Alla Kudryavtseva
Алла Кудрявцева
Kudryavtseva at the 2016 US Open
Country (sports) Russia
ResidenceBoynton Beach, United States
Born (1987-11-03) 3 November 1987[1]
Moscow, Soviet Union
Height1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)[1]
Turned proFebruary 2005
RetiredNovember 2021
PlaysRight-handed (two-handed backhand)
Prize moneyUS$3,245,645
Singles
Career record362–345 (51.2%)
Career titles1 WTA, 2 ITF
Highest rankingNo. 56 (4 October 2010)
Grand Slam singles results
Australian Open2R (2007, 2010, 2014)
French Open3R (2007)
Wimbledon4R (2008)
US Open3R (2011)
Doubles
Career record358–287 (55.5%)
Career titles9 WTA, 15 ITF
Highest rankingNo. 15 (8 September 2014)
Grand Slam doubles results
Australian OpenQF (2012, 2016)
French Open3R (2010, 2013)
WimbledonQF (2014)
US OpenQF (2015)
Other doubles tournaments
Tour FinalsSF (2014)
Grand Slam mixed doubles results
Australian Open2R (2016)
French Open2R (2016)
WimbledonQF (2016)
US Open2R (2014)

Alla Alexandrovna Kudryavtseva (Алла Александровна Кудрявцева; born 3 November 1987) is a retired Russian tennis player.

Alla Kudryavtseva, 2015

Kudryavtseva won one singles title and nine doubles titles on the WTA Tour, as well as two singles titles and 15 doubles titles on the ITF Women's Circuit. On 4 October 2010, she reached her best singles ranking of world No. 56. On 8 September 2014, she peaked at No. 15 in the WTA doubles rankings.[2] On 2 November 2021, Kudryavtseva announced on Instagram that she had retired from the sport.

Professional career

Early career

Kudryavtseva debuted on the WTA Tour at the 2004 Kremlin Cup, where she could not succeed beyond the qualifying rounds. In the following season, her best WTA Tour result was reaching the first rounds of the Nordea Nordic Light Open in Stockholm in singles and the Banka Koper Slovenia Open in doubles.

Her first major appearance was at the 2006 Australian Open, where she could not win a qualification round. The same result was seen at the other three Grand Slam tournaments. Among her more notable results in that season were reaching the singles quarterfinals of the Sunfeast Open in Kolkata, India, and the semifinals in doubles of the Tashkent Open, with Canadian Stéphanie Dubois.

2007–11: Steady progress

In 2007, Kudryavtseva qualified for main draw of the Australian Open, reaching the second round in singles and doubles. With Hsieh Su-wei she reached her first WTA final at the Sony Ericsson International in Bangalore, India, losing to a pair from Taiwan. At the French Open, Kudryavtseva qualified for the second Grand Slam in a row and reached the third round, beating Gisela Dulko in the second, and eventually losing to Maria Sharapova. Her best result in singles at a WTA tournament was reaching quarterfinals at Barcelona. At Wimbledon, Kudryavtseva earned first Grand Slam direct entry but drew the eventual champion Venus Williams and lost in three sets. Later that year in Kolkata, Kudryavtseva with Vania King won her first title.

In 2008, partnering with Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova, she reached the final at the Internazionali di Palermo, losing to Sara Errani and Nuria Llagostera Vives. She played alongside several doubles partners, including King and Vera Dushevina. In singles, Kudryavtseva fought her way through the fourth round of Wimbledon, defeating third-seeded Sharapova in the second round, which is to date her best result in a Grand Slam singles event.

In 2009, Kudryavtseva progressed in doubles in the next season, climbing with Ekaterina Makarova to the final of the Premier Mandatory China Open, eventually losing to Hsieh Su-wei and Peng Shuai. Kudryavtseva/Dushevina reached the quarterfinals of the Rogers Cup.

In 2010, the Russian two times in succession reached the finals in singles, becoming champion in Tashkent and before that runner-up in Guangzhou. As a result, she reached a career-high ranking of 56 and finished the year at No. 61 in the world in singles. With her new partner Anastasia Rodionova she also reached two finals in doubles, winning the UNICEF Open.

In the 2011 season, she and Olga Govortsova reached three WTA Tour finals at the Cellular South Cup, Aegon Classic and Citi Open, the first two of which they won.

