Vanity Fair caricature, 1889

Alexander Meyrick Broadley (19 July 1847 – 16 April 1916), also known as Broadley Pasha, was a British barrister, author, company promoter and social figure. He is best known for being the defence lawyer for Ahmed 'Urabi after the failure of the 'Urabi Revolt.

Early life

Broadley was the son of the Rev. Alexander Broadley, vicar of Bradpole, in Dorset, England, and Frances Jane, daughter of Thomas Meyrick of Pembroke.

He entered Lincoln's Inn as a law student in 1866 and after taking the examination to enter the Indian Civil Service, went in 1869 to India,[1] where he became Assistant Magistrate and Collector of Patna, Bengal.[2] In 1872 he conducted a survey of the ruins of the Nálanda monasteries at Burgàon, and formed a magnificent collection of sculptures from the region, going on to establish a museum for the collection.[3] The colonial administrator and explorer Sir Harry H. Johnston noted that Broadley was "very orthodox on account of his father" and "was led into rude interruptions of any speech which traversed the belief that the Earth was only six or seven thousand years old".[4]

In 1871 Broadley delivered a public lecture English Legislation for India.[5][6] He also put forward the view that imprisonment for civil debts should be abolished.[7]

In 1872 he spoke at a large meeting on education in Bengal, where he condemned the educational policy of the Indian Government. He was not punished, but later that year he spoke at a public meeting of the Dacca People's Association. His remarks on educational policy and on the Criminal Procedure Code, which were reported in newspapers and created angry discussions, were objected to by the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, Sir George Campbell and officially denied. Broadley applied for leave, which Campbell rejected, demanding an explanation.[8]

In May 1872 it was reported that charges of a serious nature had been brought against Broadley: he was suspended and sent to Patna pending an investigation.[9] The following month he was reported to have been posted to Noynabad, and ordered to remain there, having been invested with the power to try cases arising from riots of the Muslim Ferazi sect.[10] In November the Calcutta Gazette reported him as being officially on leave and transferred to Chittagong by Campbell's order.[11] When a warrant for his arrest for homosexual offences was issued, Broadley absconded.[12][13][14][15] One report stated that "his reputation was known to every Englishman who ever lived in India",[16] and his presence was taboo in European clubs in Malta and Egypt.[17]

Due to the scandal he was unable to return immediately to England. He moved to Tunis, where he worked as a lawyer and as a correspondent for The Times.[17] One of his clients was the Bey of Tunis. He also became influential in freemasonry, founding the prestigious Drury Lane Masonic Lodge,[15] which is likely to have aided his social rise. In 1882 he published The last Punic war. Tunis, past and present, which drew admiring reviews, Vanity Fair writing: "If Mr. Broadley's book on Tunis were only read by all citizens who influence the policy of Ministers, I question very much whether anything like our Egyptian crime could be repeated. The dullest would see how far we have been led".[18]

Given Broadley's knowledge of Muslim law, and the fact he was "abnormally clever",[17] that same year Wilfrid Blunt engaged him as counsel for Ahmed ʻUrabi, otherwise known as Aribi Pasha, an Egyptian nationalist who was put on trial in Cairo for insurrection. Broadley forced the compromise which enabled Pasha and his companions to be sent as pensioners to Colombo.[19] Broadley was paid 10,000 guineas,[20] and was henceforth nicknamed 'Broadley Pasha' by his friends, the press, and English Society.[21]

Return to England

Following the trial Broadley returned to England as the agent and legal adviser of the ex-Khedive Ismail.[17] His social skills also saw him appointed de facto editor of Edmund Yates' periodical World, and despite his previous disgrace, for a few years he achieved an exceptionally high profile in London Society. "He knew everyone in London and all paid court to him."[22] Of his 40th birthday party in 1887 one newspaper recorded: "Princes and princesses, peers and peeresses, bishops and baronets, diplomatists and doctors, members of Parliament and musicians, authors and artists, actors and actresses availed themselves of the opportunity of offering birthday congratulations".[23]

An Indian official suggested that Broadley had not been compelled to return to India to answer the charges against him, as such a threat hanging over the head of the editor of an important society newspaper guaranteed that he would not publish anything of embarrassment to those in high places.[19]

