Abutilon theophrasti
Abutilon theophrasti
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Genus: Abutilon
Species:
A. theophrasti
Binomial name
Abutilon theophrasti

Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf, velvet plant, velvetweed, Chinese jute,[1] China jute, crown weed, buttonweed, lantern mallow, butterprint, pie-marker, or Indian mallow) is an annual plant in the family Malvaceae that is native to southern Asia. Its specific epithet theophrasti commemorates the ancient Greek botanist-philosopher Theophrastus.[2] Abutilon theophrasti is the type species of the genus Abutilon.

Description

Velvetleaf grows 3–8 feet tall on branched stout stems. Their stems are covered in downy hairs. It is an annual that grows during the warmer seasons, germinating in the spring and flowering in the summer. The leaves are large and heart-shaped with pointed tips at their ends, and they grow alternately at different points along the length of the stem. The leaves are attached to thick, long stems, and when crushed, they release an odor.[3]

Its flowers are yellow and grow up to an inch in diameter with five petals attached at the base. The flowers grow on stalks and can either be found in clusters or individually where the stalk meets the leaf stem.[3]

Pod-like capsules produced by the plant consist of 12-15 wood segments that form cup-like rings. Through the maturation of the seeds, the segments remain joined, and upon maturation, the mature seeds are released through vertical slits on the outside of the capsule.[3]

Flower and leaves
Abutilon theophrasti - MHNT
Schizocarp on a plant that grew in California.
Seedling

Biology

Reproduction

During reproduction, the plant generates a number of seeds ranging between 700 and 44,200 units per plant. The seeds take 17–22 days to mature once pollinated. Seeds can last for about 50 years when stored in a dry location or in the soil. In order to disperse the seeds for reproduction, each carpel in the plant is opened with a vertical slit along the outer edge. For successful germination of the seeds, the temperature must range between 24-30 °C.[4] Velvet plants are able to grow in various types of soil, from gray-brown podzols and sandy to clay loams with an ideal soil pH range between 6.1 and 7.8, depending on location.[5]

Cultivation and medicinal uses

Velvetleaf has been grown in China since around 2000 BCE for its strong, jute-like bast fibre.[6] The plant is known as maabulha in the Maldives and its leaves were part of the traditional Maldivian cuisine, usually finely chopped and mixed with Maldives fish and grated coconut in a dish known as mas huni.[7] The seeds are eaten in China and Kashmir.[8] The plant is also used to make ropes, coarse cloth, nets, paper, and caulk for boats, and is still cultivated in China to this day.[9] Velvetleaf is used in Chinese traditional medicine as a treatment for dysentery and to treat eye injuries, including opacity of the cornea.[10] The leaves of the velvet leaf contain 0.01% of rutin and are used for a soothing, lubricant treatment that softens irritated tissues. When the leaves are softened, they can be used as a remedy for ulcers. The bark of Velvetleaf can reduce the flow of bodily fluids such as blood, secretions, and mucous, and promote the flow of urine.[11]

Invasive species

In the midwestern and northeastern regions of the US, eastern Canada, and the Eastern Mediterranean, A. theophrasti is considered a damaging weed to agricultural crops, especially corn and soybeans.[12]

Since being introduced to North America in the 18th century, velvetleaf has become an invasive species in agricultural regions of the eastern and midwestern United States. It is one of the most detrimental weeds to corn, causing decreases of up to 34% of crop yield if not controlled and costing hundreds of millions of dollars per year in control and damage. Velvetleaf is an extremely competitive plant, so much so that it can steal nutrients and water from crops.[13] Because of the season it germinates in, the plant matures right before the fall harvest in farms.

Velvetleaf is a tall plant that can cause the shorter crops around it to not thrive by severely reducing light penetration to them. Not only does it affect crop plants by starving them of light, but it also houses different diseases and pests of crops like corn, cotton, soybeans, and others. Examples of pests and diseases that Velvetleaf harbors are maize pests, tobacco pests, and soybean diseases.

When destroyed, the plant releases a chemical odor that is also known to be harmful to surrounding crops when released into the soil by inhibiting the germination of crop seeds.[3] In order to eradicate Velvetleaf, individual plants should be dug up or pulled out manually and not tilled or plowed to avoid seed germination. The plant can also be mowed while it is still small.[3] Additionally, Velvetleaf is controllable by herbicides.

This species is typically found in areas where the soil had been disturbed. This causes the dormant seeds in the soil to be brought closer to the surface, allowing for growth when the soil is at an optimally warm temperature.[14]

Threats to A. theophrasti

Different predators and pathogens affect velvetleaf at different life stages of the plant. Examples of threats include but are not limited to:[4]

Organism of Harm Type of Threat Effect on A. theophrasti
Verticillium dahliae Wilt pathogen Necrosis of leaves

Reduces seed production

Helicoverpa zea Insect Reduces seed production
Heliothis virescens Insect Reduces seed production
Liorhyssus hyalinus Insect Reduces seed production
Niesthrea louisianica Insect Reduces seed production
Althaeus folkertsi Insect Reduces seed production
Phomopsis longicolla Pathogen Red-brown lesions on lower stem and root area growing in soybean fields
Turnip mosaic virus Pathogen Causes severe mosaic symptoms
Peromyscus maniculatus Rodent Reduces seed production through consumption[10]
Peromyscus leucopus Rodent Reduces seed production through consumption[10]

References

  1. ↑ "velvetweed" in The Columbia-Viking Desk Encyclopedia (1953), New York: Viking.
  2. ↑ De Ruff, Robert. "A short description of Abutilon theophrasti". Plants of Upper Newport Bay.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Velvetleaf Identification and Control Abutilon theophrasti". KingCounty. September 18, 2018.
  4. 1 2 "Abutilon theophrasti (velvet leaf)". www.cabi.org. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
  5. ↑ "Canadian Science Publishing". Canadian Journal of Plant Science. doi:10.4141/cjps88-127.
  6. ↑ "Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)". www.illinoiswildflowers.info.
  7. ↑ Xavier Romero-Frias, The Maldive Islanders, A Study of the Popular Culture of an Ancient Ocean Kingdom, Barcelona 1999, ISBN 84-7254-801-5
  8. ↑ "Velvetleaf". Written Findings of the State Noxious Weed Control Board - Class A Weed. February 2000. Archived from the original on 2006-06-16.
  9. ↑ Steckel, Larry (July 2007). "Velvetleaf" (PDF). The University of Tennessee.
  10. 1 2 3 Mahr, Susan. "Velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti". Wisconsin Horticulture Division of Extension. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
  11. ↑ "Abutilon theophrasti China Jute, Velvetleaf, Butterprint Buttonweed Jute, China Mallow, Indian Velvet Leaf PFAF Plant Database". pfaf.org. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
  12. ↑ Hameed A. Baloch, Antonio DiTommaso and Alan K. Watson. "Intrapopulation variation in Abutilon theophrasti seed mass and its relationship to seed germinability" (PDF). Seed Science Research (2001) 11, 335–343. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-28.
  13. ↑ Davis, K. Renner, C. Sprague, L. Dyer, D. Mutch (2005). Integrated Weed Management. MSU
  14. ↑ "Velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti". Master Gardener Program. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
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