Actopan | |
---|---|
City | |
Actopan Actopan | |
Coordinates: 20°16′05″N 98°56′39″W / 20.26806°N 98.94417°W | |
Country | Mexico |
State | Hidalgo |
Municipality | Actopan |
Time zone | UTC-6 (Central) |
Website | actopanhidalgo |
Actopan (from Nahuatl: Ātocpan 'thick, humid and fertile land') is a Mexican city, head of the municipality of Actopan in the state of Hidalgo.[1][2] Actopan is widely known for its gastronomy, especially for ximbo and barbacoa,[3] as well as for the Church and ex-convent of San Nicolás de Tolentino.[1][2]
The city is located north of Mexico City, from which it is 120 km away, and only 37 km from the city of Pachuca de Soto, the capital of the state of Hidalgo.[1][2] It is located within the geographical region known as Mezquital Valley.[4] According to the results of the 2020 Population and Housing Census of INEGI, the town has a population of 32,276 inhabitants,[5] which represents 52.91% of the municipal population.[6]
The city was a settlement of the Otomi people. In 1117 it was conquered by Chichimeca groups and became a dependency of Acolhuacan in 1120.[1][2] It was conquered by the Tepanecs of Azcapotzalco at the end of the 14th century.[7][8] The Mexica conquest took place in 1427 during the reign of Itzcoatl.[8] After the Conquest of Mexico, an encomienda was established in Actopan.[1][2] According to the Universal Dictionary of History and Geography, the city was founded on July 16, 1546;[9] although the date on which the anniversary of its founding is celebrated corresponds to July 8.[9] In 1575 Actopan was elevated to the category of village.[10]
It was elevated to Alcaldía Mayor in 1568; Actopan was the head and the towns around it were then República de Indios (Republic of Indigenous People).[11] Later it became Subdelegation in the period of the Bourbon Reforms;[12] and it acquired the character of City Hall and head of party, dependent on the district of Tula, on August 6, 1824.[13] On April 26, 1847, by decree of the Congress of the State of Mexico, Actopan was elevated to the category of town.[13][9][14]
On October 15, 1861, Actopan was declared a district of the State of Mexico.[13][14] On June 7, 1862, it became part of the military canton number 3 of the Second Military District of the State of Mexico, created to confront the French intervention in Mexico.[13][15] At the beginning, Actopan was temporarily the capital of the district, but it was changed to Pachuca.[16] During the Second Mexican Empire, Actopan became part of the department of Tula.[16] In 1869, the decree of establishment of the state of Hidalgo confirmed the character of District head of the new entity.[16]
The Constitution of Hidalgo of 1870 recognized Actopan as the 1st district, category that would be confirmed in the 1st article of the electoral laws of 1880 and 1894.[17] In the 3rd article of the Constitution of Hidalgo of 1 October 1920 it appears in the list as municipal seat, and in it is included as municipal seat of the municipality number 3 of Hidalgo.[17] When commemorating the fourth centennial of the foundation of Actopan, on July 8, 1946, the XXXVIII Legislature of the Congress of the state of Hidalgo, gave it the category of city.[18]
Toponymy
Some sources indicate that the word Actopan comes from the Otomi language,[18] the INAFED in the Encyclopedia of the Municipalities and Delegations of Mexico in its page on Actopan, Hidalgo indicates the etymology of the word comes from Otomi;[1] but in the page of Actopan, Veracruz it indicates that the etymology comes from Nahuatl.[19] Enrique Rivas Paniagua, in the book Lo que el viento nos dejó: hojas del turruño hidalguense, points out that the name of no municipality in Hidalgo has roots in Otomi.[20]
The word Actopan is of Nahuatl origin, derived from atoctli, which means 'thick, humid and/or fertile land', and pan, which means 'in' or 'on', so the translation would be as follows: "on thick, humid and fertile land".[21] Another meaning is that it comes from ac root of the word (atl) that means water, to (' toktok) that means buriedf and pan that means locative, on, in; so its meaning would be "on buried water".[22]
It has also been pointed out that the name of the locality could be Atocpan, which due to a certain modification of the language suffered a change in its structure;[18] Otocpan, cited in the "Archivo Español de Arte y Arqueología del Obispado de México";[18] and Atecpan, of Nahuatl origin and meaning "in the pond".[23]
The name of the settlement of the Hñähñu people before the Conquest of Mexico in the Otomi language was: Ma'ñuts'i, Mañutzi, or Mañutshí.[24][25] An etymological meaning given is that it comes from the possessive ma, which means 'my', un, which means 'road', and itzi, which is diminutive, so it would translate as "my little road".[21] According to the linguists, Ethel Emilia Wallis and Yolanda Lastra, another meaning is that it comes from ñuts'i, which means to light or incense (to perfume with incense) and the possessive ma, so it would translate as "Place of lighting or incensing".[24][25][26][27]
Symbols
Glyph
The glyph, (engraved or, by extension, written or painted sign) that represents the city is made up of a corn cane in corn silk and elotes on a clod drawn as a disk, sown inside with dots or coarse grains.[28] This representation is commonly used as the city's escutcheon.[28]
Name
The official name is Actopan,[28] although it also receives the denomination of Ciudad del Convento or in a longer way Ciudad del Convento y la Barbacoa.[29] This is due to the importance of the Church and ex-convent of San Nicolás de Tolentino and the typical dish of the city, the barbacoa.[1][2] On November 14, 1861, being part of the state of Mexico;[13] it was called Actopan de Hidalgo, in honor of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla.[30] At the end of the 19th century, it fell into disuse so as not to sound cacophonous with the name of the state.[30]
Motto
After the puma sightings in 2017, in the north of the municipality,[31] in 2019 the Actopan City Hall registered the brand "Territorio Puma" (Puma Territory), as part of the identity for districts that are habitat of this feline.[32][33]
History
Pre-Hispanic period
At an unknown date, the Otomi people founded the village.[34] Around the year 644 the Toltecs made their appearance, and this caused the town to be divided into two parts that continued to exist at the time of the Spanish conquest: Tetitlan and Actopan.[7][34] By the year 1113, the Otomi people, under the command of Xide, arrived in the region.[28] In 1117 the town was conquered by Chichimeca groups,[35] and because of this invasion, it became dependent on Acolhuacan in 1120.[1][2]
Actopan and Ixcuinquitlapilco were conquered by the Tepanecs of Azcapotzalco at the end of the 14th century.[7][8] The Mexica conquest took place in 1427 during the reign of Itzcoatl.[8] Almost always mentioned together in chronicles and relations, Actopan and Ixcuinquitlapilco were Otomi communities with Chichimeca-Pame minorities.[8] During this time Ixcuinquitlapilco was the most important town in this region.[23][36]
Historian Peter Gerhar mentions that Actopan was first visited by the Spaniards before the conquest was consummated, at the end of 1519 or beginning of 1520.[7] By 1521 the indigenous people of the area and other nearby parts, participated in the defense of the territory under the command of the tlatoani Cuauhtémoc against the Spanish conquerors.[1][2] On August 13, 1521 Tenochtitlan fell to the troops of Hernán Cortés and his allies.[37] Between 1521 and 1524, a certain political-military control was established in almost all the territories subject to the Mexica empire, including Actopan.[37]
Viceroyalty of New Spain
The first encomenderos of Actopan were Hernando Alonso and Juan González Ponce de León.[11] Ixcuinquitlapilco became a corregimiento in 1531, with Actopan depending on it.[38]
Subsequently, the encomienda was assigned to Rodrigo Gómez de Ávila, who in 1538 ceded his rights to his son-in-law, Juan Martínez Guerrero.[11] The latter was succeeded by his son, Agustín Guerrero de Luna.[11] By 1540 the encomienda of Actopan belonged to Juan Guerrero, who had inherited the encomienda from his wife, the daughter of the conquistador Francisco Gómez.[11]
The water supply was one of the main problems of the town, in 1546 the construction of an aqueduct began.[1][2] Also in 1546 the Church of Actopan was founded;[40][41] it is said that the Augustinians, upon seeing the topography of Lxcuinquitlapilco, decided to change the head of the town to Actopan.[36] The first record of baptism in the Church of Actopan that is known is dated July 8, 1546, date that coincides with the foundation of the curate.[42] From 1550 to 1560 the Convent of San Nicolás de Tolentino is built; and the work is attributed to Fray Andrés de Mata.[40][41]
The first attempt to form a congregation of indios (native indigenous people), coinciding with the founding of the convent, was not completely successful, due to the fact that the indios abandoned the towns and returned to their old lands.[43] In 1560, Actopan became a dependency of Pachuca, but it was separated, and became Alcaldía mayor in 1568; Actopan was the head and the towns around it were the República de Indios.[11] The convent was the dividing line between the indigenous republics of Ixcuintlapilco and Actopan, to the southeast was Tenantitlán, a town subject to Ixcuintlapilco, and to the northwest, Actopan.[44] The description of Fray Juan de Medina, in 1571, contained in the "Description of the Archbishopric of Mexico", mentions that in Ixcuintlapilco there were 4000 tributaries, in Tenantitlán 1300 and in Actopan 7000.[45]
It is known that by the 1570s, the convent complex was already completed, with three main buildings: the open chapel, the church and the convent; in addition to the stables, the orchard and a water supply system of great proportions for community use.[46] In 1575 it was granted the category of village.[47] In 1576 the prior of the convent, Fray Melchor de Vargas, printed the first catechism in Otomi.[39] In 1580, Actopan sent 90 indios to work in the mines of Pachuca.[48]
Beginning in 1593, a second effort was made to form congregations of indios;[43] In 1604, Friar Esteban García, in his "Chronicle of the Province of the Most Holy Name of Jesus of Mexico", reported that in Actopan, the lieutenants and bailiffs forced them to leave their former places, burning their houses and plots of land.[49] In 1615 the quota of workers that Actopan sent to work in the mines of Pachuca was established, 22 indios every two weeks.[49] Between the 16th century and the first half of the 17th century, there was a demographic drop in the Indigenous population in Actopan,[50] in 1571 there were 7500 tributaries, while by 1599 these had decreased to 2984.[51] In 1643, there were 1092 tributaries, and in 1688, there were 1509.[52]
After the revolt of 1677 in Ixmiquilpan, where the indios revolted not to work in the mines, a commissioner arrived in Actopan to take away crews, but the indios mutinied and resisted.[53] In 1681 the prosecutor advised that the indios of Actopan should not be forced to work in the mines.[53] Forced labor in the mines was reinstituted in Actopan until 1722.[54] On January 5, 1722, a notification arrives from the mayor of Pachuca to send the workers batches to the mines.[55] On January 7, a delegation arrived from Pachuca to insist on the sending of the batches.[56] On January 9, 1722, the governors began to organize the batches and the indios of the jurisdiction of Actopan revolted to prevent the reinstatement of the mining distribution system.[56] On January 11, the militia arrived from Pachuca, there were no confrontations, but groups of indios remained in the exits of the capital.[57]
On January 16, 1722, a retinue from the viceroy arrived in the jurisdiction, in which it was ordered to proceed with the pacification, apprehension of the culprits, as well as the effective implementation of the repartimiento.[59] On January 22, only two involved were apprehended and taken to jail.[60] The indios of Actopan had to accept the work regime, with the exception of the town of Santiago Tlachichilco (Santiago de Anaya).[60] In a regular way the repartimiento was carried out until the year 1724, on January 10, 1724, some indios rose up again against the repartimiento.[61] Not many joined the rebellion and with the militia that the Mayor was able to gather, it was enough to dissuade the mutineers.[61] On September 2, 1724, the viceroy approved the exemption of the repartimiento for all the towns in the jurisdiction of Actopan.[62]
In the 1740s, José Antonio Villaseñor y Sánchez, in his book Theatro Americano, mentions that the municipality had a total of 13 subject towns and had a population of "fifty families of Spaniards and twenty of mestizos and mulattos and other people and two thousand seven hundred and fifty families of indios, all of the Otomí language, distributed in all its subject towns".[38] It also mentions that to the east is Tetitlán, and subject to it the towns of Magdalena, San Jerónimo, Ixcuintlaplico, and San Agustín Tlaxiaca. And the partiality of Actopan to the west with its towns, which are Santiago Tlachichilco, Santa Bárbara Lagunilla, San Salvador, Santa María Amajac, San Miguel, and Yolotepec.[38][63] On November 16, 1750, the Convent of Actopan became part of the Archdiocese of Mexico, and the first priest was the parish priest Juan Barrera.[28]
On April 19, 1757, a new request was made for the distribution of workers in the Pahuca mines, at the request of Pedro Romero de Terreros.[64] The following day, the general lieutenant mayor of Actopan, Andrés de Aguilar, received the order and notified the governors of the Actopan and Tetitilán partiality.[65] Both governments accepted the order, but said that they could only organize crews of 60 workers from Actopan and 50 from Tetitlán.[65] On April 27, with the escape of a squad that was on its way to Real del monte, the mutiny of the indios of the jurisdiction began.[65][66] A part of the rebels, hiding in the Meje hill, tried to take the town.[67][66] But the defense of the town had already been organized by the Spanish militia, with whom the rebels engaged in fierce combat.[67][66] On April 30, 1757, the mutineers sent a letter to the vicar priest asking for peace.[68][66]
On May 15, 1803, Alexander von Humboldt arrives in Pachuca, visits the mines in the area and on May 21 leaves for Atotonilco El Grande.[69] On May 22 he spent the night in the town of Baños de Atotonilco near the Villa de Magdalena and the Puente de Dios.[69] During May 23 and 24 he would travel through the Actopan Valley, and then leave on May 25 for Mexico City.[69] During the visit, Humboldt drew and studied the Organs of Actopan, also known as Los Frailes,[70][71] located 17 km southeast of Actopan in the municipality of El Arenal.[2] Humboldt determined their height trigonometrically.[72]