Kudryavtseva and Makarova became quarterfinalists of the 2012 Australian Open, eventually losing to Errani/Vinci; this became her best result in a Grand Slam doubles tournament. However, her 2012 season was rather poor, eventually skipping the WTA Tour for ITF tournaments at season end.

2013: Breakthrough in doubles

The back and forth switching of ITF and WTA tournaments continued until showing with Rodionova significant results since late April. They won the Challenge Bell, and also reached the final of the Kremlin Cup. Furthermore, the two became semifinalists at the Premier 5 events Italian Open and Pan Pacific Open. Kudryavtseva returned to the top 50 in doubles as a result of her successful season.

2014

Kudryavtseva/Rodionova continued their successful partnership starting the year with a title at Brisbane. The second title came in February in Dubai, where they defeated Kops-Jones and Spears in the final. Their biggest Grand Slam result came at Wimbledon, where they lost in the quarterfinal against Babos/Mladenovic. They also reached the semifinals in Cincinnati and Beijing, the quarterfinals in Miami, Doha and Wuhan. Their last title of the season came at an international event in Tianjin, which also led them into the WTA Championships in Singapore.

In their debut Championships in Singapore appearing Kudryavtseva/Rodionova beat a fourth-seeded team of Makarova/Vesnina, 4–6, 6–2, [10–6]. In the semifinals, they were defeated by title defenders Hsieh Su-wei/Peng Shuai, 6–1, 6–4. As a consequence, Kudryavtseva pushed into the top 20 in doubles, reaching a career-high ranking of 15.

In addition to the success in doubles, Kudryavtseva qualified for nine singles events including three Grand Slam tournaments; Australian Open, French Open and Wimbledon. She was able to finish the year in the top 100 at No. 96 for the first time since 2010.

2015

Kudryavtseva started the season with a quarterfinal showing at Brisbane in singles defeating world No. 23, Karolína Plíšková, in the second round. She paired with Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova of Russia in hopes for Olympics and reached semifinals at Dubai, Charleston, Rome and Washington. They also reached quarterfinals of the US Open but fell one spot short of qualifying for the WTA Finals and went to Singapore as an alternate. Kudryavtseva finished the year at 170 in singles and 29 in doubles.

Performance timelines

Key
W  F  SF QF #R RR Q# P# DNQ A Z# PO G S B NMS NTI P NH
(W) winner; (F) finalist; (SF) semifinalist; (QF) quarterfinalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (P#) preliminary round; (DNQ) did not qualify; (A) absent; (Z#) Davis/Fed Cup Zonal Group (with number indication) or (PO) play-off; (G) gold, (S) silver or (B) bronze Olympic/Paralympic medal; (NMS) not a Masters tournament; (NTI) not a Tier I tournament; (P) postponed; (NH) not held; (SR) strike rate (events won / competed); (W–L) win–loss record.
To avoid confusion and double counting, these charts are updated at the conclusion of a tournament or when the player's participation has ended.

Only main-draw results in WTA Tour, Grand Slam tournaments, Fed Cup and Olympic Games are included in win–loss records.

Singles

Tournament20052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018SRW–L Win%
Grand Slam
Australian Open A Q1 2R 1R 1R 2R 1R 1R Q1 2R 1R Q1 A A 0 / 8 3–8
French Open A Q1 3R 1R 2R 1R 1R Q1 Q3 Q1 Q1 Q1 Q1 A 0 / 5 3–5
Wimbledon A Q1 1R 4R 1R 2R 1R Q1 Q2 1R Q1 Q1 Q2 A 0 / 6 4–6
US Open A Q1 1R 1R 1R 1R 3R 1R Q1 2R Q3 Q1 Q2 A 0 / 7 3–7
Win–loss 0–0 0–0 3–4 3–4 1–4 2–4 2–4 0–2 0–0 2–3 0–1 0–0 0–0 0–0 0 / 26 13–26
WTA 1000
Dubai / Qatar Open[lower-alpha 1] NMS A A A A Q1 A 1R Q1 A A A 0 / 2 0–2
Indian Wells Open A A Q1 2R 1R A 2R Q2 A Q2 1R A A A 0 / 4 2–4
Miami Open A A Q1 Q2 2R 2R 1R Q1 A Q1 Q1 A A A 0 / 3 2–3
Berlin / Madrid Open[lower-alpha 2] A A A A Q2 Q2 Q2 Q2 A Q1 Q1 A Q1 Q1 0 / 0 0–0
Italian Open A A A Q1 A 1R Q1 Q1 A A Q1 A A A 0 / 1 0–1
Canadian Open A A A 2R 2R Q1 Q1 Q2 A A Q2 2R A A 0 / 3 3–3
Cincinnati Open NMS Q2 1R Q1 A A A A A A A 0 / 1 0–1
Pan Pacific / Wuhan Open[lower-alpha 3] A A A A Q2 A A A A A A A A A 0 / 0 0–0
China Open NMS 1R 1R Q2 A A Q2 Q1 A Q1 A 0 / 2 0–2
Career statistics
Career statistics20052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018
Tournaments 0 2 14 18 21 22 23 6 6 15 8 4 2 0 141
Titles 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Finals 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Win–loss 0–0 1–2 7–14 12–18 12–21 18–21 14–23 2–6 5–6 8–15 2–8 5–4 0–2 0–0 86–140
Year-end ranking 216 138 90 71 90 61 104 208 176 98 170 138 351 681

