Classics Illustrated issue #9, March 1943

Victor Hugo's novel Les Misérables has been the subject of many adaptations in various media since its original publication in 1862.

Books (adaptations and sequels)

  • 1872, Gavroche: The Gamin of Paris, translated and adapted by M. C. Pyle.
  • 1922, The Story of "Les Misérables", adapted by Isabel C. Fortey.
  • 1935, Jean Val Jean, a condensed retelling by Solomon Cleaver.
  • 1946, Les Misérables, adapted by Mabel Dodge Holmes, edited by Grace A. Benscoter.
  • 1995, Cosette: The Sequel to Les Misérables by Laura Kalpakian, more a sequel to the musical than to Hugo's novel.[1]
  • 1995, Les Misérables, adapted by Monica Kulling for the Bullseye Step Into Classics series.
  • 1998, මනුතාපය (English Transliteration: Manuthaapaya) translated to Sinhala by R. A. Iriyagolle.
  • 2001, French author François Cérésa wrote two sequels, Cosette or the Time of Illusions and Marius or The Fugitive. Hugo's descendants, including his great-great-grandson Pierre Hugo, wanted the novels banned, claiming that they breached the moral rights of the author and betrayed the "respect of the integrity" and "spirit" of Hugo's original novel.[2][3][4][5]
  • 2013, Barricades: The Journey Of Javert, a novel by C.A. Shilton based on the early life of Javert.
  • 2014, A Little in Love by Susan Fletcher, a novel based on the early life of Éponine, published by Chicken House Ltd.[6]
  • 2019, Sky Without Stars by Jessica Brody & Joanne Rendell, the first book in the 'System Divine' series which serves as a futuristic sci-fi retelling of Les Miserables.
  • 2020, A Wish in the Dark, a children's fantasy novel by Christina Soontornvat[7]
  • 2020, The Court of Miracles by Kester Grant, a loose retelling of Les Misérables and The Jungle Book with Éponine as the main character. It is the first book in a trilogy.[8]

Comics

Western comics

  • 1943: Classic Comics releases a comics adaptation with illustrations by Rolland H. Livingstone.[9]
  • 1961: Classic Comics releases a revision of the 1943 adaptation with illustrations by Norman Nodel.
  • 1975: François Dermaut adapted the story into a comic book version for the magazine Djin.[10][11]
  • 1979: Rene Giffey illustrated an adaptation in three parts: "Jean Valjean et Javert," "Gavroche," and "Cosette et Marius."[12]
  • 1996: Eddy Paape illustrated "Les Misérables : Jean Valjean," with a second planned instalment called "Les Thénardiers" but it was never released.[13]
  • 2010: Daniel Bardet and Bernard Capo illustrated an adaptation published in two parts.[14]

Manga

  • 2013: Serial manga adaptation by Takahiro Arai in Japan's Monthly Shonen Sunday magazine.[15]
  • 2014: UDON Manga Classics manga adaptation. Art by SunNeko Lee and story adaptation by Crystal Silvermoon.[16]

Film

*Note: The 2019 film Les Misérables borrows the title and some of the settings but is not an adaptation of the work, rather it borrows on some of its themes.