Of "Falstaffian proportions",[24] Broadley was described as "that strange being…who, amongst other avocations, acts as a sort of social broker 'for bringing together people who would not otherwise meet' ".[25] According to one report "he had the faculty of attaching himself to and 'running' whomsoever was the most amusing and useful person of the hour". They included the 'nitrate king' John Thomas North and would-be national leader General Georges Boulanger.[26] It was at Broadley's Regents Park home, Cairo Cottage at 2 Beta Place,[27][28] that Boulanger made his London debut.[17] Broadley also became connected with the management of the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane,[15] acting as a financial and business adviser to Augustus Harris.[24]

Broadley's social ascendency continued until 1889 when his portrait by Spy appeared in the magazine Vanity Fair. Edward VII, then Prince of Wales, whose sons' portraits had also appeared in the magazine, and who had knowledge of Broadley's reputation in India, took offence at his inclusion. After making enquiries at Scotland Yard, the magazine's owner Edmund Yates dismissed Broadley, and published an apology.[14][22] Broadley was told to leave the country within 12 hours.[17] The reason was not just the earlier scandal in India: Broadley was implicated as a client of the male brothel at the centre of the Cleveland Street Scandal.[15][16] With the Prince of Wales' equerry involved, and rumours also connecting his eldest son, the Prince was reported to be "in a very stern and unbending mood."[22] Said one newspaper report: "Everybody knows it was H.R.H. caused Broadley Pasha's extinction."[29] Le Figaro later alleged that Broadley had taken Boulanger and his propagandist Henri Rochefort to the brothel;[30] the allegation was dismissed by Boulanger's right-hand man Count Dillon.[31] On the witness stand the rentboy John Saul stated that he had briefly secured employment in the 1889 production The Royal Oak at Drury Lane, which was during Broadley's time there.[32]

Exile

Broadley moved to Paris[33] and then Brussels, where he edited the English language newspaper The Belgian News.[34] In August 1890 it was reported of Broadley that "he has been guilty here of all the practices charged to him and others in Cleveland Street. His last line of operations was to invite young boys and scholars attending school to his rooms to supper."[35] One of the boys informed his mother of the lavishness of these meals provided by a "benevolent old gentleman", which included "stupefying cordials". Broadley was placed under police surveillance.[35] In 1891 he was reported to be 'loafing' in Tunis with fellow Cleveland Street exile Lord Arthur Somerset.[12]

Broadley's ability to reinvent himself provoked a mockingly Wildean paragraph in a British syndicated newspaper column in 1892, which stated that in Brussels he had "renewed his youth" and was:

...in the widest sense "a new man". He in fact insists that he is a disconnected and different Mr Broadley altogether from the gentleman whose adventures while in the service of the Indian Prison department finally excited so much curiosity in London; denies that there was ever such a person as himself, that his portrait ever appeared in Vanity Fair, or that an exalted personage ever intervened fiercely in his affairs. The English colony in Brussels is now divided into two contending camps. One section insists that Mr Broadley is the Mr Broadley, and therefore impossible and insufferable. The other protests that their Mr Broadley, who it appears enjoys the friendship and esteem of the King of the Belgians, is fitted to grace any society in which he may find himself."[36]

It was subsequently reported that to confirm his identity, the English Club of Brussels went to the trouble of procuring the back number of Vanity Fair which had featured the infamous portrait.[37]

Final return to England

In 1894, Broadley quietly returned to England to manage the estates and general affairs of Viscount Cantelupe,[38] who succeeded in 1896 as 8th Earl de la Warr. In April 1896 Broadley met the serial financial fraudster Ernest Terah Hooley,[39] and subsequently worked to promote his investment schemes.[21] Newspaper reports alleged Broadley was "a brilliant financier" and Hooley was merely his ventriloquist's dummy.[40] Later in court Broadley freely admitted that he advised Hooley on nearly all his projects.[39]

Hooley purchased Anmer Hall estate, adjoining Sandringham in 1896. Through an intermediary the Prince of Wales requested that he be allowed to purchase the estate from Hooley, ostensibly for his daughter Maud, to which Hooley agreed. It has been alleged that the real reason for the Prince's action was to avoid the possibility of Broadley becoming a constant visitor to the estate, and hence near-neighbour.[17]

