Sa'd 1990
  2. ↑ Zirikli 2002, p. 257.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Al-Mishri, Mahmud; Karimi, Izzudin; Syuaeb al-Faiz, Mohammad (2010). "Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas". Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah: chapter Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas (in Malay). Pustaka Ibnu Katsir. ISBN 9789791294393. Retrieved 28 November 2021.Khalid Zeed Abdullah Basalamah (2015). bedah buku Kisah Sahabat Nabi ﷺ Ke-8: Sa'ad bin Abi Waqqash; review of Sahabat-sahabat Rasulullah book (in Indonesian and Arabic). Jakarta, Java Island. Sahih Bukhari; Sahih Muslim; Siyar A'lam Nubala
  4. ↑ Muir 1858, p. ccxxx.
  5. 1 2 3 Ali 2019, pp. 98–101
  6. ↑ Labīb Rizq 1993, p. 16
  7. ↑ Avigdor Chaikin 1899
  8. 1 2 3 bin Hisham ibn Ayyub al-Himyari al-Mu'afiri al-Baṣri, Abd al-Malik (2019). Sirah ibn Hisham (in Indonesian). Translated by Ikhlas Hikmatiar. Qisthi Press. Retrieved 6 December 2021.Sirah Nabawiyyah Ke 3 - Masuknya Agama Yahudi dan Nasrani ke Jazirah Arab (3rd Sirah Nabawiyyah - The Entry of Judaism and Christianity to the Arabian Peninsula) Book review by Khalid Basalamah's channel on YouTube
  9. ↑ Ali 2019, p. 145
  10. ↑ Abū Khalīl 2004, p. 85, "The second Pledge of Al-'Aqabah (the pledge of war) was: "Blood is blood and blood not to be paid for is blood not to be paid for. I am of you and you are of me. I will war against them that war against you, and be at peace with those and peace with you""
  11. ↑ Mubarakpuri 1995, p. 250
  12. ↑ Waqidi 2011
  13. 1 2 3 Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri (1995). Sealed Nectar. the University of Michigan. p. 250. Retrieved 28 November 2021.Fadlan Fahamsyah (2020). Sahabat Nabi MUHAMMAD BIN MASLAMAH Radhiyallahu 'anhu (in Indonesian and Arabic). Surabaya, Java Island. Event occurs at 13m31s-46m30s.
  14. ↑ Montgomery Watt, W. "Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf". In P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Peperangangan Dzat ar-Riqa'" [Clash of Dhat ar-Riqa]. Al Manhaj (in Indonesian and Arabic). Al Manhaj. 2010. Retrieved 6 December 2021. majalah As-Sunnah Edisi 07/Tahun XIV/1431H/2010. Diterbitkan Yayasan Lajnah Istiqomah Surakarta, Jl. Solo – Purwodadi Km.8 Selokaton Gondangrejo Solo 57183 Telp. 0271-761016
  16. ↑ Salabi 2021, p. 395
  17. ↑ al-Bukhari, Muhammad (2021). "Virtue of Abbad ibn Bishr and Usaid ibn Hudair" (Ebook). Encyclopedia of Sahih Al-Bukhari. Arabic Virtual Translation Center. p. Hadith No. 3594. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  18. 1 2 Tahdzib al-Kamal oleh al-Mizzi – Abbad bin Bisyr bin Waqasy Archived 2017-02-02 at the Wayback Machine

Sources

See also

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