Television

  • 1949, The Bishop's Candlesticks, based on the play by Norman McKinnel. Broadcast on BBC Television. David Phethean played the role of the convict Jean Valjean.
  • 1949, The Bishop's Experiment, an episode of the American anthology drama series Your Show Time. Based on an incident from the novel with Leif Erickson as Jean Valjean.
  • 1952, The Bishop's Treasure, a play by Wilfred Harvey adapted from the story in Les Misérables by Victor Hugo. Broadcast on BBC Television. Patrick Crean played the role of the convict Jean Valjean.
  • 1953, The Bishop's Candlesticks, an episode of the 30 minute American anthology drama series Medallion Theatre with Victor Jory in the role of Jean Valjean.
  • 1953, Jean Valjean, an episode of the American anthology drama series Monodrama Theater
  • 1964, I miserabili, Italian TV-miniseries directed by Sandro Bolchi, starring: Gastone Moschin (Jean Valjean), Tino Carraro (Javert), Giulia Lazzarini (Fantine/adult Cosette), Loretta Goggi (young Cosette), Antonio Battistella (Thénardier), Cesarina Gheraldi (Mme. Thénardier), Angela Cardile (Éponine), Roberto Bisacco (Marius), Claudio Sora (Enjolras), Aldo Silvani (Monseigneur Bienvenu) and Edoardo Nevola (Gavroche), nearly ten hours long
  • 1967, BBC miniseries, directed by Alan Bridges, starring: Frank Finlay as Valjean, Anthony Bate as Javert, Alan Rowe as Thenardier, Judy Parfitt as Madame Thenardier, Michele Dotrice as Fantine and Cosette, Lesley Roach as young Cosette, Elizabeth Counsell as Eponine, Vivian Mackerall as Marius, Derek Lamden as Gavroche, Cavan Kendall as Enjolras, and Finlay Currie as the Bishop.
  • 1967, Os Miseráveis, Brazilian soap opera starring Leonardo Vilar as Jean Valjean
  • 1970, Los Miserables, Episode of the Argentina television series Alta Comedia, directed by Martín Clutet and broadcast on 13 June 1970.
  • 1971, Los Miserables, Spanish production by TVE as part of the Novela TV series, directed by José Antonio Páramo and starring José Calvo as Jean Valjean
  • 1972, French TV miniseries directed by Marcel Bluwal, starring: Georges Géret (Jean Valjean), Bernard Fresson (Javert), Nicole Jamet (Cosette), François Marthouret (Marius), Alain Mottet (Thénardier), Micha Bayard (Mme. Thénardier), Hermine Karagheuz (Éponine), Anne-Marie Coffinet (Fantine), Jean-Luc Boutté (Enjolras), Gilles Maidon (Gavroche), François Vibert (Monseigneur Myriel)
  • 1974, Los Miserables, Mexican TV adaptation directed by Antulio Jiménez Pons and starring Sergio Bustamante, Antonio Passy, Carlos Ancira, Magda Guzmán, Blanca Sánchez, Diana Bracho, and Luis Torner. Some episodes exist, others might be lost. Came out in 1973 ?
  • 1978, a British telefilm directed by Glenn Jordan and starring Richard Jordan as Valjean, Anthony Perkins as Javert, Angela Pleasence as Fantine, Caroline Langrishe as Cosette, and Christopher Guard as Marius. Original version is 150 minutes long; a cut for theatrical release is 95 minutes. U.S. debut on CBS December 27.
  • 1980/81, Inochimoyu, Japanese TV series for NHK with 23 episodes
  • 1985, TV version of the 1982 film, which is 30 minutes longer and divided into four parts
  • 1987, Gavroche, East German TV movie based on the 1967 play by Peter Ensikat, directed by Dieter Bellmann.
  • 1988, Nihon Jean Valjean monogatari: Ai mujo ("Japanese Jean Valjean's story"), Japanese TV series
  • 2000, 6-hour French TV miniseries starring: Gérard Depardieu (Jean Valjean), John Malkovich (Javert), Virginie Ledoyen (Cosette), Enrico Lo Verso (Marius Pontmercy), Charlotte Gainsbourg (Fantine), Asia Argento (Éponine), Christian Clavier and Veronica Ferres (the Thénardiers), Steffen Wink (Enjolras) and Jérôme Hardelay (Gavroche).
  • 2000, 3-hour English TV movie version of the 2000 French miniseries.
  • 2013, Ngọn Cỏ Gió Đùa, 45-episode 30-hour-long Vietnamese adaptation. Directed by Hồ Ngọc Xum and broadcast on HTV9 channel. Based on Ngọn cỏ gió đùa, Hồ Biểu Chánh's book adaptation of Les Misérables.
  • 2014–2015, Los Miserables, a Spanish language telenovela broadcast on Telemundo channel. It is a modern-day semi-adaptation.
  • 2018, a six-part BBC miniseries by Andrew Davies, starring Dominic West as Valjean, David Oyelowo as Javert, Lily Collins as Fantine, Ellie Bamber as Cosette, Erin Kellyman as Eponine and Josh O'Connor as Marius.[23]
  • 2019, 2-hour Fuji TV Les Misérables Owarinaki Tabiji by Hideya Hamada, starring Dean Fujioka, and Arata Iura.