Independence and Independent Mexico
Regarding the participation of the city in the Independence of Mexico, in February 1812, the royalist, Domingo Claverino arrived to the city.[28] Between 1824 and 1825 different deaths by measles occurred; the registry was raised by the parish priest of a neighboring town, before the death of the person in charge of the registries in Actopan.[74]
In 1847, it received the title of town, given by the Extraordinary Legislature of the Congress of the State of Mexico.[75][28] During the French Intervention in Mexico, to organize the Mexican Army, on June 7, 1862, the President of Mexico, Benito Juarez,[76] decreed the division of the State of Mexico into three military districts, the second formed by the territories that integrate the State of Hidalgo, for which he designated Actopan as capital and named Pedro Hinojosa as commander.[76] The lack of infrastructure to house the authorities of that locality, forced to change the headquarters to the city of Pachuca.[76]
On October 11, 1863, General D. Tomás Mejía took over the city, defeating General Herrera y Cairo, Governor and Military Commander of the second military district.[77] In May 1864, the authorities of Actopan and San Agustín Metzquititlán, recognized the Second Mexican Empire.[1][2][28] After the erection of the state of Hidalgo, different towns were proposed to be the seat of the capital, among them Actopan.[78] On January 8, 1869, the news arose that Actopan would be designated as the capital, supposing that such designation was to distance the government from the influence of the Real del Monte and Pachuca Company;[79] however, the city was rejected for not having the necessary infrastructure.[78]
In July 1869, Julio Chávez López, who led a revolution against the government, was defeated when he tried to take the city.[80][81] He was taken to Chalco, where he was shot in the courtyard of the Escuela del Rayo y del Socialismo in September 1869.[81][82] On December 2, 1871 Sotero Lozano attacked Actopan; but he retreated to return being defeated by colonels Inclán and Villagrán.[83] On September 16, 1875, the Pachuca-Actopan telegraph line was inaugurated.[84] During the Tuxtepec Revolution on April 24, 1876, a combat between the forces of Colonel San Martin and the Porfiristas took place; the latter were forced to retreat.[85] On July 22, the government troops commanded by General José María Flores, forced the Tuxtepecans to leave Actopan, which they had held for several days.[86]
Porfiriato and Mexican Revolution
In 1898 the City Hall decreed July 8 as a municipal holiday.[1] On May 17, 1898, lightning struck the Church of Actopan, wreaking havoc on the façade and destroying an altar.[87] In 1900, the sewage canals from the drainage of Mexico City reached the jurisdiction of Actopan.[1][2][28]
In 1910 the Club Antirreleccionista was founded, integrated by local youths.[1][2][28] During the Mexican Revolution on December 1, 1910, the Municipal Assembly of Actopan protested by means of a Decree, its adhesion to President Porfirio Díaz Mori and against the initiated movement.[88][89] The participation of the locality is minimal during the revolutionary process.[1][2][28]
On May 22, 1911, Vicente Azpeitia Pardiñas, supporting the Maderista revolution, took the plaza of Actopan, immediately handing it over to Captain Roberto Martínez y Martínez, who was originally from the city.[1][90] On July 5, 1914, Martínez y Martínez expelled the Huertista Army from the city.[90] On July 16, 1914, the constitutionalist general, Nicolás Flores occupied the Actopan plaza;[91] after the evacuation of the huertista Martin Zayas.[1][2][28] On July 23, 1914, a manifesto was written by Nicolás Flores, published in Actopan in which he explains what has been and what is the conduct of the Constitutionalist Army.[92][93]
In November 1914, Higinio Olivo was defeated by the villistas in Actopan.[90] On August 17, 1915, near the town there was a combat between Carrancistas and Villistas, the latter being defeated.[94] On September 2, 1915, Actopan and Ixmiquilpan were in the hands of the Constitutionalist forces commanded by General Odilón Moreno.[94] In February 1919, the city was in the hands of Villistas forces that evacuated days later.[95] On July 2, 1922, the garrison of Actopan, commanded by Salvador Mayorga, accompanied by the Rodriguez brothers, rose up in arms.[96]
During the Delahuertista rebellion on January 1, 1924, Nicolás Flores issues a manifesto in Actopan, in which he makes it known that he has been named governor of Hidalgo by Adolfo de la Huerta.[97] On January 4, 1924, a combat takes place in Chicavasco between the federal forces, under the orders of Colonel Julio T. Villegas, and those of General Cavazos.[98] On January 5, a combat takes place between the federal and rebel troops of Generals Marcial Cavazos, Nicolás Flores and Otilio Villegas, and those of Colonel Francisco López Soto.[98]
20th century
In 1928 the Normal Regional of Actopan was established in the convent, a normal school with its annex boarding school; it remained until 1932, year in which it works with the Normal Rural de El Mexe.[99] On June 27, 1933, the complex was managed by the Direction of Colonial Monuments of the Republic; on February 2 of the same year, it had been declared an artistic and historical monument.[100]
On February 2, 1933, the Church and Convent of San Nicolás de Tolentino was declared a National Historic and Artistic Monument.[100] On April 10, 1939, the first stone of the "Escuela Primaria Centro Escolar 1940" was laid, inaugurated on October 8, 1940; it is one of the oldest primary education centers in the region. In 1946 it was given the category of city.[1][2] It is estimated that in the mid 1950's the small clock tower of the Church and ex-convent of San Nicolás de Tolentino was removed.[100]
On March 12, 1951, the Actopan social sports club asked INAH for the use of the jagüey, which was abandoned;[101] in a letter signed by the president of the club, Federico Hernández, they asked Manuel Toussaint, directly from INAH, to use it as a court, committing himself to its cleaning and care.[101] Several conditions were set: the most important was to take care of the parapet and rebuild the damaged parts of it, as well as to recondition it.[101] Since May 18, 1954, the conditions for sports practice have been in place.[101]
In 1965 the July 8 Market was built.[102] On July 27, 1966, a decree was published in which the Government of Mexico cedes to the Government of the State of Hidalgo, an annex of the property of the convent to build a sports field, and on August 17, 1966, it was published in the Official Journal of the Federation;[103] being the denominated "Jagüey" the ceded annex.[104] On January 27, 1987, an earthquake of 4.1 on the Richter scale was reported; with a depth of 15 km.[105] After the 1990 census, according to statistical data, INEGI, recognizes the towns of Cañada Chica Aviación and Pozo Grande as officially conurbed to the city of Actopan.[106][107]
21st century
On February 28, 2001, during a tour of Mexico, the Zapatista Army of National Liberation held a rally in the city.[109] On July 8, 2001, the remodeling of Plaza Juárez was inaugurated, maintaining this aspect until today. Between 2005 and 2006 the Terminal de Autotransportes de Actopan was built, and in 2008 part of the Old Municipal Palace was demolished to construct a new building that would house new City Hall offices and the Plaza Constitución. Also in 2008 the Actopan Obelisk was built, located in the Reforma Park,[108] and the Jamaiquitas Market was built.[110]
The Actopan overpass was completed in March 2009.[111] From May 17 to 21, 2010 there were twenty-two earthquakes in the region, with an intensity of between 3.0 and 4.0 on the Richter scale, with their epicenter at an average distance of 13 km north of the city.[105] On June 25, 2012, a makeshift chapel in honor of Jesus Malverde caught fire and it is not known if it was an accident or a possible attack.[112] Between 2013 and 2015 the remodeling of the July 8 Market took place.[102][113] Between April 23 and 24, 2016 the north wall of what was the old municipal palace was demolished.[114]
On December 30, 2016, close to 500 merchants held a caravan in the center of the city in protest of the increase in gasoline prices.[115] On January 4, 2017, after different protests, both directions of the Mexico-Laredo federal highway were closed, in front of the truck station.[116] Different stores such as Aurrerá, Comercial Mexicana and OXXO were looted; while the tianguis, which is set up on Wednesdays, did not operate completely and different stores remained closed.[117][118] Of the five gas stations in the city, two were looted by different groups of people who gave away gasoline.[119]
The September 7 earthquake in Chiapas and the September 19 earthquake in Puebla were felt in the city, and in general terms there was no serious structural damage.[120][121] The earthquake of greatest intensity recorded during 2018 in Hidalgo, occurred on March 20 at 04:06 p. m. in the municipality of Actopan, with 3.9 degrees on the Richter scale.[122] On May 30, 2018, about 15 ha, located in the Buenos Aires neighborhood, were consumed by a fire.[123]
On May 18, 2018, a construction company located in the Centro neighborhood was robbed; an operation was implemented to search for the vehicle, and a chase was initiated in El Arenal.[124] It was at the junction of the highway with Tolcayuca and Villa de Tezontepec, where it collided with a bus; resulting in two dead and seven detainees.[124] On September 7, 2019, a shooting occurred when elements of the Public Security of Hidalgo stopped a robbery, it happened on the highway at the height of the overpass.[125] On March 30, 2020, two people were gunned down on Churubusco Street, on the corner of 2 de Abril, one block from the Obelisco de Actopan.[126]
On March 19, different public spaces were closed due to the health emergency caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.[127] On April 20, 2020, it was reported that the Wednesday tianguis, scheduled for April 22, 2020, was suspended.[128][129] On April 26, 2020, the first case of COVID-19 was announced in Actopan.[note 1][130][131] As of April 30, access to vehicles was restricted to the center of the city and a sanitary fence was placed.[132] The Actopan City Hall informed the temporary suspension of the Wednesday and Sunday tianguis, as of May 6;[133] as of May 13, the Wednesday tianguis agreed to be temporarily relocated to the side of the Actopan-La Estancia highway.[134] On May 11, 2020, the COVID-19 Actopan Immediate Response Hospital, which was built in 15 days, was inaugurated.[135][136] On May 14, the first death was reported in Actopan.[137]
On June 14, the Sunday tianguis was reinstalled, and on June 17, the Wednesday tianguis was reinstalled in the center of the city.[138][139][140] On June 23 it was announced that the Barbacoa Fair held in the city was suspended.[141] The patronal feast of San Nicolás de Tolentino was also cancelled, but a religious ceremony was held on September 10, with the corresponding sanitary measures, and was broadcast on social networks and on local television.[142] On September 25, 2020, the circulation of vehicles in the downtown area of Actopan was resumed.[143][144]
Faced with an increase in COVID-19 infections, as of February 1, 2021; the Actopan City Hall decided to restrict vehicle access to the city center, placed a sanitary fence, closed the Municipal Presidency, and suspended the city's tianguis.[145][146][147][148] By March 2021, circulation in the city center was reopened; and by mid-July, Plaza Juarez was reopened; on March 13, 2022, Parque La Reforma was reopened.[149]
Geography
Location
Its geographical coordinates are 20° 16' 05" north latitude and 98° 56' 39" west longitude.[150] It is located north of Mexico City, from which it is 125 km away, and only 37 km northwest of Pachuca de Soto.[2]
The city is bordered on the north by Cañada Chica Antigua and Dajiedhi; on the northeast by La Estancia and San Diego Canguihuindo; on the east by La Peña and La Loma; on the southeast by El Jiadi and El Arenal; on the south by Bothi Baji, El Palomo and El Huaxtho; on the southwest by El Boxtha and on the west by El Daxthá.[151]
It is located in the geographic region of the state of Hidalgo called Mezquital Valley.[4] The town is located in the eastern region of Mexico, in the center of the state of Hidalgo and in the center of the municipal territory of Actopan.[151]
Relief and hydrography
The city has an average altitude of 2001 meters above sea level;[150] with a relief mainly of plains; with a terrain slope of 0 to 3 degrees.[151][152] Physiographically it is located in the province of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, within the subprovince of Plains and Sierras of Querétaro and Hidalgo.[151][152] To the north and northeast of the city, a little more than 2 km from the town of La Estancia, is the northern border between the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and the Sierra Madre Oriental; therefore, there are faults in the region, causing seismic activity.[105][152]
In terms of edaphology, it has a phaeozem and alluvial soil type;[151][152] in terms of geology it has extrusive igneous rocks such as andesite, intermediate volcanic breccia and volcanoclastic.[151][152] Regarding hydrography, the city is located in the Pánuco region, within the basin of the Moctezuma River, in the sub-basin of the Actopan River.[151][152] The city is also located on the Actopan-Santiago de Anaya aquifer.[152]
Climate
The city has a semi-dry temperate climate;[151][152] the average monthly temperature ranges from 13 °C in December and January, which are the coldest months of the year, to 20 °C in May, which has the highest temperatures.[1][2] The city's meteorological station has estimated that the average annual temperature is approximately 16.4 °C.[1][2] In regard to rainfall, the average level observed is around 400 mm, with June and September being the months of highest rainfall and February and December the months of lowest rainfall.[1][2]
Flora and fauna
Actopan is located in the Sierra Madre Oriental and southern Serranías floristic provinces within the Mesoamerican Mountain region.[152] Most of its vegetation is made up of unarmed and thorny scrublands, grasslands, maguey, nances, opuntia stricta, mesquites, acacias, bilberry cacti, pitayas, chollas, alicoches and echinocactus.[1][2] The fauna in this region includes rabbits, squirrels, opossums, scorpions, lizards, spiders, centipedes, crickets, grasshoppers, ants and pinacate beetles.[1][2]
