Alitta virens
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Annelida
Clade: Pleistoannelida
Subclass: Errantia
Order: Phyllodocida
Family: Nereididae
Genus: Alitta
Species:
A. virens
Binomial name
Alitta virens
(M. Sars, 1835) [1]
Synonyms[1]
  • Nereis virens M. Sars, 1835
  • Neanthes virens (M. Sars, 1835)
  • Nereis paucidentata Treadwell, 1939 *
  • Nereis dyamushi Izuka, 1912 *
  • Nereis grandis Stimpson, 1854 *
  • Nereis southerni Abdel-Moez & Humphries, 1955 *
  • Nereis yankiana Quatrefages, 1866 *

Alitta virens (common names include sandworm and king ragworm; older scientific names, including Nereis virens, are still frequently used) is an annelid worm that burrows in wet sand and mud. They constuct burrows of different shapes (I,U,J and Y) [2] They range from being very complex to very simple. Long term burrows are held together by mucus. Their burrows are not connected to each other; they are generally solitary creatures. The spacing between the burrows depends on how readily they can propagate water signals. [3]

It was first described by biologist Michael Sars in 1835.[4] It is classified as a polychaete in the family Nereididae.[1]

Sandworms make up a large part of the live sea-bait industry. To fulfill the needs of this industry, some sandworms are commercially grown.[5] Sandworming, the harvesting of sandworms from mudflats, employs over 1,000 people in Maine, US. As of 2006, the population of sandworms had diminished greatly over the preceding few years due in large part to overharvesting before the worms are able to reproduce by spawning. Sandworms are also very essential to the study of the investigation of metal uptake in marine biology. [6] They are vital to evaluate the effects of metals in marine organisms. [7]

Sandworms eat seaweed and microorganisms.Sandworms are known to be omnivores. Their diet persists of surface sediment, plant and animal remains. They are often times exposed to metals through their diet and their burrowing tactics.[8] They have many distinctive traits, including:

  • often reaching great lengths, sometimes exceeding four feet
  • They are large in size (approximately 30 cm more or less) [9]
  • Sandworms are abundant in European coasts and fiord environments. [10]
  • They dominate fully saline coastal areas and have large ditribution along with large biomass. [11]
  • numerous, highly vascularized parapodia along both sides of their bodies
  • blue heads with two large pincer teeth which are capable of biting humans[12]

The parapodia function both as external gills (the animal's primary respiratory surfaces), and as means of locomotion (appearing much like short legs).

Usually, sandworms are gonochoric, meaning that they reproduce sexually between the males and females of the species. Sandworms reproduce via a process termed 'swarming'. The female sandworm releases pheromones that attract males to release sperm. Then, the female sandworm ejects eggs to have them fertilized. The production of gametes occurs via the metanephridia gland.[13]


References

  1. 1 2 3 Kristian Fauchald & Chris Glasby (2009). Kristian Fauchald (ed.). "Alitta virens (M. Sars, 1835)". World Polychaeta database. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
    * indicates a heterotypic synonym
  2. ↑ Salvo, F., Dufour, S. C., Archambault, P., Stora, G., & Desrosiers, G. (2013). Spatial distribution of alitta virens burrows in intertidal sediments studied by axial tomodensitometry. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 93(6), 1543–1552. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025315413000519
  3. ↑ Salvo, F., Dufour, S. C., Archambault, P., Stora, G., & Desrosiers, G. (2013). Spatial distribution of alitta virens burrows in intertidal sediments studied by axial tomodensitometry. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 93(6), 1543–1552. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025315413000519
  4. ↑ "Alitta virens (M. Sars, 1835)". World Register of Marine Species.
  5. ↑ Hoekstra, Rob; Kool, A.; Louws, C.A. (September 2005). De kweek van zagers op landbouwbedrijven in Zeeland (in Dutch). Utrecht: InnovatieNetwerk Groene Ruimte en Agrocluster. ISBN 90-5059-270-8. OCLC 66455921. Archived from the original on 2012-04-26.
  6. ↑ Simonsen, A. M., Pedersen, K. B., Jensen, P. E., Elberling, B., & Bach, L. (2019). Lability of toxic elements in submarine tailings disposal: The relationship between metal fractionation and metal uptake by sandworms (alitta virens). Science of The Total Environment, 696, 133903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133903
  7. ↑ Green Etxabe, A., Pini, J. M., Short, S., Cunha, L., Kille, P., & Watson, G. J. (2021). Identifying conserved polychaete molecular markers of metal exposure: Comparative analyses using the Alitta virens (Annelida, Lophotrochozoa) transcriptome. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 240, 108913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108913
  8. ↑ Simonsen, A. M., Pedersen, K. B., Jensen, P. E., Elberling, B., & Bach, L. (2019). Lability of toxic elements in submarine tailings disposal: The relationship between metal fractionation and metal uptake by sandworms (alitta virens). Science of The Total Environment, 696, 133903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133903
  9. ↑ Simonsen, A. M., Pedersen, K. B., Jensen, P. E., Elberling, B., & Bach, L. (2019). Lability of toxic elements in submarine tailings disposal: The relationship between metal fractionation and metal uptake by sandworms (alitta virens). Science of The Total Environment, 696, 133903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133903
  10. ↑ Simonsen, A. M., Pedersen, K. B., Jensen, P. E., Elberling, B., & Bach, L. (2019). Lability of toxic elements in submarine tailings disposal: The relationship between metal fractionation and metal uptake by sandworms (alitta virens). Science of The Total Environment, 696, 133903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133903
  11. ↑ Green Etxabe, A., Pini, J. M., Short, S., Cunha, L., Kille, P., & Watson, G. J. (2021). Identifying conserved polychaete molecular markers of metal exposure: Comparative analyses using the Alitta virens (Annelida, Lophotrochozoa) transcriptome. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 240, 108913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108913
  12. ↑ "King Ragworm". BritishSeaFishing.co.uk. July 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
  13. ↑ "Alitta virens (Sars, 1835)". SeaLifeBase. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
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