While there is no actual claim that the television series The Fugitive is a modern adaptation of Les Miserables, there are parallels to and elements of the novel in the series; producer Quinn Martin has gone on record as admitting that The Fugitive was "a sort of modern rendition of the outline of Les Miserables."[24]

Animation

  • 1966, Gavrosh, Soviet animation short
  • 1977, Cosette, Soviet claymation short
  • 1977, Shōjo Cosette, broadcast on the Japanese television program Manga Sekai Mukashi Banashi, 1 episode, Japanese animation
  • 1978, Aa Mujō, cover the first two volumes of the novel, broadcast on Manga Sekai Mukashi Banashi, 13 episodes, Japanese animation
  • 1979, Jean Valjean Monogatari, directed by Takashi Kuoka for Toei Animation and written by Masaki Tsuji, Japanese animation
  • 1987, two-minute short by Austrian experimental filmmaker Mara Mattuschka
  • 1988, by Emerald City Productions
  • 1992, a 26-episode French animated TV series by Studios Animage, AB Productions, Pixibox and Studio SEK
  • 1993, 90-minute movie version of the 1992 series
  • 2007, Les Misérables: Shōjo Cosette, a 52-episode Japanese animated TV series by Nippon Animation. This is the longest adaptation at over twenty two and a half hours.

Radio

  • 1925, radio play of The Bishop's Candlesticks broadcast on BBC 6BM Bournemouth. Also broadcast on 2EH Edinburgh in 1926, 5WA Cardiff in 1927 and 5PA Plymouth in 1928.[25]
  • 1937, Les Misérables, a seven-part series written, produced, directed by and starring Orson Welles, pre-dating his series The Mercury Theatre on the Air.[26]
  • 1939, 12 episodes broadcast on the BBC National Programme, directed by Patrick Riddell, produced by John Cheatle, starring Henry Ainley as Jean Valean, Baliol Holloway as Javert, Margaretta Scott as Cosette and Patrick Waddington as Marius. Featuring music specially composed by Robert Chignell.[27]
  • 1944, adapted by Rhoda Power for the For Schools program on the BBC Home Service. This adaptation was repeated throughout the 40s and 50s.[25]
  • 1947, a radio adaptation of "Jean Valjean and the Bishop", broadcast on Favorite Story on September 13 and starring Ronald Colman.
  • 1952, an adaptation of the 1952 movie starring Ronald Colman with Debra Paget and Robert Newton reprising their film roles, directed by Earl Ebi for Lux Radio Theater on January 22.
  • 1976, adapted for radio in 16 parts by Barry Campbell, Constance Cox and Val Gielgud. Starring Robert Hardy as Victor Hugo and Trevor Martin as Jean Valjean.[28] The series aired on BBC Radio 4 between 2 May and 15 August 1976.[29]
  • 1982, directed by Hyman Brown for CBS Radio.
  • 2001, dramatised in 25 episodes by Sebastian Baczkiewicz and Lin Coghlan, directed by Sally Avens and Jeremy Mortimer for BBC Radio 4.[30]
  • 2002, directed by Philip Glassborow and produced by Paul McCusker for Focus on the Family Radio Theatre.[31]
  • 2012, 14 episodes, directed by François Christophe for France Culture Radio.[32]

Musical

In 1980, a musical of the same name opened in Paris at the Palais des Sports. It has gone on to become one of the most successful musicals in history. It was directed by Robert Hossein, the music was composed by Claude-Michel Schönberg, and the libretto was written by Alain Boublil. An English-language version of Schönberg's work opened in London at the Barbican Arts Centre in 1985. It was produced by Cameron Mackintosh and adapted and directed by Trevor Nunn and John Caird. The lyrics were written by Herbert Kretzmer and additional material by James Fenton.