About 14 km from the city is the Actopan Wildlife Corridor, located in Mesa Chica and Los Ejidos El Saucillo, Las Mecas and Santa María Magdalena; with an area of 9267.38 ha.[153][154] The area was declared a state wildlife corridor on June 27, 2020.[153][154] On June 28, 2017, the Secretary of the Environment and Natural Resources of Hidalgo (Semanath) confirmed the presence of pumas in this area after residents of the region reported several attacks on livestock and sightings of the animal.[31][155]
Politics
City Hall
The Actopan City Hall was established on August 6, 1824;[13][156][14] and is formed by a Municipal President, a Síndico Procurador, eleven councillors and twenty-four Municipal Delegates.[1][2] By constitutional mandate, every city council has the power to elaborate bylaws that regulate its internal functioning and community life.[1][2] The City Council is in charge of the government of the municipality of Actopan, which is integrated by the city and forty other localities.[157]
The municipality is bordered to the north by the municipalities of Santiago de Anaya and Metztitlán; to the east by the municipalities of Metztitlán, Atotonilco El Grande, Mineral del Chico and El Arenal; to the south by the municipalities of El Arenal, San Agustín Tlaxiaca and Ajacuba; to the west by the municipalities of Ajacuba, San Salvador and Santiago de Anaya.[6]
Districts and regions
The city is the seat of the III Federal Electoral District of Hidalgo for the election of federal deputies to the Chamber of Deputies of Mexico;[158] and of the VIII Local Electoral District of Hidalgo for the election of local deputies to the Congress of Hidalgo.[159] According to the Instituto Nacional Electoral (INE) the city is integrated by fourteen electoral sections, from 0034 to 0047.[160][161] At the state administrative regional level, Hidalgo belongs to Macroregion V and Microregion VII,[162] and is also the headquarters of Operational Region XI Actopan.[162] This administrative region of Hidalgo allows bringing government programs and actions closer to the local population.[162] On the other hand, it belongs to the I Judicial District of Hidalgo, where judicial procedures of the Judicial Power of the State of Hidalgo are settled.[163]
Twinning
On April 23, 2022, the Actopan City Hall received members and authorities of the Actopan, Veracruz City Hall; in a meeting, both municipalities signed a twinning agreement.[164][165] On May 25, 2022, the twinning was ratified with the unveiling of a plaque in a ceremony held in the esplanade of Morelos Park in Actopan, Veracruz.[166][167] On July 4, 2022, the twinning was signed between the city and Águas de São Pedro, Brazil.[168]
Demographics
Population dynamics
According to the results of the 2020 Population and Housing Census conducted by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI), the town has 32,276 inhabitants; the town's population represents 52.91% of the municipal population.[169] Of the population 15 262 are men, which represents 47.29% of the population and 17 014 are women, which represents 52.71% of the population.[169] It occupies the seventh place in the count of localities in the state of Hidalgo.[169]
The most extensive and representative indigenous people in the city are the Otomí people;[170][171] as of 2020 there are 653 people who speak an indigenous language.[169] Of which the majority speak the Otomí language, especially the Otomí variant of the Mezquital Valley,[172] which is also referred to by its own speakers as hñähñú, ñänhú, ñandú, ñóhnño or ñanhmu.[note 2][173][174] There are 298 people in the city who call themselves Afro-Mexicans or Afro-descendants.[169]
The main religion is Catholic; by 2020, about 25,544 people declare themselves Catholic;[169] the city belongs to the Archdiocese of Tulancingo and the patron saint is Nicolás de Tolentino.[175] By 2020, about 3,426 people declare themselves Protestant or Evangelical Christians including The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, La Luz del Mundo Church and Jehovah's Witnesses.[169] About 3,188 people declared to be atheists, agnostics, or to have no religion or not to be ascribed to any religion;[169] and only 64 declared other beliefs or different spiritual preferences.[169]
Vertical bar chart demographics of Actopan, Hidalgo between 1900 and 2020 |
Population from the censuses and counts of the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) from 1900 to 2020.
|
Housing and urban planning
According to the Actopan City Hall, the neighborhoods that make up the city are: Aviación, Benito Juárez, Chapultepec, Centro Norte, Centro Sur, Deportivo Olímpico, Dos Cerritos, Efrén Rebolledo (Parque Urbano), El Cerrito, El Porvenir, Eulalio Ángeles, Fundición Alta, Fundición Baja, Guzmán Mayer, Guadalupe, Jesús Luz Meneses, La Estación, La Floresta, La Hacienda, Las Monjas, Los Frailes, Los Olivos, Niños Héroes, Nuevo Actopan, Obrera, Rojo Gómez, Tierra y Libertad, and Unidad Deportiva.[176][177][178][179]
According to INEGI, Cañada Chica, Cañada Aviación, and Pozo Grande, are also part of the city,[5] while El Porvenir and Dos Cerritos are considered separate localities;[5] this is due to the differences in the definition between the demographic and political spheres of both entities.
According to the results presented by the General Population and Housing Census 2020, the city has a total of 10,946 homes; of which 8687 are inhabited, 1,571 are uninhabited and 688 are for temporary use;[169] with an average of 3.71 people per home.[169] The construction of the houses in Actopan is made of blocks, brick or prefabricated materials, their roofs are cast, there is even decoration with marble, sett and a great variety of other materials; however, in some cases their construction is based on adobe, the walls are made of brick and the roofs are made of resistant sheet metal or petatillo.[28]
Poverty and social exclusion
In 2010, it registered a very low degree of social exclusion, in contrast to the municipality, which has a low degree.[180] In 2010, the city registered a social backwardness index of −1.34455.[5] In 2015 the municipality of Actopan ranked 21st out of 84 municipalities on the state scale of social backwardness.[181] The homes with dirt floors are 255 which represents 3.50%;[182] in terms of public services the homes without drainage are 59 which represents 0.81%; those without electricity are 53 homes (0.73%); without piped water are 152 homes (2.09%); without sanitation are 83 homes (1.14%).[182]
Culture
Architecture
Buildings
The so-called "city center" consists of an area containing the oldest and most important buildings in the city and includes the following four plazas and parks: Plaza Juárez, which is located in front of the ex-convent; Plaza de la Constitución, in front of the Palacio Municipal; Parque Reforma, which houses the obelisk; and Parque del Salto, located in an old aqueduct pond.
The Church and ex-convent of San Nicolás de Tolentino is, from the architectural and pictorial point of view, one of the greatest examples of the Novo-Hispanic art of the 16th century.[183] This convent shows a combination of architectural styles such as Plateresque, Mudejar, Gothic, Romanesque and Renaissance.[184] It has a unique example of an open chapel 17.5 m wide and 12 m high, entirely covered with fresco murals.[185]
The Actopan Obelisk is located in the Reforma Park; around 2008 it was built, but it was not until 2009 when it was inaugurated.[186] It consists of an elongated quadrangular column mounted on a small base slightly with a larger dimension of the obelisk, whose sides are reduced until reaching the top, ending in the pyramidal tip called pyramidion.[187] Its total height is 57 meters, inside there is a staircase that leads to the top and is used as a viewpoint.[108]
The Actopan Municipal Palace is a two-story building, with a style reminiscent of neoclassical architecture; it has a soportal with horseshoe arches, with the relief of the Actopan glyph in the keystone; the pilasters with Ionic capitals continue to support a smooth entablature that leads to the second level. In the second level there is a series of square windows; with a stained glass window and balcony in the central part. The entire complex is topped by a continuous parapet and a mixtilinear pediment in the central part. This was built in 2008, when the auditorium of the Old Municipal Palace was demolished.
The Old Municipal Palace is a rectangular building of a single floor; the access is a large opening with a rebated arch, with pilasters on the sides, which support a triangular frontispiece, the pilasters in the upper section are transformed into corbels in the form of volutes. All crowned by a mixtilinear pediment with a niche. In 2008 the auditorium was demolished and in 2016 the north section;[114] inside the patio is called Plaza de las Artes.[188]
Monuments
There are two monuments located in Plaza Juarez, one dedicated to Miguel Hidalgo and the other to Benito Juarez. The Monument to Miguel Hidalgo is a statue of the personage on a hexagonal base, which in turn is on a cylindrical pedestal. The Monument to Benito Juarez placed in 1977, is a bust of the personage on a cylindrical pedestal. Another monument in the city is the monument to Efren Rebolledo, located next to the Efren Rebolledo Elementary School. There is also a monument to Jesús Luz Meneses, located at the intersection of María del Carmen González and Corregidora Streets, built in the 1990s in honor of the works carried out in the area.
Among the architectural remains of the city's aqueduct are the "Fuente de Mendoza" and "Fuente El Salto". The Mendoza Fountain has an elongated hexagonal floor plan, three of its sides form a curbstone.[189] The El Salto Fountain is located on an old pond, located in the Nicolás Romero Garden; in 2014 it underwent a remodeling giving it its current appearance.[190] On September 13, 2004, the Monument to the Niños Héroes was inaugurated; it consists of a semi-circular wall with six columns each representing the six Mexican cadets, with a commemorative plaque in the center.
On June 21, 2019, the Monument to the Teacher was inaugurated, for the design of the monument a call was issued, where the citizenship participated.[191][192] This monument consists of a semicircular base, where five doric columns rise; in the center on a pedestal is the sculpture of two hands holding books, and a plaque that says "thank you". In Colonia Guzmán Mayer there is a monument to Genaro Guzmán Mayer.
- Mendoza Fountain.
- El Salto fountain
- Monument to Benito Juarez.
- Monument to Miguel Hidalgo.
- Monument to the Teacher.
- Monument to Efren Rebolledo.
- Monument to Jesús Luz Meneses.
- Monument to the Niños Héroes.
- Fountain in Plaza Juarez.
- Fountain in Plaza Constitución.
- Monument to Genaro Guzmán Mayer.
Plazas and parks
The city's green areas include Plaza Juárez, Parque Reforma, Jardín Nicolás Romero, and Parque Recreativo "La Eroca"; there are also parks in the Efrén Rebolledo (Parque Urbano), Guadalupe, and Guzmán Mayer colonies, with various playgrounds for children.[1][2] In Plaza Juárez and Parque Reforma there are shoe-shine stands.[193]
The Plaza Juárez is a wooded park with a kiosk or bandstand in the center.[1][2] Access to the atrium of the Convent of San Nicolás de Tolentino is through a soportal, formed by a semicircular arcade, with a barrel vault roof.[39] The central arch that gives access to the atrium is almost twice the size of the others, and is also roofed by a barrel vault, perpendicular to the one that covers the soportal.[39] On March 3, 2014, construction began on a subway parking garage in Plaza Juarez, which was inaugurated on August 31, 2014.[194][195][196]
The Reforma Park is where the Actopan Obelisk is located, as well as several playgrounds and exercise equipment.[197] The Nicolás Romero Garden, also known as "El Salto" because of the old aqueduct cistern located there; in 2014 the cistern was transformed into a fountain and the park was remodeled.[190] The Recreational Park "La Eroca" with green areas, sports, playgrounds, barbecue grills, and a swimming pool.[198] There is also the Plaza de la Constitución, in front of the Municipal Palace; built in 2008 when part of the Old Municipal Palace was demolished.
Painting and murals
On the outskirts of the city in the main arcade of the Actopan Aqueduct, also known as "Los Arcos", there is a set of white cave paintings.[199] Oriented to the southeast, a human figure can be seen that measures 32 cm high and 23 cm wide.[199] To the left side is a sun with three elongated rays, which measures 23 cm high and 22.5 cm wide;[199] to the right a half moon of 9.5 cm long and 6.5 cm high is observed.[199] Also a hand is appreciated that sees toward the northwest, and this almost completely erased.[199] In direction to the northwest in the same rock is an inverted "U" that in its interior seven points are found, indicating possibly a celestial vault.[199]
In the Convent of Actopan, the iconographic and iconological program is one of the most complex and ambitious in the state of Hidalgo.[200] It is necessary to consider the Renaissance painting as preponderant aesthetic ideology, and the reminiscences of the mural painting of Mesoamerica, in the mixture of the decoration and the Christian subjects; characteristics of the tequitqui or Indo-Christian art.[201] The murals and frescoes of the profundis room, the stairway cube and the open chapel stand out.[202]
Different murals have been painted in the city, inside the Actopan Obelisk there are a series of murals, where different aspects of the culture, history and identity of Actopan can be appreciated. On May 15, 2015, at the Actopan High School, 23 murals were made in the facilities, as part of the fifth International Image Festival (FINI), and the second International Meeting of Muralists; under the theme "Social Justice", with the participation of 46 international muralists and 22 students.[203][204]
In 2015 after the remodeling of the July 8 Market, two murals were made, both reflecting the customs and traditions of Actopan. In 2016 a mural was made on the stairs of the Municipal Palace of Actopan, signed by Eloy Trejo Trejo, in the "Actopan es.... Arte, cultura y tradición" mural, the Convent of Actopan and Efren Rebolledo are appreciated. On July 8, 2017, a mural was inaugurated by the Casa de la Cultura Actopan, to commemorate the 471st anniversary of the founding of the city, located in the porch of the Municipal Palace.[205]
In November 2019, students from Escuela Superior de Actopan created a mural located in the center of María del Carmen González Street, in which the mural combines the social theme, violence against women, the LGBT community and gender equality.[206] On September 4, 2020, the " Actopan Pueblo con sabor" mural was inaugurated in the Plaza Constitución; it shows the cultural heritage of the municipality and was created by the artists Daniel Rojo Pacheco, Juan Ugalde Olguín, Alexis Gómez, José Lionel López and Gerardo Zamora.[207]
- "Actopan is... Art, culture and tradition" mural.