Doubles

Tournament20052006200720082009201020112012201320142015201620172018201920202021SRW–L Win%
Grand Slam
Australian Open A A 2R 2R 2R 2R 3R QF 1R 1R 3R QF A 2R A A A 0 / 11 15–11
French Open A A 2R 1R 1R 3R 2R 1R 3R 1R 2R 1R 2R 1R A A 0 / 12 7–12
Wimbledon A A 1R 3R 3R 3R 2R 1R 1R QF 3R 2R 1R 1R A NH 0 / 12 13–12
US Open A A 1R 1R 3R 2R 3R 1R 2R 3R QF 3R 2R A A 2R 0 / 12 14–12
Win–loss 0–0 0–0 2–4 3–4 5–4 6–4 5–4 3–4 2–4 5–4 8–4 6–4 2–3 1–3 0–0 1–1 0–0 0 / 47 49–47
Year-end championships
Tour Championships DNQ SF DNQ 0 / 1 1–1
WTA 1000
Dubai / Qatar Open[lower-alpha 1] NMS A A QF A 2R A QF SF A A 2R A A A 0 / 5 9–5
Indian Wells Open A A 2R 1R 3R A 1R 1R A 1R 2R QF A 1R A NH 0 / 9 6–9
Miami Open A A A 1R 1R 2R 1R 1R A QF 2R QF A QF A NH 1R 0 / 10 8–10
Berlin / Madrid Open[lower-alpha 2] A A A A 2R 1R 1R 1R A 1R 2R SF 1R 1R A NH 1R 0 / 10 5–10
Italian Open A A A 2R A 1R 1R 1R SF 1R SF 1R A 2R A A 1R 0 / 10 8–10
Canadian Open A A A 2R QF 1R 1R 1R 2R 1R A 1R A A A NH 0 / 8 4–8
Cincinnati Open NMS 1R 2R 2R 1R 2R SF A A 2R A A A 0 / 7 7–7
Pan Pacific / Wuhan Open[lower-alpha 3] A A A A A A A A SF QF 2R A A A A NH 0 / 3 5–3
China Open NMS F 1R 1R A 1R SF 2R A 1R A A NH 0 / 7 8–7
Career statistics
Tournaments 1 6 11 18 22 25 24 18 19 25 21 14 12 19 0 7 7 221
Titles 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 9
Finals 0 0 2 1 1 2 3 0 2 4 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 19
Overall win–loss 0–1 4–6 8–11 16–18 18–22 24–23 23–22 9–17 24–18 38–20 28–19 24–14 9–12 12–7 0–0 2–6 2–7 241–232
Year-end ranking 210 115 56 49 33 41 39 73 31 18 29 25 71 54 341

Significant finals

WTA 1000 finals

Doubles: 1 (runner-up)

Result Year Tournament Surface Partner Opponents Score
Loss 2009 China Open Hard Russia Ekaterina Makarova 3–6, 1–6

WTA career finals

Singles: 2 (1 title, 1 runner-up)