Concerts

Plays

  • 1862, Charity, a two-act drama by C. H. Hazlewood founded on Victor Hugo's story of Les Misérables. The action of the drama depicts the conversion of Jean Valjean (Mr Forrester) by the bishop Myriel (Mr James Johnstone) and the results as developed at Marseilles including an incident with the Savoyard Jarvais (Miss Catherine Lucette). The drama was first performed Sadler's Wells Theatre, London on 7 November. In this version Fantine is revealed to be Valjean's sister, a change to the plot of the novel that would later be used in Henry Neville's adaptation The Yellow Passport.[33]
  • 1863, Charles Hugo, the author's son,[34] adapted the novel into a two-act play for the stage in Brussels (the French government had refused to allow the drama to be performed in Paris). The play was subsequently performed in Bordeaux in 1870 and partially at the Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin in 1878 (the play ended with Valjean and Cosette finding refuge in the Petit-Picpus convent). The 1899 revival in Paris saw the full play performed with scenes removed, added or modified by Paul Meurice, who was now listed as the co author. This version starred Benoît-Constant Coquelin as Valjean and featured music by André Wormser.[35]
  • 1863, Fantine or The Fate of a Grisette in three parts by Albert Cassedy dramatised from the original French edition by Victor Hugo. Music performed by the great composer and director C Koppitz. Performed for three nights only at the Washington Theatre in January.[36]
  • 1863, Jean Valjean by Harry Seymour, with George Boniface Sr as Jean Valjean, performed at The Bowery Theatre[37]
  • 1867, Out of Evil Cometh Good, a drama in a prologue and four acts, by Clarance Holt; first performed at The Prince of Wales Theatre, Birmingham in October with the author as Valjean, Miss May Holt as Fantine (and Cosette), and Miss Johnstone as Eponine.[38] In late 1869, the play was renamed The Barricade (although initially the original title was kept as a subtitle). The updated cast featured the author as Valjean, Mrs. Digby Willoughby as Fantine (and Cosette), and Miss May Holt as Eponine. The Barricade was first performed at Croydon in October 1867 and made its debut in London on 7 September 1878, at the Duke's Theatre. The play was a critical and commercial success and was performed as late as 1887.
  • 1868, The Yellow Passport, a melodrama in prologue and four acts by Henry Neville. The original title of the play, as licensed by The Lord Chamberlain, was The Convict Jean Valjean 9430 and the drama was performed under this title in August at the Amphitheatre, Liverpool. The Yellow Passport made its debut at the Olympic Theatre on 7 November with Neville as Valjean and, despite mixed reviews, enjoyed a respectable run lasting until April 1869. The play enjoyed several revivals, the last of which was at the Britannia in November 1889 with Algernon Syms in the role of Valjean.[39]
  • 1868, Alfred Dampier, under the pseudonym of Pierre Adam, wrote an adaptation that was produced in Guernsey and which resulted in a complimentary letter from Victor Hugo. Dampier relocated to Australia in 1873 and performed the play at the Theatre Royal Sydney in June 1874 under the title of The Yellow Passport or Branded For Life. The play was rewritten and re-titled Valjean, Saint or Sinner, for its production at Sydney's Victoria Theatre on 24 February 1877. The play was again rewritten, and re-titled Saint or Sinner for its performance in England at the Surrey Theatre on 26 March 1881. The play was rewritten and retitled A Convict Martyr in 1893 for another performance at the Theatre Royal Sydney. In 1895, the play was performed in various theatres in California in under the title of Les Miserables. The drama bears some plot similarities with William Muskerry's adaptation Atonement or Branded for Life, particularly the conclusion in which Valjean is killed by Thenardier just as he is given a pardon by Javert.