- "471st anniversary of the foundation of Actopan" mural.
- Mural in the Mercado 8 de Julio.
- Mural in the 8 de Julio market.
- Mural at the Actopan Obelisk.
- "Actopan, pueblo con sabor" mural.
Museums and cultural centers
The city has a public library called: Efrén Rebolledo Municipal Public Library, which has 3,000 volumes of books, magazines, pamphlets, etc., in addition to carrying out activities during the holiday period by teaching courses to the children's community.[208]
It has a House of Culture founded on January 24, 1991; where different courses in singing, ceramics, literature, dance, sculpture, photography, painting, theater, etc.[209] are offered. There is also the Manuel Ángel Núñez Soto Theater with a seating capacity of 820 people.
The Museum of Religious Art was inaugurated on January 1, 2011, it is located inside the Church and ex-convent of San Nicolás de Tolentino.[210][211] It has four permanent exhibition rooms and contains Viceroyalty and 18th century art, with carved wood furniture, religious oil paintings from the 18th and 19th centuries, as well as several painted and stewed sculptures.[28]
On December 20, 2010, the Bicentennial Museum and Cultural Center was inaugurated; its interiors are designed to offer courses in dance, sculpture, painting, music and other arts, as well as exhibitions and the sale of handicrafts.[212] On May 24, 2021, the Actopan City Hall informed the demolition of the building due to differential settlements and structural risks.[213][214] The damage to the property is estimated at twelve million pesos.[215] The demolition has not been carried out and there are no dates for its action.[216]
On August 30, 2011, construction began on the Los Frailes Sports Museum, also known as the "Sports Gallery";[217] it opened its doors to the public on January 13, 2012.[218] The building consists of two floors: the first floor, with an area of 165 m2, houses a lobby, stairs, gallery and an exhibition pavilion;[219] and the second floor consists of a meeting room, restrooms and terrace with a view of the Los Frailes Sports Field.[219]
The Los Frailes Sports Museum is dedicated to different Actopan athletes such as: Velia Flores Guerrero, selected in the Paralympic Games of Sydney 2000 and Athens 2004, cyclists Rubén Lugo Caballero, State Sports Award 2002 and Gabriel Cuéllar Valdez, selected in the Olympic Games of Mexico 1968, and in the Pan American Games of Winnipeg 1967, and who was National Road Champion in 1966 and 1968.[220][221]
Festivities
All Mexican commemorations are celebrated in the city. In the first days of March, a parade is held to commemorate the arrival of spring with preschool students.[205] On September 13 there is a civic ceremony for the Niños Héroes, with the participation of the different educational institutions.[205] The Anniversary of the Independence of Mexico is celebrated with the representation of the Cry of Dolores by the Mayor, sale of Mexican snacks, fireworks display and a popular dance, all this on September 15.[222] On September 16, a commemorative parade is held by the city's elementary schools with an average attendance of 3,000 people.[205] During the Anniversary of the Mexican Revolution on November 20, a commemorative parade is held in charge of high schools and the general public, with an attendance of approximately 3,000 people,[205] In addition, since 2010 a Huapango contest is held in the city, which will bring together between 200 and 250 competitors from different states.[223]
Religious and patronal feast days
Among the main religious festivals in the city are the Día de la Candelaria on February 2. A tradition in Mexico is to dress up the figures every year for each presentation that takes place, and eat tamales that day.[224][225] The celebration of the Cruz de Mayo, held on May 3, this celebration dedicated to the raising of the cross is held almost everywhere in the city and at construction sites. In the "El Salto" garden, a mass is held annually on this date.
The main patronal feast is held in honor of San Nicolás de Tolentino, patron saint of the city, and takes place during the first days of September.[226] All the events take place in the atrium of the Church and ex-convent of San Nicolás de Tolentino. Pilgrimages from different localities gather there and various religious ceremonies are held; the main day of the celebration is September 10.[226]
Throughout the year, patronal feasts are held in honor of the saint of each of the parishes in the city's colonies. In the Los Olivos colony, in the northern part of the city, on October 28, a small fair is held in honor of St. Jude Thaddeus, with various cultural and sporting events.[226][227] Also in the Guadalupe colony there is a fair in honor of the Virgin of Guadalupe on December 12.[226][227] In the Cañada Chica Aviación colony, a fair in honor of Teresa of Ávila is held on October 15.[226][227]
In the Pozo Grande colony a fair is held in honor of the Virgin of Guadalupe on December 12.[226][227] Also in Pozo Grande there is a fair on June 21 where the Sacred Heart of Jesus is celebrated, with activities such as the barril encebado, roosters, jaripeo, exhibitions, fireworks, processions through the main streets of the colony, and masses.[228]
Easter
On Friday of Sorrows, inside the Church and ex-convent of San Nicolás de Tolentino, an Altar of Sorrows is placed in honor of the Our Lady of Sorrows.[229][230] This Mexican tradition dates back to the 17th century.[231] In it is placed a sculpture carved in polychrome wood of the 19th century, in the highest and central part.[232] The altar is accompanied by lighted candles or sirios that allude to the seven sorrows of the Virgin and the light of God.[233][234] Frontals and mats are also made of painted sawdust, flower petals and seeds, to recreate the instruments of the Passion; likewise, fragrant herbs, such as chamomile, are placed on them.[233][234] Spheres are hung and assembled using the modular origami technique, with purple and gold paper.[233][234]
During Easter there is a procession and mass on Palm Sunday, in the streets of the center of the town that ends with a mass in the open chapel of the Church and ex-convent of San Nicolás de Tolentino.[226] On Holy Thursday there is a mass and representation of the Last Supper and the washing of the feet performed by Jesus.[226] On Good Friday a procession commemorating the Way of the Cross and the crucifixion of Jesus of Nazareth takes place through the streets of the city beginning and culminating in the open chapel of the Church and ex-convent of San Nicolás de Tolentino.[226] Also in the afternoon there is a Procession of Silence in honor of the Our Lady of Solitude.[226] This procession takes place through the main streets of downtown starting at the Church and ex-convent of San Nicolás de Tolentino.[226] On Holy Saturday a mass of the Easter Vigil, Sign of the Risen Christ, is held in the open chapel of the Church and ex-convent of San Nicolás de Tolentino.[226]
Masses and processions are also held in the different churches of the city.[226] As in the Pozo Grande colony, where since 2006 a Passion, Death and Resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth is held in the main streets of the neighborhood.[228]
Day of the Dead
Another tradition of great importance is the celebration of the Day of the Dead, in which some people place an Ofrenda in their homes, which is composed of seasonal fruit, typical foods of the region and cempasúchil flowers.[1][2] They also take flowers to the cemetery on November 1 and 2.[1][2] In the city during these dates a tianguis is set up dedicated to the sale of calavera de alfeñique, pan de muerto, papel picado, fruit, candles, copal and incense, among other things.[235] Different cultural programs are also held on this date, mainly an exhibition of altars.[236][237]
Among the Otomi of the Mezquital Valley, the offering is composed of an earthen floor, two lateral walls of reeds and a central one made of maguey stalks.[238] It is customary to elaborate structures based on tables and boxes, covered with tablecloths and embroidered napkins.[238] Once these "basamentos" are built, the offerings are placed on them. When the "basamentos" are not assembled, the families usually make "tendidos", either with petates or some other propitious element, and in them they place fruits, flowers, food, as well as candles and copal.[238]
Christmas Holidays
During the month of December, the so-called Fiestas Decembrinas (Christmas Holidays) are held, when the city's Christmas tree is lit, which is an average of 12 meters high.[239][240] This Christmas tree has been in place since 2009.[241] During the lighting there are fireworks, music, representations of different stories about Christmas, and villancicos.[239][240] On December 12, the traditional celebrations to Our Lady of Guadalupe are held with multiple pilgrimages, fireworks and masses.[1][2] Las Posadas ( December 16 to 24), Christmas, New Year's Eve and New Year are also celebrated.[1][2]
On January 5, a toy tianguis is placed in the streets of downtown. In addition, since 2012 in the month of January there is a Cavalcade of Magi, this parade includes fireworks, floats decorated with different children's stories, the main one being the one that transports the Three Magi.[242][243] Along with the Fiestas Decembrinas, the Guadalupe-Reyes Marathon takes place, a concept of Mexican culture that refers to the period from December 12 to January 6, for a total of twenty-six days of festivities.[244]
Actopan Fair
The Actopan Fair, also called Feria de la Barbacoa, is held annually at the beginning of July. Since 1949, the official holiday is July 8, date taken as the day of the founding of the city in 1546.[245] The fair is held at the Unidad Deportiva Municipal (Municipal Sports Unit) located in the northeastern part of the city, and some activities are held in the so-called city center; it receives approximately 130,000 to 150,000 visitors, considering all the events.[246]
Sports activities and cultural events are held, as well as dances, charreadas and a commemorative parade; as well as plays, music bands, painting exhibitions, antique car shows, circus performances, Lucha libre; mechanical games are also installed and fireworks are burned.[247][248] The food festival stands out with a great exhibition and sale of food.[249][250] The barbacoa contest has been held since 1971 and the Ximbó Festival has been held since 2017.[249][250]
Handicrafts and traditional costumes
In the city, embroidery is made on fabric with techniques such as cross stitch and frayed.[28] In basketry, baskets, hats and backpacks are created using palm as raw material.[28] Saddlery is also made, as well as ceramic and pottery works.[28]
For the folk costume is designated the costume used in the folkloric dance: "Actopan Ciudad de Cara Bonita", with choreography and costume design by Abel Pérez Ángeles, Eleuterio Acosta Zúñiga and Teresa León Lopéz.[251] In this dance the color white predominates, for the women the set is made of satin, the skirt with the image of the ex-convent of Actopan stands out, with a 25 cm long skirt, finished with green lace;[251] the white blouse with the image of the glyph of Actopan.[251] The outfit is finished with a shawl and white shoes.[251] For men it is shirt and pants with "pepenado" embroidery (Otomí embroidery, representing the Nahui Ollin). Accompanied with a sombrero de dos pedradas and white boots.[251]
The folk costume of the Mezquital Valley is of Otomí origin; the men used to wear blanket breeches and blanket shirt with some embroidered fabrics, palm hat and huaraches.[28] The women's costume consists of a blanket blouse, embroidered ribbon, rebozo of ayate thread, skirt of colored or white blanket fabric, hair ribbon and glass earrings.[28]
Gastronomy
In gastronomy, the traditional dish is barbacoa baked in a subway oven and wrapped in Maguey stalks, made with beef, lamb and goat meat.[3] In the beginning, it was made with dogs of the xoloitzcuintle breed, as well as other animals.[252] It was not until some time after the arrival of the Spaniards that lamb began to be used.[252]
Also as one of its main dishes is the ximbo, also known as "chicken on a stalk";[3] this dish was first commercialized in the 1990s.[253] The dish consists of rooster or hen meat wrapped with maguey stalks and baked in a subway oven; it also has nopales, pork skin, chamorro or pork ribs and even veal.[3]
Also from the Mezquital Valley come tunas and xoconostle (sour tunas with syrup or jam) for dessert;[254][255] escamoles and chinicuiles stewed with flowers of different cacti, such as maguey, aloe, mesquite, bilberry cactus, nopal; chamuis (mesquite tree beetles); xagis (tender beans with pork and pasilla chili) and mixiotes.[254][255] The typical drink is pulque, as well as maguey syrup; the latter is the first thing that is extracted from the maguey; later, when fermented, it results in pulque, from which the curado beverages are derived.[254][255] Other typical dishes and foods are: chalupas, pambazos, tacos, mixiotes, mole, tlacoyos, sopes, quesadillas and gorditas.[3]
Infrastructure
Transportation
Federal Highway 85 Mexico-Laredo is the main road in the city, allowing for the distribution and exchange of goods and services. It connects to the Actopan-Tula highway, one of the most important highways in the state.[28] In addition, the city has the Bulevar Oriente (East Boulevard), which functions as a beltway allowing a faster transfer of tourism and commerce to Mexico City or Nuevo Laredo.[256]
The city has a bus terminal; the Terminal de Autotransportes de Actopan "Antonio Mejía Gandolffi" (TAAC). Domestic destinations include Mexico City; Monterrey, Nuevo León; Santiago de Querétaro, Querétaro; Reynosa, Tamaulipas; Guadalajara, Jalisco; Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosí; and destinations within the state of Hidalgo such as Pachuca, Ixmiquilpan, Zimapán, Tulancingo and Tula de Allende.