Legend
Grand Slam tournaments (0–0)
WTA 1000 (0–0)
WTA 500 (0–0)
WTA 250 (1–1)
Result W–L Date Tournament Tier Surface Opponent Score
Loss 0–1 Sep 2010 Guangzhou Open, China International[lower-alpha 4] Hard Australia Jarmila Groth 1–6, 4–6
Win 1–1 Sep 2010 Tashkent Open, Uzbekistan International Hard Russia Elena Vesnina 6–4, 6–4

Doubles: 20 (9 titles, 11 runner-ups)

Legend
Grand Slam tournaments (0–0)
WTA 1000 (0–1)
WTA 500 (3–3)
WTA 250 (6–7)
Result W–L Date Tournament Tier Surface Partner Opponents Score
Loss 0–1 Feb 2007 Bangalore Open, India Tier III[lower-alpha 4] Hard Chinese Taipei Hsieh Su-wei 7–6(7–4), 2–6, [9–11]
Win 1–1 Sep 2007 Sunfeast Open, India Tier III Hard United States Vania King 6–1, 6–4
Loss 1–2 Jul 2008 Palermo Open, Italy Tier IV[lower-alpha 4] Clay Russia Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova 6–2, 6–7(1–7), [4–10]
Loss 1–3 Oct 2009 China Open, China Premier M[lower-alpha 5] Hard Russia Ekaterina Makarova Chinese Taipei Hsieh Su-wei
China Peng Shuai
3–6, 1–6
Loss 1–4 May 2010 Internationaux de Strasbourg, France International Clay Australia Anastasia Rodionova 6–3, 4–6, [7–10]
Win 2–4 Jun 2010 Rosmalen Open, Netherlands International Grass Australia Anastasia Rodionova United States Vania King
Kazakhstan Yaroslava Shvedova
3–6, 6–3, [10–8]
Win 3–4 Feb 2011 Memphis Indoors, United States International Hard (i) Belarus Olga Govortsova 6–3, 4–6, [10–8]
Win 4–4 Jun 2011 Birmingham Classic, Great Britain International Grass Belarus Olga Govortsova Italy Sara Errani
Italy Roberta Vinci
1–6, 6–1, [10–5]
Loss 4–5 Jul 2011 Washington Open, United States International Hard Belarus Olga Govortsova India Sania Mirza
Kazakhstan Yaroslava Shvedova
3–6, 3–6
Win 5–5 Sep 2013 Tournoi de Québec, Canada International Carpet (i) Australia Anastasia Rodionova Czech Republic Andrea Hlaváčková
Czech Republic Lucie Hradecká
6–4, 6–3
Loss 5–6 Oct 2013 Kremlin Cup, Russia Premier[lower-alpha 4] Hard (i) Australia Anastasia Rodionova 1–6, 6–1, [8–10]
Win 6–6 Jan 2014 Brisbane International, Australia Premier Hard Australia Anastasia Rodionova 6–3, 6–1
Loss 6–7 Feb 2014 Pattaya Open, Thailand International Hard Australia Anastasia Rodionova China Peng Shuai
China Zhang Shuai
6–3, 6–7(5–7), [6–10]
Win 7–7 Feb 2014 Dubai Championships, UAE Premier Hard Australia Anastasia Rodionova United States Raquel Kops-Jones
United States Abigail Spears
6–2, 5–7, [10–8]
Win 8–7 Oct 2014 Tianjin Open, China International Hard Australia Anastasia Rodionova Romania Sorana Cîrstea
Slovenia Andreja Klepač
6–7(6–8), 6–2, [10–8]
Loss 8–8 Jun 2016 Eastbourne International, Great Britain Premier Grass United States Vania King Czech Republic Karolína Plíšková
Czech Republic Barbora Strýcová
3–6, 6–7(1–7)
Loss 8–9 Sep 2016 Tournoi de Québec, Canada International Carpet (i) Russia Alexandra Panova Czech Republic Andrea Hlaváčková
Czech Republic Lucie Hradecká
6–7(2–7), 6–7(2–7)
Loss 8–10 Jul 2017 Jiangxi International Open, China International Hard Australia Arina Rodionova China Jiang Xinyu
China Tang Qianhui
3–6, 2–6
Loss 8–11 Feb 2018 St. Petersburg Trophy, Russia Premier Hard (i) Slovenia Katarina Srebotnik Switzerland Timea Bacsinszky
Russia Vera Zvonareva
6–2, 1–6, [3–10]
Win 9–11 Apr 2018 Charleston Open, United States Premier Clay (green) Slovenia Katarina Srebotnik Slovenia Andreja Klepač
Spain María José Martínez Sánchez
6–3, 6–3