  • 1869, The Man of Two Lives, an adaptation of the novel by William Bayle Bernard, first performed at Drury Lane on 29 March with Charles Dillon as Valjean. Dillon had previously performed the role of Valjean two years prior in an adaptation entitled Valjean written by Sheffield playwright Joseph Fox but it was only played in the provinces and was unlicensed. Bernard made some radical changes to the story such as Jean Valjean being sent to the galleys for trying to flee from conscription to military service and not for stealing a loaf of bread. The play was rarely performed after its initial run at Drury Lane.[40]
  • 1870, Fantine, written by Bronson Howard and performed in Detroit.[41]
  • 1872, Atonement, a romantic drama in a prologue and four acts, founded on Victor Hugo's 'Les Misérables' by William Muskerry, first performed at the Victoria Theatre, London, on 31 August; revived at Sadler's Wells on 14 September; played at Manchester in 1877 in ten tableaux.[33]
  • 1875, an adaptation entitled Cosette, with Louis James as Jean Valjean. Performed at the Boston Theatre.[42]
  • 1878, Valjean by Algernon Willoughby (founded on Victor Hugo's work, Les Miserables), in which Mr. John Coleman assumed four characters: Jean Valjean, M. Madeline, The Fugitive, and Urban Le Blanc. First performed at The Prince of Wales Theatre, Glasgow, in August. The play was last performed in 1883.[43]
  • 1884, Les Miserables, a drama adapted by Wilson E. McDermut and Bertrand H. Atwood, registered for copyright 27 June 1884, under entry no. 12924, by and in the names of the authors.[44]
  • 1886, Jean Valjean, Or, The Shadow of the Law, in Five Acts by Harry Clifford Fulton.[45]
  • 1892, After Ten Years, by Percy H. Vernon, a one-act play based on the first part of the novel featuring Valjean and the Bishop, first performed at Metropole, Birkenhead on 21 October.[46]
  • 1901,The Bishop's Candlesticks, a one-act play by Norman McKinnel based on volume one of the novel.
  • 1906, Jean Valjean a play in 4 acts, by Charles Lawson, registered for copyright 18 July 1906, under entry no. D 8342.[44]
  • 1906, Jean Valjean, registered for copyright 20 November 1905, under entry no. 5 7643, by and in the name of Gabriel L. Pollock.[44]
  • 1906, Broadway actor Wilton Lackaye wrote an adaptation in five acts, The Law and the Man, so he could play Valjean.[47]
  • 1914, Jean Valjean, dramatised by Augusta Stevenson.[48]
  • 1929, The Silver Candlesticks: a one-act play by Gilbert Hudson, adapted from an episode in Victor Hugo's Les Miserables.
  • 1938, Jean Valjean and The Christmas Doll, by Agnes Irene. Smith, Dramatic Publishing. A Christmas play in which Jean Valjean finds little Cosette on Christmas Eve.[49]
  • 1955, God's Ambassador. A play in three acts by Harold Homes Stuart Jackson. Published by Epworth plays. Freely adapted from an incident recorded in Les Misérables.
  • 1987, a stage adaptation by Tim Kelly.[50]
  • 1997, a stage adaptation by Jonathan Holloway.[51]
  • 2011, A stage adaptation by Spiritual Twist Productions, Les Miserables: A Story of Grace,[52] highlighting the religious aspect of the novel.
  • 2013, Les Misérables: The Memoirs of Jean Valjean – A limited run play performed by the South Devon Players during Sept-Nov. Based mainly on the book, with some scenes included that weren't well known.[53]
  • A stage adaptation is performed outdoors every summer at the Citadelle in Montreuil-sur-Mer, the setting of the first part of the novel.[54]
  • 2018, "Grantaire," a Spanish musical by Luciano Muriel focusing on the character of Grantaire. [55]
  • In late 2018, Iranian director Hossein Parsaei staged a big-budget musical adaptation of Victor Hugo's masterpiece in the Royal Hall of Espinas Palace Hotel in the Iranian capital Tehran. Over 300 cinema superstars, actors, singers and musicians appeared in the blockbusting play. The new adaptation of Les Misérables has been the most expensive show in the history of Iran's theatre until that day, and is the first one going on stage in the Espinas Palace Hotel, whose auditorium has a capacity of 2,500 people.[56]
  • The musical Gavroche is a retelling of the story from the point of view of the young characters, mainly Gavroche and his siblings. The book, music, and lyrics for Gavroche are by Bonnie Gleicher, based on John Hoover's original concept and book.[57]