Media and communications
As for media, it has Internet, telephone network and mobile telephony.[28] The television signal arrives by cable and open signals such as Televisa and TV Azteca; it also receives the signal of the state channel: Channel 3 Hidalgo.[257]
The city has a radio signal, Radio UAEH Actopan (XHPECW-FM), being the fifth station that makes up the University System of Radio and Television of the UAEH; which began activities on February 26, 2019.[258][259] There was also Radio Actopan (XHACT-FM), which operated under the command of Radio y Televisión de Hidalgo;[260] it began operations on November 29, 2010, and ended on November 28, 2022.[257][261][262]
The city has a Postal Administration of Correos de México, a public space connected to the México Conectado Program and a Digital Community Center.[180] The postal code of the town is 42500,[263] and its telephone prefix is 772.[264]
Education
The illiterate population is 4.07%;[note 3] and the population with incomplete basic education is 30.16%.[note 3][5] For the 2018–2019 school year,[note 4][265] kindergarten and/or nursery education has twelve schools, 24 teachers and 505 students;[265] preschool education has twenty-three schools, 87 teachers and 1762 students;[265] primary education has twenty-four schools, 223 teachers and 5280 students;[265] secondary education has eleven schools (eight general, two telesecundaria and one technical), 116 teachers and 3083 students;[265] higher secondary education has ten schools (three technological and seven general).[265]
In higher secondary education, the Actopan High School stands out, an institution dependent on the Actopan High School belonging to the UAEH; which began activities in 2014, with a general baccalaureate modality.[266] The Centro de Bachillerato Tecnológico Industrial y de Servicios No. 83 also stands out. "Pedro María Anaya Álvarez", an institution under the Dirección General de Educación Tecnológica Industrial (DGETI), which began operations on September 29, 1975;[267] it has six specialties: Construction, Computer Science, Accounting, Programming, Automotive Maintenance and Computer Equipment Support and Maintenance.[268]
In higher education, there is the Centro de Estudios Universitarios Moyocoyani, Plantel Actopan, with degrees in Pedagogy and Administrative Informatics.[269] There is also the Actopan High School of the Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH), with degrees in law, Psychology, Graphic Design, and Business Creation and Development.[270] On July 17, 2000, it began operations, its facilities are located in the town of El Daxthá, on the outskirts of the city, occupying an area of 49,364.94 m2, where it houses six modules, a library, two computer areas, a language center, administrative offices, an auditorium, a machine room and a parking lot.[271]
Healthcare
In the city, 42.06% of the population is not entitled to health services. The city has the Family Medicine Unit (UMF) No. 16 of the Mexican Social Security Institute;[272] the Family Medicine Unit of the Institute for Social Security and Services for State Workers;[273] and a clinic of the Mexican Red Cross.[274] There are also two health centers of the Secretaría de Salud de Hidalgo, one located in the Chapultepec colony and the other in the Cañada Chica Aviación colony.[274][275]
The Actopan General Hospital was inaugurated in 2000.[276][277] There are seven outpatient and subspecialty areas; two emergency and gynecology areas; in toco-surgery there is an expulsion room, labor and delivery room and recovery beds; for hospitalization there are thirty census beds with central nurses, neonatology and operating room.[276][277]
Public services
Public services are potable water, drainage, and electricity; the availability of these services in the municipality is partially scarce.[1][2][28] Drinking water, drainage, and sewerage services are provided by the Comisión de Agua y Alcantarillado Sistema Actopan (CAASA).[278] There are eight water wells to provide service to the population, with a supply of fourteen million liters per day;[279][280] it is estimated that an Actopan resident uses 205 liters of water per day.[279][280]
The Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE) is in charge of electricity and public lighting.[281] The city has a fire station, In terms of public safety, there is an agency of the Public Prosecutor's Office with ten agents.[180] The city also has a social rehabilitation center (Cereso).[180]
The Actopan landfill is a Type C,[note 5] due to the amount of tons that enter daily around 18 to 23 tons.[282] It is 180 meters long by 30 meters wide and 15 meters deep.[283] It is an open-air landfill, it began operations in 2017 and by 2021 it will be at maximum capacity.[284] It has 10 units for garbage collection, covering 14 routes in 25 colonies.[180][285]
Economy
In 2015 it presented a Human Development Index of 0.776 (High).[286] In terms of finance there are nine bank branches, among which are Banamex, BBVA Bancomer, Banco Azteca, HSBC, Bancoppel, Banco Ahorro Famsa.[180] In industry there are small manufacturing companies such as huaraches, bricks for construction, and clothing maquiladoras.[2][28]
In terms of agriculture and livestock, grazing areas and crops are located in the colonies on the outskirts of the city, such as Cañada Chica Aviación, Cañada Chica, La Estación, El Cerrito, Dos Cerritos and Pozo Grande; these are activities with little production in the city. In agriculture, small-scale production is corn and alfalfa;[180] and in livestock, production is mainly aviculture with poultry.[180]
The city has a slaughterhouse inaugurated in 2015,[287] it has a surface area of 3500 m2; it has administrative areas, loading, unloading, the area of the main warehouse and the corrals, where about eighty herds and twice as many pigs can be slaughtered during eight hours.[288]
Trade
Stores and markets
Commerce is located mainly in the city center and in the surrounding streets, especially the sale of clothing, shoes, fruits and vegetables;[2][28] there are also commercial chains such as Farmacias Guadalajara, Coppel and OXXO, as well as two convenience stores, Mi Bodega Aurrerá and Mercado Soriana, formerly Bodega Comercial Mexicana. The city has two Diconsa program stores,[289] as well as two Liconsa dairies in the colonies El Cerrito and La Floresta.[290]
The city has two markets: the 8 de Julio Market and the Jamaiquitas Market.[2] The main market in the city is the 8 de Julio Market, it has two levels to house commercial activity and a subway parking lot. It was built in 1965;[102] in 2014 began the remodeling of the market, and the construction of the subway parking,[113] on April 2, 2015, the market was reopened.[291][292] The Jamaiquitas Market was built in 2008, and has about 30 stores.[110]
Tianguis
In the city, tianguis are held on Wednesdays and Sundays. The Wednesday tianguis is one of the most important in the Mezquital Valley. It is located in the so-called center of the city occupying about 45,414 m2, distributed in about twenty-two streets.[252] In it you can find a great variety of merchants offering seasonal fruits, vegetables, legumes, hierbas, stones, lime, kitchen utensils, canned products, seeds, beef, pork, chicken, fish, aluminum cases, clay pots, tools, sweets, clothes, food, etc.[293][294][295]
There is no exact date when this tianguis began to be set up, although it is known that sales in the area had been taking place since 1550.[252] Some time later the merchants settled on Efrén Rebolledo Street, since most of the vendors came from Santiago de Anaya.[252] This same street is known for its food stalls, maguey syrup and pulque; and you can listen to mariachi, marimba, huasteco or norteño trios, this area is colloquially known as: Garibaldito.[252][296]
It is estimated that around twenty-nine thousand people gather every Wednesday to buy products in this tianguis. On Sundays there is another tianguis in the downtown area,[297] this one is smaller than the one on Wednesdays; in it you can find fruits, vegetables, clothes, food, etc. It is located mainly around the Reforma Park where the Actopan Obelisk is located.
Food Market
The Central de Abastos de Actopan has been in operation since 2005 and only operates on Wednesdays and Saturdays.[298][299] It is the largest point of commerce in the region, and one of the most important in the state of Hidalgo.[300] On Saturdays it operates with a much smaller number of merchants and offers seasonal fruits, vegetables and legumes.[298][299]
On Wednesday it functions as an extension of the tianguis that is placed that day in the center of the city.[252] This day hosts approximately five thousand merchants from different municipalities of Hidalgo;[298][299][301] in an extension of seventeen hectares.[252]
It has areas for the sale of fodder, livestock (cattle, pigs, sheep and goats) and poultry, groceries, fruit and vegetables (wholesale and retail); as well as an area where electrical appliances, tools, toys, handicrafts, clothing, second-hand items, and others are sold.[300][298][299][301] On this day there is a Gastronomic Pavilion with thirty-nine stores where you can buy typical food of the region.[302] There is also the largest used car market in the state, as it can gather more than five hundred vehicles.[252]
Tourism
The city offers nine four- and three-star hotels, with a total of 258 available rooms;[180] it has sixteen restaurants, three cafeterias, two nightclubs and nine bars.[180] The city is located within the so-called Corredor Turístico de los Balnearios, promoted by the Federal and State Secretariat of Tourism.[303] This corridor passes through the municipalities of Actopan, Santiago de Anaya, Ixmiquilpan, Tasquillo, Tecozautla and Huichapan.[303]
Since November 27, 2011, the city has a tourist transport with capacity for more than thirty people, in its two levels; the second level is open-top.[304] This transportation travels through the main streets and attractions of the city, during the tour the houses where illustrious characters of Actopan lived are shown, such as María del Carmen González, doctor and altruist of the city; Efrén Rebolledo, poet and writer; and Genaro Guzmán Mayer, author of the Hymn to the State of Hidalgo.[305] This transportation does not operate every day, occasionally it only operates on local holidays.[304]
Sports
The most popular sport in the city is soccer, followed by football, basketball, baseball, volleyball, cycling, and athletics, among others.[28] In terms of sports infrastructure, there is a football field in the Ozesnos Actopan, as well as a basketball court in the Aviación colony, and a lucha libre arena.[28] There is also a bullring that is also used as a lienzo charro, located near the town of El Daxthá.[28]
In the city there is a lienzo charro called the Centro de Convenciones or Polideportivo "Mañutzi", completely roofed and with a capacity for three thousand people, located within the Municipal Sports Complex.[306] The "Jesús Luz Meneses" Municipal Sports Complex has a gymnasium with volleyball and basketball courts, a baseball field and a fronton court.
The Los Frailes Sports Complex, better known as "El Jagüey", is used as a soccer stadium; it is 105 m long, 57.5 m wide and 3 m deep.[189] The "Las Canchitas" Sports Complex: also known as the "Jesús Luz Meneses" Complex, it has areas for indoor soccer, volleyball and basketball
See also
Notes
- ↑ The difference between the data provided by the General Directorate of Epidemiology (DGE), which at that time reported 2 cases, is due to the fact that the federal agency includes people from Hidalgo who receive medical attention in other parts of the country.
- ↑ Size of the linguistic community according to the number of speakers for the population aged 3 years and older.
- 1 2 Percentage of population aged 15 and over.
- ↑ For statistical purposes, morning and afternoon shifts are considered two different schools; as institutions with multiple educational levels are counted separately.
- ↑ Type C from 10 to 50 tons, classified according to Mexican Official Standard NOM-083-SEMARNAT-2003.
References
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- ↑ Wallis, Ethel E (1954). "Toponimia otomí del Valle del Mezquital". Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos (in Spanish) (14): 60–153.
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- 1 2 Rivas Paniagua (2008, p. 72)
- 1 2 Mota, Dinorath (July 4, 2017). "Confirman la presencia de pumas en Actopan, Hidalgo". El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on August 6, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
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- ↑ Redacción (July 3, 2019). "Por concluir registro de marca «Territorio Puma» en Actopan". Quadratin Hidalgo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved May 25, 2022.
- 1 2 Vergara Hernández (2008, p. 14)
- ↑ Manzano Campero (2009a, p. 10)
- 1 2 López Mociños, Celso (December 16, 2017). "Ixcuinquitlapilco – Actopan". H. Ayuntamiento de San Agustín Tlaxiaca (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
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- 1 2 3 González Torres (2019, pp. 95–120)
- 1 2 3 4 Velázquez Fernández, Juan José (2015). "Conservación, restauración y adecuación: Ex convento de San Nicolás Tolentino, Actopan, Hidalgo". División de Ciencias y Artes para el Diseño (in Spanish). Mexico: Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana. Archived from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
- 1 2 Vivar Cravioto (2012, p. 28)
- 1 2 Ballesteros García (2000, p. 21)
- ↑ ADABI (2012, pp. 7–25)
- 1 2 Perujo de la Cruz (2018, p. 33)
- ↑ Perujo de la Cruz (2018, p. 31)
- ↑ Perujo de la Cruz (2018, p. 32)
- ↑ Mercado García Rosas, Leticia Herlinda (2007). Salas Zamudio, Salvador (ed.). Documental fotográfico en técnicas alternativas de la arquitectura del siglo XVI de Hidalgo, México (PDF) (in Spanish). National Autonomous University of Mexico. pp. 38–39. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved February 9, 2023.
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- ↑ Perujo de la Cruz (2018, p. 122)
- 1 2 Perujo de la Cruz (2018, p. 34)
- ↑ Perujo de la Cruz (2018, p. 38)
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- ↑ Perujo de la Cruz (2018, p. 41)
- 1 2 Perujo de la Cruz (2018, p. 126)
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- ↑ Perujo de la Cruz (2018, p. 130)
- 1 2 Perujo de la Cruz (2018, p. 131)
- ↑ Perujo de la Cruz (2018, p. 133)
- ↑ "Noticia "Actopan"". La Gaceta de México (in Spanish). August 9, 1875. Archived from the original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved September 17, 2020.
