Aipysurus laevis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Elapidae
Genus: Aipysurus
Species:
A. laevis
Binomial name
Aipysurus laevis

Aipysurus laevis is a species of venomous sea snake found in the Indo-Pacific. Its common names include golden sea snake,[3] olive sea snake, and olive-brown sea snake.[1]

Taxonomy

A species was first described by Bernard Germain de Lacépède in 1804, assigning it to a new genus Aipysurus.[2] A name published by John Edward Gray, Aipysurus jukesii, is regarded as a synonym for this species.[4]

Currently, two subspecies are recognized, including the nominotypical subspecies described below.[5] The subspecies A. l. pooleorum has been elevated to full species status as A. pooleorum.[6]

Subspecies[5] Authority[5] Common name[3]
A. l. laevis Lacépède, 1804 olive sea snake
A. l. pooleorum L.A. Smith, 1974 Shark Bay sea snake

Etymology

Aipysurus derives from the Greek aipys "high and steep" and oura "tail";[7] the term loosely meaning "high tail" was coined to denote "the laterally compressed tail that is higher than the depth of the body".[8] Laevis, a variant form of Latin levis, means "smooth".[9] The specific name, pooleorum (masculine, genitive plural), is in honor of Australian fishermen "W. and W. Poole" who collected the holotype.[10]

Distribution and habitat

It is a common, widespread species that lives on coral reefs, including the Great Barrier Reef.[1] It can also be found in the north-eastern Pacific Ocean.[11]

The snake hides in small coves or protective coral areas if not hunting or surfacing to breathe.[12]

Description

The olive sea snake swims using a paddle-like tail. It has brownish and purple scales along the top of its body whilst its underside is a white color.[12] It can grow up to a meter in length, and in some cases up to two meters.[13]

Behavior

The snake feeds on crustaceans, fish, and fish eggs.[1] It uses venom to incapacitate its prey. This venom is rich in enzymes that facilitate the internal breakdown of the prey, simplifying the digestion process. The venom also affects both the muscles and nerves of the prey. The snake usually hunts in coral reef areas, searching for food by poking its head into crevices. The creature usually stays away from open water as a hunting ground.[14]

Aipysurus laevis has been found to have photoreceptors in the skin of its tail, allowing it to detect light and presumably ensuring it is completely hidden, including its tail, inside coral holes during the day. While other species have not been tested, A. laevis possibly is not unique among sea snakes in this respect. Dermal light sensitivity is found in all the major animal phyla.[15]

While it can be aggressive towards prey, attacks on divers or larger animals are usually rare, though if provoked it will engage the attacker.[12] The snake's main predators are sharks and ospreys.[13]

Reproduction

Males can reach sexual maturity in their third year, while females do not until their fourth or fifth year.[11] Courtship usually involves a group of males vying for one female, which occurs in open water. At times, divers are approached by male sea snakes, possibly due to male sea snakes mistaking divers for female sea snakes.[16]

Fertilization is internal and gestation lasts for about nine months. Females can give birth up to five young at a time.[11] In rare cases, there can be ten or eleven young at once.[14] Life expectancy of the snake is about fifteen years, sometimes a bit longer.[13]

Conservation

While there are not many natural threats to the Aipysurus laevis, man-made dangers do exist for it. Prawn trawls are one of the greatest threats for the creature, up to 50% of olive sea snakes caught in trawls are killed, while the ones that survive usually suffer injuries. Death from prawn trawls often comes either from drowning or being crushed.[14]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Lukoschek V et al. (2010). Aipysurus laevis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. Downloaded on 12 April 2015.
  2. 1 2 Lacépède (1804). "Mémoire sur plusieurs animaux de la Nouvelle-Hollande dont la description n'a pas encore été publiée". Annales du Muséum d'histoire naturelle. 4: 184–211 [210].
  3. 1 2 Western Australian Reptile Species at Frank O'Connor's Birding Western Australia. Accessed 20 September 2007.
  4. ↑ Sanders, Kate L.; Rasmussen, Arne R.; Elmberg, Johan; Mumpuni, Sancoyo; Guinea, Michael; Blias, Peter; Lee, Michael S. Y.; Fry, Bryan G. (21 August 2012). "Aipysurus mosaicus, a new species of egg-eating sea snake (Elapidae: Hydrophiinae), with a redescription of Aipysurus eydouxii (Gray, 1849)". Zootaxa. 3431 (1): 1. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3431.1.1.
  5. 1 2 3 "Aipysurus laevis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 20 September 2007.
  6. ↑ "Aipysurus pooleorum ". The Reptile Database. reptile-database.org.
  7. ↑ αἰπύς, οὐρά. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
  8. ↑ "The Sea Snakes of Australia". Australian Biodiversity Record. 8 (1–124): 7. 2007. ISSN 1325-2992.
  9. ↑ laevis, levis. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project.
  10. ↑ Beolens B, Watkins M, Grayson M (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Aipysurus pooleorum, p. 209).
  11. 1 2 3 "Olive-brown sea snake videos, photos and facts - Aipysurus laevis". www.arkive.org. Archived from the original on 2015-10-08. Retrieved 2015-11-18.
  12. 1 2 3 "Marine Algae". www.mesa.edu.au. Retrieved 2015-11-18.
  13. 1 2 3 "Descriptions and articles about the Olive-brown Sea Snake (Aipysurus laevis) - Encyclopedia of Life". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 2015-11-18.
  14. 1 2 3 "Aipysurus laevis — Olive Seasnake". www.environment.gov.au. Commonwealth of Australia, Department of the Environment. Retrieved 2015-11-18.
  15. ↑ Zimmerman, Kenneth; Heatwole, Harold (1990). "Cutaneous Photoreception: A New Sensory Mechanism for Reptiles". Copeia. 1990 (3): 860–862. doi:10.2307/1446454. JSTOR 1446454.
  16. ↑ Lynch, Tim P.; Alford, Ross A.; Shine, Richard (19 August 2021). "Mistaken identity may explain why male sea snakes (Aipysurus laevis, Elapidae, Hydrophiinae) 'attack' scuba divers". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 15267. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1115267L. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-94728-x. PMC 8376876. PMID 34413322.

Further reading

  • Boulenger GA (1896). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the Colubridæ (Opisthoglyphæ and Proteroglyphæ) ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I-XXV. (Aipysurus lævis, p. 303).
  • Lacépède [BG] (1804). "Mémoire sur plusieurs animaux de la Nouvelle-Hollande dont la description n'a pas encore été publiée ". Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 4: 184–211. (Aipysurus laevis, new species, p. 210 + Plate LVI, figure 3). (in French).
  • Smith LA (1974). "The Sea Snakes of Western Australia (Serpentes: Colubridae, Hydrophiinae) with a Description of a New Subspecies". Records of the Western Australian Museum 3 (2): 93-110. (Aipysurus laevis pooleorum, new subspecies, pp. 97–98).
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