In 1898, Hooley was made bankrupt. In the Bankruptcy Court, Broadley appeared with Earl de la Warr and two other gentlemen. They were charged with contempt of court in attempting to bribe Hooley to alter his testimony to protect the Earl. Broadley was found guilty of insubordination and perjury and ordered to pay costs.[41][21] Public opinion considered the treatment of Broadley by the judge very lenient.[42] "Broadley made a beautiful witness", one report suggested, "brimming over with benevolence and pathos. He threatened to commit suicide, too, unless Hooley did something or other, and Hooley seems to have believed him..."[43] Hooley stated on the witness stand that Broadley had intercepted money intended for others, and that he had made a further £80,000 acting as Hooley's promoter,[44] accusations Broadley denied.[45]

With Broadley again the subject of publicity, in the House of Commons the Home Secretary was asked by a parliamentarian whether Broadley was the same person against whom there was an outstanding warrant for a criminal offence in India, did such warrants apply in England, and if so, why had it not been actioned. The reply was that they did apply, but that he had no other information on the matter.[46]

Broadley was denounced by Robert Wright, Justice of the Court of the Queen's Bench, as the real author and organiser of Hooley's deceitful schemes, but escaped bankruptcy and fashioned himself as a country gentleman.[17] He retreated to his home village of Bradpole, Dorset, building a picturesque towered mansion, The Knapp.[47]

Last years

The last fifteen years of Broadley's life were devoted to writing and book collecting, Napoleon and his age being at the heart of it, but also a large collection of works on criminal jurisprudence.[48] He made significant acquisitions of manuscript material, accumulating original letters and documents, as his book Chats on Autographs related.[49] His library included 135 works he had "grangerized" by adding additional illustrations, amounting to about 600 volumes.[50] He also became a prolific author of books on historical topics.[51] In 1906 he even penned a work on the boyhood of his nemesis Edward VII titled The Boyhood of a Great King. It drew at least one scathing review under the headline 'Scissors and Snobbery' which stated: "this stitching together of stale tattle from the Royal nursery may be 'good business': it is not an undertaking which enlists our sympathy. Mr Broadley's record as an ex-Indian Civilian, ex-barrister, ex-journalist, and ex-company promoter is well known. This volume does not alter our estimate of the writer or the man."[52]

Broadley also became a great supporter of the Bath Historical Pageant, including appearing one year as Beau Nash, when he was recorded as holding 'kingly sway' and was "pre-eminently the great success of the ball".[53]

In 1911 Broadley made a pilgrimage with friends over the route followed by Charles II during his wanderings in late 1651, and wrote a history The Royal Miracle, an interest sparked by the play The Royal Oak.[54]

Never married, Broadley died, in the middle of the First World War, on 16 April 1916 in Gerrards Cross, Buckinghamshire.[55]

By the time of his death, Broadley's crimes had been largely forgotten, and his obituary in The Times and those elsewhere made no mention of them. This prompted novelist and U.S. newspaper columnist Marguerite Cunliffe-Owen to restate them with the observation: "Of course all this is old and forgotten, and if I recall it, it is merely in order to show how very unreliable obituaries are apt to be, and the facility with which even such men as Broadley, if possessed of sufficient cleverness, and of impudence, are able to blind their citizens to their past infamies and to die in the odor of respectability, if not of sanctity"[17]

Legacy

In his will, Broadley left the sum of £8,506, the majority bequeathed to his nephew Lieutenant R.A.L. Broadley,[56] who put his collection up for sale; the Napoleana was purchased en bloc by Lord Curzon, who bequeathed it to Oxford University. It now resides in the Bodleian with 332 of his grangerized books.[57] Other repositories of his grangerized volumes include the Theatre Collection at Westminster City Archives, which holds four scrapbooks Annals of the Haymarket (1911),[58] and the Royal Society, which owns a multivolume copy of Charles Richard Weld's History of the Royal Society.[59]

The contents of Broadley's museum in Bihár have been relocated to the collections of the Indian Museum in Kolkata.[3]

His country seat in Bradpole has been subdivided: The Knapp is now St James' Nursing Home, and its former gatehouse is a separate residence.[60]

A phonograph recording of Broadley delivering a toast in 1888 to Edmund Yates and Arthur Sullivan survives.[61]