- ↑ Perujo de la Cruz (2018, p. 134)
- 1 2 Perujo de la Cruz (2018, p. 148)
- 1 2 Perujo de la Cruz (2018, p. 149)
- ↑ Perujo de la Cruz (2018, p. 150)
- ↑ Perujo de la Cruz (2018, p. 36)
- ↑ Perujo de la Cruz (2018, p. 152)
- 1 2 3 Perujo de la Cruz (2018, p. 154)
- 1 2 3 4 Ruiz Medrano (2007, pp. 101–129)
- 1 2 Perujo de la Cruz (2018, p. 155)
- ↑ Perujo de la Cruz (2018, p. 156)
- 1 2 3 Echenberg, Myron (2017). Humboldt's Mexico: In the Footsteps of the Illustrious German Scientific Traveller (1st ed.). Montreal, Canadá: McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. pp. 103–105. ISBN 978-077-354-941-8. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
- ↑ Humboldt, Alexander von (1836). Ensayo político sobre Nueva España, Tomo I (in Spanish) (3rd ed.). Paris, France: Librería de Lecointe. pp. 56–70. ISBN 978-968-432-949-2. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
- ↑ Humboldt, Alexander Von (2012). Sitios de las cordilleras y monumentos de los pueblos indígenas de América (in Spanish). Madrid, Spain: Marcial Pons Historia. p. 291. ISBN 978-84-92820-68-9. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
- ↑ Manzano Campero (2009a, p. 144)
- ↑ Consulta Pública del Catálogo Nacional de Monumentos Históricos Inmuebles. "Monumento Histórico: Palacio Municipal de Actopan". Coordinación Nacional de Monumentos Históricos (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
- ↑ Olga Hernández, Patricia (2010). ""Sintió, se dolió y se murió. Análisis de la mortalidad por causas en Actopan, Hidalgo, 1820– 1829" (PDF). Coloquio: Epidemias, pandemias y endemias (in Spanish). Retrieved September 22, 2020.
- ↑ Arana Pozos, José Ramón (2002). Legislaturas y Legisladores del Estado de México (PDF) (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Toluca, Mexico: Instituto de Estudios Legislativos. p. 177. ISBN 968-5127-16-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 9, 2018. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
- 1 2 3 Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal (2010). "Enciclopedia de los Municipios y Delegaciones de México: Historia del estado de Hidalgo". Secretariat of the Interior (in Spanish). Government of Mexico. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
- ↑ Manzano Campero (2009a, p. 76)
- 1 2 Menes Llaguno, Juan Manuel. "La Creación del Estado de Hidalgo" (PDF). Gobierno del estado de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
- ↑ Manzano Campero (2009b, p. 9)
- ↑ Carmona Davila, Doralicia. "Es fusilado Julio López, calificado de "comunista, asesino y gavillero"". Memoria Política de México (in Spanish). Retrieved November 5, 2017.
- 1 2 Abramson, Pierre-Luc (2012). Las utopías sociales en América Latina en el siglo XIX (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Mexico City; Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Económica. ISBN 978-607-16-0982-3. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
- ↑ Cilia López, Gildardo (November 5, 2017). "Miguel Negrete: Un Héroe del 5 de Mayo. Segunda de dos Partes". SDP noticias (in Spanish). Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 5, 2017.
- ↑ Manzano Campero (2009b, p. 42)
- ↑ Manzano Campero (2009b, p. 51)
- ↑ Manzano Campero (2009b, p. 53)
- ↑ Manzano Campero (2009b, p. 54)
- ↑ Manzano Campero (2009b, p. 81)
- ↑ Manzano Campero (2009b, p. 113)
- ↑ Rublúo (2009, p. 204)
- 1 2 3 Betancourt Cid, Carlos (Coord.) (2014). "Martínez y Martínez, Roberto". In Martínez Ocampo, Lourdes (ed.). Diccionario de generales de la Revolución. Tomo II (PDF) (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Del. Álvaro Obregón, Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de la Revolución Mexicana. pp. 618–619. ISBN 978-607-9276-49-2. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
- ↑ Rublúo (2009, p. 369)
- ↑ Manzano Campero (2009b, p. 139)
- ↑ Rublúo (2009, p. 371)
- 1 2 Manzano Campero (2009b, p. 164)
- ↑ Manzano Campero (2009b, p. 204)
- ↑ Manzano Campero (2009b, p. 259)
- ↑ Manzano Campero (2009b, p. 286)
- 1 2 Manzano Campero (2009b, p. 287)
- ↑ Delgadillo Santos, Francisca Elia (2006). "Relaciones de poder: armado de estirpe entre profesores" (PDF). National Pedagogic University (in Spanish). pp. 55–65. Retrieved August 30, 2020.
- 1 2 3 "El Exconvento de San Nicolás Tolentino en Actopan, Hidalgo". Guía México Desconocido (in Spanish). June 25, 2010. Retrieved December 2, 2015.
- 1 2 3 4 Martínez Pelcastre, Emmanuel de Jesús (2019). "Deterioro, Riesgo y Oportunidad en el Estudio de Acueductos del Virreinato del Siglo XVI" (PDF). Pädi Boletín Científico de Ciencias Básicas e Ingenierías del ICBI (in Spanish). Pachuca, Hidalgo: Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. 6 (12): 63–69. doi:10.29057/icbi.v6i12.3599. S2CID 186496950.
- 1 2 3 Velarde, Rocío (April 2, 2015). "Inauguran mercado 8 de Julio en Actopan". Periódico El Independiente de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on November 30, 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
- ↑ Official Journal of the Federation (August 17, 1966). "DECRETO que incorpora a los bienes del dominio público y se destina al servicio del Gobierno del Estado de Hidalgo, para la construcción de un campo deportivo, el predio denominado ex-Convento de San Nicolás Tolentino, ubicado en Actopan, Hgo". Secretariat of Energy (in Spanish). Government of Mexico. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
- ↑ Official Journal of the Federation (November 28, 1966). "DACLARACION al Decreto que destinó al Gobierno del Estado de Hidalgo, una fracción el exconvento de San Nicolás Tolentino, en Actopan, Hgo., publicado el 17 de agosto de 1966". Secretariat of Energy (in Spanish). Government of Mexico. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
- 1 2 3 "Secuencia de Sismos en Hidalgo, Mayo 2010" (PDF). National Seismological Service (in Spanish). May 29, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 6, 2016. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
- ↑ National Institute of Statistics and Geography. "Cañada Chica Aviación". Archivo Histórico de Localidades Geoestadísticas (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. Archived from the original on November 9, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
- ↑ National Institute of Statistics and Geography. "Pozo Grande". Archivo Histórico de Localidades Geoestadísticas (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. Archived from the original on November 9, 2017. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
- 1 2 3 Zuniga, Eloisa (June 27, 2013). "Los 10 obeliscos modernos más altos del mundo". De10.mx (in Spanish). El Universal. Archived from the original on June 6, 2017. Retrieved June 2, 2013.
- ↑ EZNL (February 28, 2001). "En Actopan, Comandante Abel". enlacezapatista.ezln.org.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved February 23, 2018.
- 1 2 Redacción (2015). "Subsisten conflictos internos desde Mercado Jamaiquitas". Periódico La Crónica Hidalgo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 31, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
- ↑ "Paso a Desnivel Actopan" (PDF). Nucor Skyline (in Spanish). Retrieved September 27, 2020.
- ↑ La Redacción (June 27, 2012). "Malverde: arde capilla". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on January 15, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
- 1 2 "3 Informe de Gobierno" (PDF). H. Ayuntamiento de Actopan (in Spanish). 2012–2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 13, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
- 1 2 Cardón, Hugo (April 30, 2016). "Sigue controversia en Actopan por remodelación de Palacio Municipal". Periódico La Crónica de Hoy en Hidalgo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
- ↑ Montoya, Juan Ricardo (December 30, 2016). "Comerciantes de Hidalgo repudian el 'gasolinazo' con caravana". La Jornada (in Spanish). Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
- ↑ Alfaro, Bertha (January 5, 2017). "Tula, Actopan, municipios de Hidalgo con mayor número de saqueos en comercios". Noticieros Televisa (in Spanish). Retrieved January 21, 2017.
- ↑ Velarde, Rocío (January 5, 2017). "Lamenta Actopan hechos violentos". Periódico El Independiente de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on September 17, 2018. Retrieved September 17, 2018.
- ↑ "Reportan saqueos en centros comerciales de Actopan". Periódico El Independiente de Hidalgo (in Spanish). January 4, 2017. Archived from the original on September 17, 2018. Retrieved September 17, 2018.
- ↑ Redacción (January 5, 2017). "Restablecen orden en Actopan, Alcaldía hace un balance de los hechos violentos" (in Spanish). Agenda Hidalguense. Retrieved January 21, 2017.
- ↑ Redacción (September 9, 2017). "Sin afectaciones en Actopan por sismo, reporta ayuntamiento". Quadratín Hidalgo (in Spanish). Agencia Quadratín. Retrieved September 21, 2015.
- ↑ Redacción (September 20, 2017). "Se cimbró Hidalgo". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on September 21, 2017. Retrieved September 21, 2015.
- ↑ Antonio Alcaraz, José (March 10, 2019). "Registran primeros temblores de este año en Hidalgo". Periódico AM (in Spanish). Retrieved February 24, 2020.
- ↑ Velarde, Rocío (June 1, 2018). "Arden 15 hectáreas en Actopan". Periódico El Independiente de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved June 28, 2018.
- 1 2 Chávez, Áxel (May 19, 2018). "Dos muertos y siete detenidos tras robo en Actopan, Hidalgo". La Silla Rota (in Spanish). Retrieved April 21, 2020.
- ↑ Redacción (September 27, 2019). "Frustran asalto en Actopan, 2 presuntos ladrones resultan lesionados". Quadratín Hidalgo (in Spanish). Agencia Quadratín. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
- ↑ Rosas, Lorena (April 19, 2020). "En Hidalgo, más decesos por asesinatos o accidentes que por covid-19". La Silla Rota (in Spanish). Retrieved April 21, 2020.
- ↑ Gutiérrez, Erika (March 18, 2020). "Cancelan fiestas patronales y cierran espacios públicos en el Valle del Mezquital por Covid 19". Quadratín Hidalgo (in Spanish). Agencia Quadratín. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
- ↑ Redacción (April 21, 2020). "Suspenden tianguis en Actopan y Tlahuelilpan". Periódico AM (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 27, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
- ↑ Redacción (March 31, 2020). "En tianguis de Actopan solo venderán productos básicos". La Silla Rota (in Spanish). Retrieved April 21, 2020.
- ↑ Datos Abiertos – Dirección General de Epidemiología (April 6, 2020). "Información General". Secretariat of Health (in Spanish). Government of Mexico. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
- ↑ Redacción (April 26, 2020). "Registran deceso por coronavirus en San Salvador y contagios en Actopan y Tolcayuca". Periódico AM (in Spanish). Retrieved April 28, 2020.
- ↑ Redacción (April 30, 2020). "Restringirán acceso a centro de Actopan por la tarde-noche". La Silla Rota Hidalgo (in Spanish). Retrieved June 17, 2020.
- ↑ Redacción (May 4, 2020). "Por covid-19, suspenden tianguis del miércoles y domingo en Actopan". Hidalgo-La Silla Rota (in Spanish). Retrieved May 22, 2020.
- ↑ Gutiérrez, Erika. "Reubican a comerciantes como medida preventiva ante contingencia en Actopan". Quadratín Hidalgo (in Spanish). Agencia Quadratín. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
- ↑ Redacción (May 11, 2020). "Edifican en 15 días clínica para atender pacientes de covid-19 en Actopan". Milenio Hidalgo (in Spanish). Milenio. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
- ↑ Redacción (May 11, 2020). "En 2 semanas, levantan hospital en Actopan para covid-19". La Silla Rota (in Spanish). Retrieved September 27, 2020.
- ↑ Redacción (May 14, 2020). "Se suman Tepeapulco y Actopan a municipios con defunciones por COVID-19". Periódico AM (in Spanish). Retrieved May 23, 2020.
- ↑ Vázquez, Perla (June 15, 2020). "Reabrirán comercios en el centro de Actopan". Periódico Criterio de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Retrieved June 17, 2020.
- ↑ Redacción (June 15, 2020). "Pese a semáforo en rojo, comienza reapertura de negocios en Actopan". La Silla Rota Hidalgo (in Spanish). Retrieved June 17, 2020.
- ↑ Redacción (June 16, 2020). "Regresa tianguis de los miércoles al centro de Actopan". La Silla Rota Hidalgo (in Spanish). Retrieved June 17, 2020.
- ↑ Leticia Sánchez, Alma (June 23, 2020). "La Feria de la Barbacoa 2020 fue suspendida". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
- ↑ Guzmán Servín, Ana Karen (September 15, 2020). "Población está contenta pese a pandemia: arzobispo". Periódico El Independiente de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Retrieved September 14, 2020.
- ↑ Gutiérrez, Erika (September 25, 2020). "Reanudan circulación de vehículos en el centro de Actopan". Quadratín Hidalgo (in Spanish). Agencia Quadratín. Retrieved September 27, 2020.
- ↑ Leticia Sanchez, Alma (September 26, 2020). "Liberan zona Centro del cerco sanitario". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Retrieved September 27, 2020.