Games

  • An adventure game has been released by Chris Tolworthy, intended as a direct adaptation of the book.[58][59]
  • There is a free downloadable amateur 2D fighting game based on the musical. The game is called ArmJoe, which is created by Takase.[60][61][62] The name is a pun on the novel's Japanese title Aa Mujō (ああ無情).[61][62] The game incorporates the major characters as they appear in the musical, namely Jean Valjean, Enjolras, Marius, Cosette, Éponine, Thénardier, and Javert – as well as a policeman, a robotic clone of Valjean called RoboJean, an embodiment of Judgement, and a rabbit named Ponpon.[62]
  • In 2013, Anuman Interactive launched Les Miserables: Cosette's Fate, a hidden object game based on the novel. Players embody Cosette and try to escape from the innkeepers.[63]
  • Les Miserables: Jean Valjean, a hidden object game based on the novel.
  • Les Misérables: Eve of Rebellion, a card game based on the novel.
  • Inspector Javert and the Oath of Blood, an adventure game, is currently in development with an expected release date of 2021.[64][65]
  • In Persona 5 Strikers, Valjean appears as the Persona of the playable character Zenkichi Hasegawa, given the new Arcana of the Apostle Arcana.

Dance

In 2003, the Tani Momoko Ballet created the ballet Les Misérables. The libretto spans the novel, beginning with Jean Valjean's theft of bread, and ending with his death. Choreographer Norihiko Mochizuki used classical and modern music from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, including "Vltava" from Smetana's Má Vlast[66] and the Catalan lullaby "El Cant dels Ocells".[67] The ballet was restaged in 2010, when it was awarded the top prize in the dance division of the 65th ACA National Arts Festival held by the Government of Japan's Agency for Cultural Affairs, and again in August 2022 at Mielparque Tokyo.[67]