Works

References

  1. ↑ Allen's Indian Mail and Official Gazette, Vol XXVII, 5 January 1870, W.H.Allen, London, p. 15
  2. ↑ Hart, H.G. Col. The New Army List, Militia List, And Indian Civil Service List, NoCXXXV, John Murray, 1872, p. 488
  3. 1 2 Asher, Frederick M. (1970). "The Former Broadley Collection, Bihar Sharif". Artibus Asiae. 32 (2/3): 105–124. doi:10.2307/3249548. ISSN 0004-3648. JSTOR 3249548.
  4. ↑ Johnston, Sir Harry H. The Story of My Life, The Roger Merrill Company, 1923, p. 63
  5. ↑ Journal of the National Indian Association in Aid of Social Progress in India, No13, January 1872, London, p. 127
  6. ↑ Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal: 1871, p. 136
  7. ↑ Venkataswami, Maidara Nagaya Life of M. Nagloo (Maidara Nagaya): "The Father of Hotel Enterprise" in the Central Provinces, and Head Goomastha in the "Mahanadu", Solden & Company, 1928, p. 143
  8. ↑ Ram Gopal Sanyal (1895). Reminiscences and Anecdotes of Great Men of India Vol 2. Sen Press.
  9. ↑ Allen's Indian mail and register of intelligence for British and foreign India: 1872,1/6. 1871.
  10. ↑ Allen's Indian mail and register of intelligence for British and foreign India: 1872,7/12. 1872.
  11. ↑ Allen's Indian mail and register of intelligence for British and foreign India: 1872,7/12. 1872.
  12. 1 2 General Foreign News, Chicago Tribune, 17 June 1891; http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1891/06/17/page/5/article/general-foreign-news
  13. ↑ The Parliamentary Debates, Reuter's Telegram Company, 1898, p. 78
  14. 1 2 Topics of the Day: A Mysterious Disappearance, Evening Star (Dunedin, New Zealand), Issue 8154, 1 March 1890, Page 2, http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=ESD18900301.2.33.14
  15. 1 2 3 4 The West End Scandal: Another Flight, Evening News (Sydney, Australia), Tuesday 14 January 1890, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article108795706
  16. 1 2 Another London Society Leader Gone., The Salt Lake Herald Wednesday, 1 January 1890; http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85058130/1890-01-01/ed-1/seq-1.pdf
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 La Marquise de Fontenoy (pseudonym of Marguerite Cunliffe-Owen), Chicago Tribune, 8 May 1916 http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1916/05/08/page/6/article/la-marquise-de-fontenoy
  18. ↑ Vanity Fair, Volume 28, p. 106
  19. 1 2 Broadley Pasha And His Career, The Brisbane Courier (Australia), Monday 24 February 1890; http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3507173
  20. ↑ Our London Letter, Citizen (Gloucester, England), Thursday, 24 April 1902; pg. 3; Issue 97
  21. 1 2 3 Stratmann, Linda Fraudsters and Charlatans: A Peek at Some of History's Greatest Rogues (The Crooks Who Conned Millions), The History Press, 2010
  22. 1 2 3 'Broadley Pasha in Disgrace', New Zealand Herald, Volume XXVII, Issue 8192, 1 March 1890, Page 2, http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=NZH18900301.2.76.17
  23. ↑ London Letter, The York Herald (York, England), Thursday, 21 July 1887; pg. 5
  24. 1 2 Dramatic Gossip by Orpheus, The Press (Canterbury, New Zealand), Volume XLVI, Issue 7274, 2 April 1889, Page 3, http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=CHP18890402.2.4
  25. ↑ A Strange Dinner,Auckland Star (New Zealand), Volume XX, Issue 93, 20 April 1889, Page 3, http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=AS18890420.2.47.23
  26. ↑ Broadley Pasha in Disgrace, New Zealand Herald Volume XXVII, Issue 8192, 1 March 1890, Page 2
  27. ↑ Palmer, Charles George A Londoner's Own London, Cecil Palmer, London 1927, p. 227
  28. ↑ Bow Bells: a magazine of general literature and art for family reading, 11 Jan 1889, pp. 22–23
  29. ↑ About Newspapers, Marlborough Express (New Zealand), Volume XXVII, Issue 111, 23 May 1891, Page 2; http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=MEX18910523.2.28&
  30. ↑ "Boulanger Mixed Up in a Scandal", Chicago Tribune, 2 February 1890, p4; http://archives.chicagotribune.com/1890/02/02/page/4/article/to-fight-this-morning
  31. ↑ "Brevities by Cable", Chicago Tribune, 1 August 1890