- ↑ Aranda, Nancy (January 31, 2021). "Por Covid-19, presidencia municipal en Actopan cerrarán 2 semanas". Periódico Criterio de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Retrieved February 5, 2021.
- ↑ Leticia Sánchez, Alma (January 14, 2021). "Actopan cerrará calles para contener contagios por Covid-19". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
- ↑ Leticia Sánchez, Alma (January 28, 2021). "Sanean todos los locales en Actopan". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Retrieved February 5, 2021.
- ↑ Redacción (February 3, 2021). "Suspenden tradicional tianguis en Actopan". La Silla Rota (in Spanish). Retrieved February 5, 2021.
- ↑ G. Alanis, Arturo (March 11, 2022). "Reabren al público Parque La Reforma". Diario Vía Libre (in Spanish). Retrieved April 11, 2022.
- 1 2 Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. "Sistema Nacional de Información Municipal". Government of Mexico (in Spanish). Secretariat of the Interior. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 INEGI. "Actopan, Hidalgo" (PDF). Prontuario de información geográfica municipal de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (in Spanish). National Institute of Statistics and Geography. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 SEDATU (December 23, 2013). "Atlas de riesgos naturales del municipio de Actopan, Hidalgo. 2013" (PDF). Government of Mexico (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 18, 2017. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
- 1 2 Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales de Hidalgo (June 27, 2020). "Certificado de preservación 02/2020". Periódico Oficial del estado de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Gobierno del Estado de Hidalgo. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
- 1 2 García, Oliver (June 27, 2020). "Declaran área natural protegida corredor de Actopan". La Silla Rota Hidalgo (in Spanish). Retrieved July 5, 2020.
- ↑ Morales, Emily (August 18, 2020). "El corredor biológico del Puma, joya natural de Hidalgo". La Silla Rota (in Spanish). Retrieved September 14, 2020.
- ↑ INEGI (1997). División territorial del estado de Hidalgo de 1810 a 1995 (PDF) (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Aguascalientes: National Institute of Statistics and Geography. pp. 81–92. ISBN 970-13-1498-0. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
- ↑ Catálogo Localidades – Microrregiones. "Municipio de Actopan, Hidalgo". Secretariat of Welfare (in Spanish). Government of Mexico. Archived from the original on May 3, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
- ↑ INE (March 15, 2017). "Distritos Electorales Federales de Hidalgo" (PDF). Instituto Nacional Electoral (in Spanish). Retrieved March 8, 2018.
- ↑ INE (March 15, 2017). "Distritos Electorales Loales de Hidalgo" (PDF). Instituto Nacional Electoral (in Spanish). Retrieved March 8, 2018.
- ↑ "Plano Distrital Seccional de Hidalgo: Distrito 3" (PDF). Instituto Nacional Electoral (in Spanish). March 15, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
- ↑ INE (March 15, 2017). "Descriptivo de la distritacion federal de Hidalgo" (PDF). Instituto Nacional Electoral (in Spanish). Retrieved March 8, 2018.
- 1 2 3 Congreso del estado de Hidalgo (December 25, 2017). "Decreto que determina la regionalización del Estado Libre y Soberano de Hidalgo" (PDF). Periódico Oficial del Estado de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Gobierno del estado de Hidalgo. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 22, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
- ↑ "División de los Distritos Judiciales". Poder Judicial del Estado de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Gobierno del estado de Hidalgo. Archived from the original on March 21, 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
- ↑ Redacción (April 24, 2022). "Se hermanan los municipios de Actopan, Veracruz y Actopan, Hidalgo". El Corresponsal (in Spanish). Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- ↑ Redacción (April 26, 2022). "Actopan es aliado y signa a Veracruz". Periódico Criterio Hidalgo (in Spanish). Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- ↑ Redaccion (May 29, 2022). "Refuerza Actopan lazos con su homónimo de Veracruz". Periódico Criterio Hidalgo (in Spanish). Retrieved May 29, 2022.
- ↑ Redacción (May 29, 2022). "Celebran hermanamiento ayuntamientos de Actopan de los estados de Veracruz e Hidalgo". Cambio Digital (in Spanish). Retrieved May 29, 2022.
- ↑ Redacción (July 4, 2022). "Firma Actopan hermanamiento con municipio de Brasil". Effetá (in Spanish). Retrieved July 13, 2022.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (2020). "Principales resultados por localidad (ITER). Hidalgo". INEGI (in Spanish). Retrieved January 25, 2021.
- ↑ INEGI (2004, pp. 5–9)
- ↑ INALI (2008). "Catálogo de las Lenguas Indígenas Nacionales: Variantes Lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas (in Spanish). Retrieved March 2, 2017.
- ↑ Báez Cubero et al. (2012, pp. 32–35)
- ↑ Lastra de Suárez, Yolanda (2006). Los otomíes, su lengua y su historia (in Spanish). Coyoacán. Mexico City: National Autonomous University of Mexico. p. 57. ISBN 970-323-388-0. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
- ↑ Wright Carr, David Charles (2005). "Lengua, cultura e historia de los otomíes (Los otomíes, un pueblo olvidado)". Arqueología Mexicana (in Spanish). Editorial Raíces. 13 (73): 26–29. ISSN 0188-8218. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
- ↑ "Historia". Archdiocese of Tulancingo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on August 5, 2009. Retrieved August 23, 2010.
- ↑ "Comunidades y Colonias". Ayuntamiento de Actopan (in Spanish). April 8, 2021. Retrieved April 3, 2022.
- ↑ "Plan Municipal de Desarrollo 2016 – 2020" (PDF). H. Ayuntamiento de Actopan (in Spanish). 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 17, 2018. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
- ↑ "Plano de Actopan" (PDF). Sistema de Información Georreferenciada de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Gobierno del Estado de Hidalgo. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
- ↑ G. Alanis, Arturo (November 16, 2020). "Logran regularización de la Colonia Deportivo Olímpico". Diario Vía Libre (in Spanish). Retrieved April 3, 2022.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Información Estadística Básica: Carpeta Municipal Actopan" (PDF). Secretaría de Planeación Desarrollo Regional Regional y Metropolitano (in Spanish). Gobierno del estado de Hidalgo. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 15, 2017. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
- ↑ CONEVAL. "Informe Anual Sobre La Situación de Pobreza y Rezago Social: Actopan, Hidalgo (2017)" (PDF). Secretariat of Welfare (in Spanish). Government of Mexico. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
- 1 2 CONEVAL. "Informe Anual Sobre La Situación de Pobreza y Rezago Social: Actopan, Hidalgo (2010)" (PDF). Secretariat of Welfare (in Spanish). Government of Mexico. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
- ↑ Anastacio Cruz, Maricela; Bustamante Godínez, Héctor. "Exconvento de San Nicolás de Tolentino una visita virtual" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (in Spanish). Retrieved March 22, 2017.
- ↑ Redacción. "El exconvento de San Nicolás Tolentino en Actopan, Hidalgo". Guía México Desconocido (in Spanish). Retrieved March 22, 2017.
- ↑ Vivar Cravioto (2012, p. 57)
- ↑ Cardón, Hugo (March 19, 2018). "Rehabilitarán este espacio de Actopan, pormenorizan". Periódico La Crónica de Hoy en Hidalgo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on March 5, 2021. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
- ↑ Rodrigo, Horacio. "El obelisco de Actopan ya no es tan mal visto". Milenio (in Spanish). Grupo Editorial Milenio. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
- ↑ Redacción (July 24, 2017). "Se creará la plaza de la cultura y las artes en Actopan: Héctor Cruz". Punto x Punto (in Spanish). Retrieved October 9, 2020.
- 1 2 "Monumentos arquitectónicos de Actopan". Hidalguia (in Spanish). Retrieved November 30, 2015.
- 1 2 Redacción (March 30, 2014). "Jardín El Salto será atractivo para el turismo y cultura". Milenio (in Spanish). Milenio S. A. de C. V. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
- ↑ G. Alanis, Arturo (March 23, 2019). "Quieren monumento al maestro a un costado de Obelisco de Actopan". Diario Vía Libre (in Spanish). Retrieved July 23, 2019.
- ↑ González, Arturo (June 21, 2019). "Autoridades locales develan monolito en honor al magisterio". Diario Vía Libre (in Spanish). Retrieved March 23, 2019.
- ↑ Redacción (August 29, 2020). "Actopan recuperará su vocación turística: Héctor Cruz". News Hidalgo (in Spanish). Retrieved October 3, 2020.
- ↑ Velarde, Rocio (March 8, 2014). "Construirán estacionamiento subterráneo en Actopan". Periódico El Independiente de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ↑ Redacción (August 31, 2014). "Estrena centro histórico de Actopan estacionamiento subterráneo". Periódico El Independiente de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 8, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ↑ Redacción (October 5, 2020). "Inaugura Francisco Olvera obras en el Centro Histórico de Actopan" (PDF). El Sol de México (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 28, 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2014.
- ↑ Sánchez, Alma Leticia (March 29, 2018). "Rehabilitan obelisco junto con Parque Reforma, en Actopan" (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on March 30, 2018. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
- ↑ "Sitios de interés Actopan" (PDF). CCCR Actopan (in Spanish). Consejo Consultivo Ciudadano del Estado de Hidalgo. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 13, 2017. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chávez Álvarez, Sergio (July 12, 2011). "Recordemos. Arte Rupestre". Revista Mundo Actopan (in Spanish). p. 4. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
- ↑ Martínez Marín, Carlos (1983). Secretaría de Turismo, Cultura y Recreación (ed.). Los Conventos del siglo XVI en el Estado de Hidalgo (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Pachuca, Mexico: Gobierno del Estado de Hidalgo. p. 206.
- ↑ de la O, Gabriela (December 9, 2012). "La pintura mural en los conventos". Antropología e historia (in Spanish). Artes e Historia México. Archived from the original on December 10, 2012. Retrieved December 15, 2012.
- ↑ Ballesteros García, Víctor Manuel (1999). La pintura mural del convento de Actopan (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Pachuca de Soto, Hidalgo: Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. ISBN 968-634-064-5.
- ↑ "23 Murales llenaron de color y conciencia la Escuela Superior de Actopan en el FINI 2015". portalpolitico.tv (in Spanish). May 22, 2015. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
- ↑ Rodríguez Arévalo, Jesús; Caporal Gaytán, Julia (2017). "Los Muralibros y su práctica comunitaria Reseña de Encuentros internacionales de Muralismo en la Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo de 2014 a 2016". Boletín Científico Magotzi (in Spanish). 5 (10). ISSN 2007-4913. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
- 1 2 3 4 5 H. Ayuntamiento de Actopan (2017). "Informe de desarrollo municipal: septiembre 2016 – agosto 2017" (PDF). Primer Informe de Gobierno Municipal (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 20, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
- ↑ Franco, Sandra (November 19, 2019). "Realiza ESAc mural con temas sociales". Periódico El Independiente de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on September 30, 2020. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
- ↑ Guzmán Servín, Ana Karen (September 8, 2020). "Inauguran mural Pueblo con sabor en Actopan". Periódico El Independiente de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on September 23, 2020. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
- ↑ "Bibliotecas en Actopan, Hidalgo". Red nacional de bibliotecas (in Spanish). Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes. Retrieved August 25, 2010.
- ↑ "Casa de Cultura de Actopan". Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes (in Spanish). Retrieved August 25, 2010.
- ↑ "Museo del Exconvento de San Nicolás de Tolentino". Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes (in Spanish). Retrieved August 25, 2010.
- ↑ Sánchez, Alma Leticia (January 6, 2011). "Museo de Actopan abrió solo para la inauguración". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
- ↑ Gutiérrez, Érika (December 21, 2010). "Inaugura Osorio Centro Cultural". Periódico Criterio Hidalgo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on June 29, 2012. Retrieved November 18, 2011.
- ↑ Redacción (May 25, 2021). "A la basura 12 mdp en Actopan, tirarán museo por fallas estructurales". La Silla Rota Hidalgo (in Spanish). Retrieved June 17, 2021.
- ↑ Redacción (May 25, 2021). "Anuncia alcaldía de Actopan demolición de Museo y Centro Cultural Bicentenario". Periódico AM (in Spanish). Archived from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
- ↑ Chávez, Edgar (May 25, 2021). "Por peligroso, demolerán Museo y Centro Cultural Bicentenario de Actopan". La Jornada Hidalgo (in Spanish). Retrieved June 17, 2021.
- ↑ Gutiérrez, Erika (August 18, 2021). "Detenida, demolición del Museo y Centro Cultural de Actopan". Quadratín Hidalgo (in Spanish). Retrieved August 26, 2021.
- ↑ Durán, Hércules (August 30, 2011). "Colocan la 1ra piedra del Museo del Deporte en Actopan". Diario El Visto Bueno (in Spanish). Archived from the original on June 29, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
- ↑ "Inauguran en Actopan Galería del Deporte". Hidalgo Sport. January 13, 2012. Archived from the original on October 13, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
- 1 2 Redacción (September 3, 2011). "Habrá Museo deportivo". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on April 13, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
- ↑ Redacción (January 15, 2012). "Inauguran Galería del Deporte en Actopan". La Copa (in Spanish). Periódico Criterio Hidalgo. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
- ↑ "Inauguraron Galería del Deporte en Actopan". Punto X Punto (in Spanish). January 15, 2012. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
- ↑ Velarde, Rocío (September 14, 2016). "Preparan festejos patrios en Actopan". El Independiente de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 27, 2017. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
- ↑ Sánchez, Alma Leticia (September 7, 2017). "Concurso Nacional de Huapango en Actopan". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on September 15, 2017. Retrieved September 15, 2017.
