Two older adults dancing. The activity theory states that optimal aging occurs when individuals participate in activities, pursuits, and relationships.

The activity theory of aging, also known as the implicit theory of aging, normal theory of aging, and lay theory of aging, proposes that aging occurs with more positive outcomes when adults stay active and maintain social interactions as they get older.[1] Activity theory suggests that the aging process is slowed or delayed, and quality of life is enhanced when the elderly remain socially active (attending or hosting events or pursuits that bring members of a community together to interact with each other).[2] Book clubs, club sports, barbeques, volunteer work, fitness classes, brunch dates, holiday celebrations and protests are just a few examples of how people maintain a healthy social life, which the activity theory of aging reports contributes to overall health in later life.

The theory assumes a positive relationship between activity and life satisfaction. One author suggests that activity enables older adults to adjust to retirement in a more seamless and less stressful fashion. This is coined as "the busy ethic".[3]

Activity theory reflects the functionalist perspective that argues the equilibrium an individual develops in middle age should be maintained in later years. The theory predicts that older adults that face role loss will substitute former roles with other alternatives.[4]

The activity theory is one of three major psychosocial theories which describe how people develop in old age. The other two psychosocial theories are the disengagement theory, with which the activity comes to odds, and the continuity theory which modifies and elaborates upon the activity theory.[5]

Though in recent years the acceptance activity theory has diminished, it is still used as a standard to compare observed activity and life satisfaction patterns.[4]

History

The activity theory rose in opposing response to the disengagement theory.[6] The activity theory and the disengagement theory were the two major theories that outlined successful aging in the early 1960s.[4] The theory was developed by Robert J. Havighurst in 1961.[1] In 1964, Bernice Neugarten asserted that satisfaction in old age depended on active maintenance of personal relationships and endeavors.[6]

In social science research

The activity theory has been found useful in various qualitative and quantitative research settings, with social scientists exploring the impact of activity on aspects of the aging life.

Historically, activity participation among aging populations has been well explained in research, yet the interaction of determinants like personality and health are seldom included.[7] One quantitative study aimed to fill this gap by analyzing the effects of extraverted personality on aging activity levels through addressing its interaction with physical and mental health.[7] Through a series of telephone interviews in Hong Kong, China, a sample of 304 adults over the age of 50 were surveyed on perceived physical and mental health, level of extraversion, and level of activity. The associations between activity level and each variable were examined by comparing results with low, moderate, and high activity levels of extraverted individuals. Findings of this study reveal that there is a strong, positive correlation between extraversion and activity level, with participants indicating that a high activity level was most likely paired with the perception of good mental and physical health.[7]

Another study analyzed the aging population's ability to "describe a friend" by utilizing the theory of mind, which describes an individual's capacity to understand other people by ascribing mental states to them.[8] This research aimed to investigate the relationship between activity level, older people's social relationships, and their associated theory of mind.[8] 72 participants aged 60–79 from northern Italy were recruited to describe their best friend, with stories being transcribed and coded based on the level of detailed vocabulary used. This was followed with a questionnaire that examined the participants' activity level and cognitive functioning. Findings revealed that, although data was variable among the sample group, there was a slight positive correlation between high activity level, high affinity to social relationships, and ability to utilize theory of mind.[8]

A different qualitative study aimed to investigate the impact of an intergenerational exchange between undergraduate students and nursing home residents on the social engagement and self-esteem of the elderly.[9] 13 older adult participants residing in an assisted living community in the rural Rocky Mountains were surveyed about their preferences of entertainment from childhood. From this survey, undergraduate researchers chose and viewed two movies with their paired participants. Nursing home residents were then interviewed about their level of enjoyment or disdain from the movie-viewing experience. Results of this study show a positive correlation among meaningful intergenerational exchanges, use of activity theory, and social engagement in the aging population.[9]

Overall, these research findings, among others, have provided important evidence for social scientists to inform policy making and service provision that supports active aging.[7]

Critics of Activity Theory

The critics of the activity theory state that it overlooks inequalities in health and economics that hinders the ability for older people to engage in such activities. Also, some older adults do not desire to engage in new challenges.[10]

References

  1. 1 2 Loue, Sana; Sajatovic, Martha; Koroukian, Siran M. (2008). Encyclopedia of aging and public health. Springer reference. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-33754-8.
  2. ↑ "The vanishing point of resemblance", The Turn to Biographical Methods in Social Science, Routledge, pp. 108–126, 2002-09-11, ISBN 978-0-203-46604-9, retrieved 2023-06-30
  3. ↑ Ekerdt, D. J. (June 1986). "The busy ethic: moral continuity between work and retirement". The Gerontologist. 26 (3): 239–244. doi:10.1093/geront/26.3.239. ISSN 0016-9013. PMID 3721229.
  4. 1 2 3 Schulz, Richard, ed. (2006). Encyclopedia of aging: a comprehensive resource in gerontology and geriatrics. New York, NY: Springer. ISBN 978-0-8261-4843-8.
  5. ↑ Guttman, Minerva S. (January 2012). "Ebersole & Hess' Gerontological Nursing and Healthy Aging(3rd ed.), by Theris A. Touhy and Kathleen Jett". Activities, Adaptation & Aging. 36 (1): 83–84. doi:10.1080/01924788.2012.647593. ISSN 0192-4788.
  6. 1 2 Darzins, Peteris (December 2000). "Handbook of Theories of Aging Vern L. Bengtson and K. Warner Schaie (Eds.). New York: Springer Publishing Company, 1999, 516 pp., $US 54.95". International Psychogeriatrics. 12 (4): 560–561. doi:10.1017/s1041610200226665. ISSN 1041-6102.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Lai, Daniel W. L.; Qin, Nan (12 December 2018). "Extraversion personality, perceived health and activity participation among community-dwelling aging adults in Hong Kong". PLOS ONE. 13 (12): e0209154. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1309154L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209154. PMC 6291235. PMID 30540853.
  8. 1 2 3 Lecce, Serena; Ceccato, Irene; Cavallini, Elena (2 September 2019). "Theory of mind, mental state talk and social relationships in aging: The case of friendship". Aging & Mental Health. 23 (9): 1105–1112. doi:10.1080/13607863.2018.1479832. PMID 30482047. S2CID 53754444.
  9. 1 2 Lovell, Elyse D’nn; Casey, Melissa; Randall, Logan; Isaacson, Charlena; Bell, Michaela; Fox, Heidi; Stephenson, Kathryn; Scott, Alexus; LaFond, Ashton; Seccomb, Emma; Tadday, Brittany (3 July 2018). "Intergenerational exchange: undergraduate researchers' learning and listening enhanced through older adults' entertainment preferences". Educational Gerontology. 44 (7): 469–477. doi:10.1080/03601277.2018.1505334. S2CID 149905322.
  10. ↑ Porto, Nilton (June 2018). "Xiao, J.J. (Ed.). (2016). Handbook of Consumer Finance Research (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-3-319-28885-7. 424 pp. (hardcover)". Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal. 46 (4): 425–427. doi:10.1111/fcsr.12267. ISSN 1077-727X.
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