  32. ↑ "The Cleveland Street Scandal", Auckland Star, Volume XXI, Issue 54, 6 March 1890, Page 8; http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=AS18900306.2.54
  33. ↑ English Exiles, The Weekly Argus News (Melbourne, Australia), 14 October 1899, p. 8
  34. ↑ Vanity Fair by J.M.D. The Australasian (Melbourne), 1 April 1893;http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article138108892
  35. 1 2 Broadley Pasha in Brussels, Chicago Tribune, 1 August 1890
  36. ↑ "Vanity Fair" by J.M.D., "The Argus" (Melbourne, Australia), Saturday 19 March 1892, http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article840746
  37. ↑ Vanity Fair by J.M.D. The Australasian (Melbourne), 1 April 1893; http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article138108892
  38. ↑ Vanity Fair by J.M.D., The Australasian (Melbourne), 22 September 1894; http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article138599026
  39. 1 2 The Affairs of Mr E.T., Daily News (London, England), Wednesday, 17 August 1898
  40. ↑ Pars From The Bulletin, Bay of Plenty Times (New Zealand, Volume XXIV, Issue 3570, 12 July 1897, Page 4; http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=BOPT18970712.2.22
  41. ↑ The Hooley Case,Otago Witness (New Zealand), Issue 2328, 13 October 1898, Page 55, http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=OW18981013.2.232
  42. ↑ The Spectator, 20 August 1898, p2, http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/20th-august-1898/2/on-tuesday-mr-justice-wright-heard-the-evidence-in
  43. ↑ Vanity Fair by J.M.D., The Australasian (Melbourne), Saturday 24 September 1898; http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article138605043
  44. ↑ Fifty Thousand Pounds for a Baronetcy, Dunstan Times (New Zealand), Issue 1898, 13 January 1899, Page 6;http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=DUNST18990113.2.41&
  45. ↑ The Hooley Case, Daily News (London, England), Saturday, 19 November 1898
  46. ↑ House of Commons, The Standard (London, England), Friday, 5 August 1898; pg. 2; Issue 23121
  47. ↑ "Bradpole, and the Knapp 1902".
  48. ↑ Childers, Hugh Robert Eardley (1913). Romantic trials of three centuries. Robarts - University of Toronto. London J. Lane.
  49. ↑ Broadley, A. M. Chats on autographs, T. Fisher Unwin, London, 1910
  50. ↑ English Literature, History, Children's Books & Illustrations, Sothebys, 12 DECEMBER 2012, Lot38 Catalogue Note, http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2012/english-literature-history-l12408/lot.38.html
  51. ↑ H. Diack Johnstone (1998). "Treasure Trove in Gloucester: A Grangerized Copy of the 1895 Edition of Daniel Lysons' History of the Three Choirs Festival". Royal Musical Association Research Chronicle. Royal Musical Association (31): 1–90. JSTOR 25099462.
  52. ↑ Scissors and Snobbery, The Saturday Review, 28 July 1906, p. 116
  53. ↑ Committee of the Bath Historical Pageant The Story of the Bath Pageant in Poetry, Prose and Picture, Bath, 1900, p. 157
  54. ↑ The Royal Miracle, The London Quarterly and Holborn Review, Volume 118, 1912
  55. ↑ "Death of Mr. A. M. Broadley". Taunton Courier, and Western Advertiser. 19 April 1916. Retrieved 22 December 2015 – via British Newspaper Archive.
  56. ↑ Wills and Bequests, The Times (London, England), Monday, 8 May 1916; pg. 11
  57. ↑ "Oxonians who were obsessed with Napoleon | Oxford Today".
  58. ↑ "Archives showcase and community history". 13 June 2016.
  59. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  60. ↑ Bothenhampton, Bradpole, Symondsbury & Walditch Conservation Area Proposal, West Dorset District Council
  61. ↑ "A. M. Broadley and Gouraud toast (1888)".

Bibliography

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  • Carter, Mia (2003). Archives of Empire: Volume I. From The East India Company to the Suez Canal. Duke University Press.
  • Couvreur, Jessie (Tasma) (1995). Clarke, Patricia (ed.). Tasma's Diaries: The Diaries of Jessie Couvreur with Another by Her Young Sister Edith Huybers. Canberra: Mulini Press.
  • Stratmann, Linda (2010). Fraudsters and Charlatans: A Peek at Some of History's Greatest Rogues (The Crooks Who Conned Millions). The History Press.
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