- ↑ Cisneros, Stefany. "Día de la Candelaria, origen y significado del 2 de febrero". Guía México Desconocido (in Spanish). Retrieved February 2, 2018.
- ↑ Redacción (February 1, 2018). "¿Por qué comemos tamales el Día de la Candelaria?". Milenio (in Spanish). Grupo Milenio. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Fiestas tradicionales de Actopan". Hidalguía (in Spanish). Retrieved June 11, 2017.
- 1 2 3 4 Sistema de información turística. "Calendario de los principales eventos, ferias y fiestas de Hidalgo" (PDF). Secretaría de Turismo del estado de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Gobierno del estado de Hidalgo. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
- 1 2 "Monografía de la Comunidad de Pozo Grande, Actopan Hidalgo". Escuela Superior de Actopan (in Spanish). Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. 2010. Retrieved November 8, 2017.
- ↑ Sánchez, Alma Leticia (April 16, 2011). "Altar previo a la Semana Santa". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on December 3, 2015. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
- ↑ Sánchez, Alma Leticia (March 24, 2018). "Colocan altar de Dolores". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on March 28, 2018. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
- ↑ Cedillo Vargas, Reina (2008). "El altar de Dolores. Rescate arqueológico de una tradición mexicana". Arqueología Mexicana (in Spanish). Editorial Raíces. 15 (90): 18–23. ISSN 0188-8218. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
- ↑ Sánchez, Alma Leticia (April 18, 2014). "Continúa instalado Altar de Dólores". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on December 3, 2015. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
- 1 2 3 INAH. "Perdura la tradición del Altar de Dolores". Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (in Spanish). Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
- 1 2 3 INAH (April 7, 2017). "Llega la tradición del Altar de Dolores a recintos del INAH". Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (in Spanish). Archived from the original on April 11, 2017. Retrieved May 3, 2017.
- ↑ Sánchez, Alma Leticia (October 30, 2017). "Lista venta para Día de Muertos". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 5, 2017.
- ↑ La Redacción (October 24, 2013). "Actopan en Día de Muertos". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on November 30, 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
- ↑ La Redacción (November 4, 2017). "Actopan festeja a los fieles difuntos" (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 5, 2017.
- 1 2 3 "La Fiesta a los Muertos en el estado de Hidalgo". Secretaría de Cultura (in Spanish). Gobierno del estado de Hidalgo. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
- 1 2 Sánchez, Alma Leticia (December 2, 2015). ""Navidad en Familia", llegó al Valle". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on December 3, 2015. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
- 1 2 Salanueva, Ramsés (November 24, 2010). "Actopan enciende árbol navideño". Milenio (in Spanish). Grupo Editorial Milenio. Archived from the original on April 11, 2013. Retrieved December 4, 2011.
- ↑ Redacción (December 1, 2009). "2010, año de resultados y crecimiento para Hidalgo: Osorio Chong". REVISTA ELECTRÓNICA Asociación de Reporteros e Informadores Gráficos de Periódicos y Revistas de la República Mexicana. (in Spanish). Retrieved December 5, 2017.
- ↑ Sánchez, Patricia (January 6, 2012). "Inicia cabalgata de Día de Reyes". Periódico Ruta (in Spanish). Archived from the original on December 5, 2017. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
- ↑ La Redacción (January 11, 2014). "Se prepara Actopan para Cabalgata de Reyes Magos". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on November 30, 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
- ↑ Redacción (December 12, 2009). "Los excesos mexicanos del Maratón Guadalupe-Reyes". El Universal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
- ↑ La Redacción (July 10, 2012). "Actopan se viste de fiesta por su 466 Aniversario". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on April 13, 2013. Retrieved July 13, 2012.
- ↑ Leticia Sánchez, Alma (July 19, 2012). "Feria Actopan resultó "muy económica"". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on April 13, 2013. Retrieved July 23, 2012.
- ↑ La Redacción (July 3, 2014). "Presentan actividades deportivas en la Feria Actopan 2014". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on November 30, 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
- ↑ La Redacción (June 25, 2014). "Funcionarios municipales anunciaron programa de Feria Actopan 2014". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on November 30, 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
- 1 2 La Redacción (July 17, 2012). "Concluyó feria Actopan con Concurso de Barbacoa". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on April 13, 2013. Retrieved July 23, 2012.
- 1 2 Leticia Sánchez, Alma (June 27, 2017). "Feria Actopan busca Denominación de Origen". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on October 29, 2017. Retrieved July 1, 2017.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Actopan Ciudad de Cara Bonita". Dirección de Cultura Actopan (in Spanish). September 8, 2021. Retrieved March 12, 2022.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Sánchez, Alma Leticia (February 21, 2018). "La tradición de Actopan". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on February 22, 2018. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Gutiérrez, Érika (June 27, 2017). "Tendrá Actopan Festival de Ximbo". Periódico Criterio de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Retrieved July 1, 2017.
- 1 2 3 Redacción. "Arte gastronómico (Hidalgo)". Guía México Desconocido (in Spanish). Retrieved March 22, 2017.
- 1 2 3 LauraB. de Caraza Campos. "La gastronomía hidalguense, mezcla de tradiciones". Guía México Desconocido (in Spanish). Retrieved March 22, 2017.
- ↑ Frías, Luis (March 4, 2009). "Inauguran una carretera que ya existía en Actopan". Milenio (in Spanish). Grupo Editorial Milenio. Archived from the original on April 11, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
- 1 2 "Catálogo de las estaciones de radio y canales de televisión que pueden verse y escucharse en el territorio del Estado de Hidalgo" (PDF). Radio y Televisión de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Gobierno del estado de Hidalgo. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 18, 2010. Retrieved July 26, 2010.
- ↑ Naranjo, Lourdes (November 21, 2018). "Llegó la quinta: habrá Radio UAEH Actopan". El Independiente de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on August 7, 2019. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
- ↑ "Radio Universidad Actopan 102.1 FM". Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Retrieved August 7, 2019.
- ↑ "Estaciones de radio FM" (PDF). Federal Telecommunications Institute (in Spanish). Government of Mexico. May 16, 2018. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
- ↑ Leticia Sánchez, Alma (November 29, 2022). "A partir de hoy "el silencio será el protagonista de nuestras emisoras": Torres". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Retrieved January 14, 2023.
- ↑ Gutiérrez Pérez, Julieta (November 28, 2022). "Apagón radiofónico en Hidalgo; salen del aire 10 estaciones". La Silla Rota (in Spanish). Retrieved January 14, 2023.
- ↑ Servicio Postal Mexicano. "Consulta Códigos Postales" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
- ↑ Telmex. "Claves LADA" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on November 7, 2013. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sistema Nacional de Información de Escuelas. "Directorio de escuelas". Secretariat of Public Education (in Spanish). Government of Mexico. Archived from the original on November 11, 2017. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
- ↑ "Antecedentes". Escuela Superior de Actopan (in Spanish). Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
- ↑ "Reseña Histórica" (PDF). CBTis 83 "Pedro María Anaya Álvarez" (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 7, 2019. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
- ↑ "Nuestra Institución". CBTis 83 "Pedro María Anaya Álvarez" (in Spanish). Retrieved August 7, 2019.
- ↑ "Centro de Estudios Universitarios Moyocoyani". Secretaría de Educación Pública de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Gobierno del estado de Hidalgo. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
- ↑ UAEH (2009). "Escuela Superior Actopan" (PDF). Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 16, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
- ↑ UAEH. "Infraestructura Universitaria". Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on May 22, 2013. Retrieved January 28, 2013.
- ↑ IMSS. "Directorios IMSS". Mexican Social Security Institute (in Spanish). Government of Mexico. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
- ↑ ISSSTE. "Directorio de Unidades Médicas" (PDF). Institute for Social Security and Services for State Workers (in Spanish). Government of Mexico. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
- 1 2 SSH. "Actualización del Programa. Sectorial de Salud 2011–2016" (PDF). Secretaría de Salud del estado de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Gobierno del estado de Hidalgo. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
- ↑ "Unidades por municipio: Actopan". Secretaría de Salud del Estado de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Gobierno del Estado de Hidalgo. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
- 1 2 Cardón, Hugo (2015). "Actividades por 15 años del Hospital General de Actopan". Diario La Crónica de Hoy en Hidalgo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
- 1 2 Enríquez, Aarón (June 20, 2015). "Celebran Congreso de Enfermería en el Hospital General de Actopan". Diario El Visto Bueno (in Spanish). Archived from the original on November 30, 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
- ↑ González, Alberto (January 30, 2012). "Se derrama gota en Caasa". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on November 30, 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
- 1 2 Sánchez, Alma Leticia (March 10, 2018). "Grave desperdicio de agua en Actopan". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on March 20, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
- 1 2 Sánchez, Alma Leticia (June 7, 2018). "Estiaje: grave problema en Actopan". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 11, 2018.
- ↑ Rico, José Luis (October 12, 2009). "CFE dará servicio eléctrico en Pachuca" (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
- ↑ Redacción (November 6, 2016). "Transforman relleno sanitario de Actopan en 33 días". Quadratin Hidalgo (in Spanish). Agencia Quadratin. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
- ↑ H. Ayuntamiento de Actopan (2017). "Informe de Ecología y Medio Ambiente" (PDF). Primer Informe de Gobierno Municipal (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 20, 2018. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
- ↑ Leticia Sánchez, Alma (June 26, 2021). "Sigue el problema de la basura en Actopan". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Retrieved July 15, 2021.
- ↑ Gutiérrez, Erika (October 1, 2020). "Insuficiente parque vehicular para recolectar basura en Actopan". Quadratín Hidalgo (in Spanish). Agencia Quadratín. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
- ↑ COESPO (2019). "Hidalgo. Índice de Desarrollo Humano Municipal 2015" (PDF). Consejo Estatal de Población (in Spanish). Gobierno del estado de Hidalgo. Retrieved July 22, 2019.
- ↑ La Redacción (November 15, 2013). "Inauguran rastro municipal en Actopan". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on November 30, 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
- ↑ La Redacción (October 30, 2013). "Actopan estrenará Rastro Municipal". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on November 30, 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
- ↑ Diconsa. "Programa de Abasto Rural – Ubicación de Tiendas". Secretariat of Welfare (in Spanish). Government of Mexico. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
- ↑ Liconsa. "Puntos de Venta". Secretariat of Welfare (in Spanish). Government of Mexico. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
- ↑ Hugo, Cardón (2015). "Capacitan a locatarios de mercado en Actopan". Diario La Crónica de Hoy en Hidalgo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on November 30, 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
- ↑ La Redacción (April 2, 2015). "Inaugura Francisco Olvera mercado 8 de Julio en Actopan". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on November 30, 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
- ↑ Sánchez, Alma Leticia (January 5, 2011). "Tianguis de los miércoles: con excentricidades". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on November 30, 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
- ↑ Sánchez, Alma Leticia (April 16, 2015). "Medidas sanitarias en tianguis Actopan". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on November 30, 2015. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
- ↑ Sánchez, Alma Leticia (February 21, 2018). "Cuatro generaciones detrás de un comal". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on February 22, 2018. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Sánchez, Alma Leticia (February 21, 2018). "Garibaldito, la alegría del tianguis". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on February 22, 2018. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
- ↑ Sánchez, Alma Leticia (February 21, 2018). "El tianguis en la época actual". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on February 22, 2018. Retrieved February 22, 2018.
- 1 2 3 4 Redacción (April 9, 2015). "Pedro Luis Noble Monterrubio impulsara el comercio hidalguense". www.puntoporpunto.mx (in Spanish). Retrieved November 13, 2017.
- 1 2 3 4 Cardón, Hugo (August 14, 2017). "Rebasada la Central de Abasto de Actopan, reconoce Pacheco". Periódico Criterio de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Archived from the original on November 14, 2017. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
- 1 2 Sánchez, Alma Leticia (March 25, 2018). "Mejoras para clientes y comerciantes en la Central de Abasto". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on March 26, 2018. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
- 1 2 Sánchez, Alma Leticia (December 28, 2017). "Tianguis de Actopan reunió casi 20 mil visitantes ayer". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on December 31, 2017. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
- ↑ Sánchez, Alma Leticia (December 26, 2017). "Antojitos para todas edades y gustos". El Sol de Tulancingo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on December 31, 2017. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
- 1 2 "Actualización del Programa Sectorial de Turismo y Cultura (2011–2016)" (PDF). Secretaría de Desarrollo Agropecuario (in Spanish). Gobierno del estado de Hidalgo. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 26, 2016. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
- 1 2 La Redacción (November 25, 2011). "Turibus para Actopan". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on April 13, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
- ↑ La Redacción (December 11, 2011). "Hoy, Domingo Peatonal". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Archived from the original on April 13, 2013. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
- ↑ Durón, Héctor Zárate (July 11, 2015). "Festival taurino, cartel de primera". El Sol de Hidalgo (in Spanish). Organización Editorial Mexicana. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
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External links
- Government of the State of Hidalgo. Official website.
- H. City Hall of Actopan. Official website.