References

  1. ↑ Haven, Tom De (28 July 1995). "Cosette, Book Review, Entertainment Weekly". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 23 September 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2009.
  2. ↑ Willsher, Kim (31 January 2007). "Heir of Victor Hugo fails to stop Les Mis II". The Guardian. UK. Retrieved 15 October 2009.
  3. ↑ "French Court decides on the sequel of Les Miserables". EDRI. Archived from the original on 20 May 2010. Retrieved 15 October 2009.
  4. ↑ "French court allows Les Miserables sequel". Reuters. 19 December 2008. Retrieved 15 October 2009.
  5. ↑ Riding, Alan (29 May 2001). "Sequel to 'Les Misérables' Causes Legal Turmoil". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 October 2009.
  6. ↑ A Little in Love. ASIN 1910002151.
  7. ↑ Vane, Sharon (24 April 2020). "Authors create virtual Everywhere Book Fest for kids, young adults during coronavirus". Austin American-Statesman. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  8. ↑ "The Court of Miracles". Retrieved 7 July 2020.
  9. ↑ Jones Jr., William B. (2011). Classics Illustrated: A Cultural History. Jefferson, North Carolina: MacFarland & Company. pp. 33, 39–40. ISBN 9780786488407.
  10. ↑ "François Dermaut". lambiek.net.
  11. ↑ "François Dermaut : hommage à un talentueux dessinateur historique ! | BDZoom.com". Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  12. ↑ "Jean Valjean et Javert". WorldCat. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  13. ↑ "Les Misérables: Jean Valjean". WorldCat. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  14. ↑ "Les misérables: tomes 1 et 2". WorldCat. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  15. ↑ "Cirque du Freak's Arai Launches Manga of Les Misérables Novel". Anime News Network. 13 July 2013. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  16. ↑ "Manga Classics Previews Now Available! Pride & Prejudice and Les Miserables!". 3 July 2014. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  17. ↑ "BFI Film & TV Database: Credits for Edwin S. Porter". Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
  18. ↑ Behr, Edward (1989). The Complete Book of Les Miserables. NY: Arcade. p. 151.
  19. ↑ The Galley-Slave at IMDb
  20. ↑ Les Misérables, Part 2: Fantine at IMDb
  21. ↑ "Les Miserables" (PDF). Retrieved 14 October 2013.
  22. ↑ Tense Moments with Great Authors at IMDb
  23. ↑ Otterson, Joe (9 January 2018). "David Oyelowo, Dominic West, Lily Collins to Star in BBC's 'Les Misérables' Miniseries". Variety.
  24. ↑ Robertson, Ed (1993). The Fugitive Recaptured. Universal City, California: Pomegranate Press. ISBN 0-938817-34-5.
  25. 1 2 "BBC Genome Project". Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  26. ↑ "The Mercury Theatre on the Air". Mercurytheatre.info. Retrieved 15 October 2009.
  27. ↑ "Broadcasting". The Times (London, England). 7 January 1939.
  28. ↑ "Saturday Night Theatre Forum". Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  29. ↑ "Broadcasting". The Times (London, England). 1 May 1976.
  30. ↑ "The Official Roger Allam Fan Site". Rogerallam.co.uk. 5 April 2004. Archived from the original on 10 June 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2009.
  31. ↑ Les Miserables (Radio Theatre): Victor Hugo, Focus on the Family: Books. ISBN 978-1-58997-394-7.
  32. ↑ "Les Misérables de Victor Hugo, Feuilleton en 14 épisodes". 20 January 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  33. 1 2 "A dictionary of the drama; a guide to the plays, play-wrights, players, and playhouses of the United Kingdom and America, from the earliest times to the present". Retrieved 21 July 2013.
  34. ↑ MacCabe, Colin; et al. (2011). True to the Spirit: Film Adaptation and the Question of Fidelity. NY: Oxford University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-19-537467-4.
  35. ↑ "Les Miserables". The Era (London, England). 30 December 1899.
  36. ↑ "This Monday Evening". National Republican (Washington, District of Columbia). 19 January 1863. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
  37. ↑ "History Of The New York Stage". Retrieved 14 October 2013.
  38. ↑ "The Stage History of Les Miserables". Aris's Birmingham Gazette. 26 October 1867. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  39. ↑ "The Yellow Passport". 1872. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
  40. ↑ "The Man of Two Lives! - Victorian Plays Project" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
  41. ↑ "The Stage History of Les Miserables". The New York Times. 30 December 1906. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
  42. ↑ "The Stage History of Les Miserables". The New York Times. 30 December 1906. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
  43. ↑ "Annals of the Theatre royal, Dublin, from its opening in 1821 to its destruction by fire, February, 1880; with occasional notes and observations". 1880. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
  44. 1 2 3 "Fax correspondence from Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corporation regarding the copyright status of the title Jean Valjean, Jan 1955". Retrieved 14 October 2013.
  45. ↑ "Jean Valjean". Glass & Axtman. 1886. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  46. ↑ "The Stage encyclopaedia; a bibliography of plays". Retrieved 21 July 2013.
  47. ↑ "LES MISLRABLES IN PANORAMIC MELODRAMA; Lackaye Slices Hugo to Make a Manhattan Holiday. The Result is Interesting The Law and the Man Transfers to the Stage Many Incidents of Jean Valjean's Career" (PDF). The New York Times. 21 December 1906.
  48. ↑ "Jean Valjean from: Modern Prose And Poetry; For Secondary Schools Edited With Notes, Study Helps, And Reading Lists by Margaret Ashmun, M.A. Houghton Mifflin Company". Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  49. ↑ "Plays" (PDF). The Interscholastic Leaguer, Texas. November 1938. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
  50. ↑ "Les Miserables". Dramaticpublishing.com. Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  51. ↑ "Red Shift Reviews". Archived from the original on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
  52. ↑ "Les Miserables: A Story of Grace". Spiritualtwist.com. Archived from the original on 25 June 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  53. ↑ "The South Devon Players Theatre & Film Company – Theatre & film company, with casting agency, based in Brixham, Devon, England". The South Devon Players Theatre & Film Company. Archived from the original on 27 March 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
  54. ↑ "Victor Hugo's 'Les Miserables' at Montreuil". Theotherside.co.uk. 5 April 2000. Archived from the original on 13 May 2010. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  55. ↑ "Grantaire – Luciano Muriel".
  56. ↑ "Victor Hugo's 'Les Miserables' on Stage in Tehran". ifpnews.com. 4 December 2018.
  57. ↑ "California School of the Arts to Stage GAVROCHE THE MUSICAL".
  58. ↑ "Les Miserables: The Game Of The Book". Lesmisgame.com. 23 March 2009. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  59. ↑ "Les Miserables: The Game of the Book". Tigsource.com. 20 June 2009. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  60. ↑ "ArmJoe's Official Site". Takase.syuriken.jp. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  61. 1 2 "GamerWiki's ArmJoe page". Gamerwiki.com. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  62. 1 2 3 "Les Miserables: the Arm Joe fighting game". Lesmisgame.com. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  63. ↑ "Mastertronic". mastertronic.com. Archived from the original on 25 November 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
  64. ↑ "Inspector Javert and the Oath of Blood". IGDB.com. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  65. ↑ "About". Inspector Javert and the Oath of Blood | PC Game. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  66. ↑ "谷桃子バレエ団 髙部尚子芸術監督に聞く～バレエ団の至宝『レ・ミゼラブル』12年振りの復元上演の想い(Interview with Tani Momoko Ballet Artistic Director Naoko Takebe -- Thoughts on reviving the troupe's 'Les Misérables' after 12 years")". Spice. 31 July 2022. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
  67. 1 2 Yoshida, Hiroshi (November 2022). "Review: Tani Momoko Ballet-dan 'Les Miserables'". Shinshokan Dance Magazine: 96.
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