ITF Circuit finals

Singles: 10 (2 titles, 8 runner-ups)

Legend
$100,000 tournaments (0–0)
$80,000 tournaments (0–2)
$60,000 tournaments (0–3)
$25,000 tournaments (1–3)
$15,000 tournaments (1–0)
Result W–L Date Tournament Tier Surface Opponent Score
Loss Jul 2005 ITF Felixstowe, United Kingdom 25,000 Grass Australia Jarmila Wolfe 5–7, 1–6
Win Sep 2005 ITF Balashikha, Russia 25,000 Clay Russia Vasilisa Bardina 2–6, 7–5, 6–4
Loss Nov 2005 ITF Busan, South Korea 50,000[lower-alpha 6] Hard South Korea Kim So-jung 6–3, 1–6, 2–6
Loss Mar 2006 ITF Las Palmas, Spain 25,000 Clay Belgium Kirsten Flipkens 1–6, 4–6
Loss Mar 2006 ITF St. Petersburg, Russia 25,000 Hard (i) Italy Alberta Brianti 1–6, 4–6
Loss Oct 2006 ITF Beijing, China 50,000 Hard New Zealand Marina Erakovic 2–6, 1–6
Loss Apr 2007 ITF Dothan, United States 75,000[lower-alpha 7] Clay Chinese Taipei Latisha Chan 4–6, 2–6
Win Jan 2013 ITF Eilat, İsrael 10,000[lower-alpha 8] Hard Romania Raluca Olaru 6–7(4), 6–3, 6–2
Loss Jun 2015 Eastbourne Trophy, United Kingdom 50,000 Grass Estonia Anett Kontaveit 6–7(4), 6–7(2)
Loss Feb 2016 Launceston International, Australia 75,000 Hard China Han Xinyun 1–6, 1–6

Doubles: 19 (15 titles, 4 runner-ups)

Legend
$100,000 tournaments (2–0)
$80,000 tournaments (1–0)
$60,000 tournaments (5–0)
$25,000 tournaments (4–4)
$15,000 tournaments (3–0)
Result W–L Date Tournament Tier Surface Partner Opponents Score
Win Mar 2004 ITF Melilla, Spain 10,000 Hard Russia Nina Bratchikova Russia Anastasia Dvornikova
Ukraine Irena Nossenko
7–5, 6–3
Win Apr 2004 ITF Bol, Croatia 10,000 Clay Russia Anna Bastrikova Belarus Victoria Azarenka
Belarus Olga Govortsova
6–4, 6–1
Loss Aug 2004 ITF Balashikha, Russia 25,000 Hard (i) Ukraine Olena Antypina Russia Maria Goloviznina
Russia Elena Vesnina
5–7, 4–6
Loss Mar 2005 ITF St. Petersburg, Russia 25,000 Hard (i) Russia Ekaterina Kosminskaya Russia Nina Bratchikova
Russia Ekaterina Makarova
6–7(2), 2–6
Loss Jul 2005 ITF Felixstowe, United Kingdom 25,000 Grass Australia Jarmila Wolfe New Zealand Leanne Baker
Italy Francesca Lubiani
1–6, 6–4, 2–3 ret.
Win Mar 2006 ITF Las Palmas, Spain 25,000 Hard Russia Nina Bratchikova Poland Karolina Kosińska
Poland Alicja Rosolska
6–1, 6–3
Win Mar 2006 ITF Telde, Spain 25,000 Clay Russia Nina Bratchikova Italy Sara Errani
Italy Giulia Gabba
6–1, 6–1
Loss Mar 2006 ITF St. Petersburg, Russia 25,000 Hard (i) Ukraine Yuliya Beygelzimer Russia Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova
Russia Yulia Solonitskaya
1–6, 4–6
Win May 2006 ITF Saint-Gaudens, France 50,000 Clay Croatia Ivana Abramović Argentina María José Argeri
Brazil Letícia Sobral
6–2, 6–0
Win Nov 2006 ITF Shenzhen, China 50,000 Hard Chinese Taipei Hsieh Su-wei Uzbekistan Akgul Amanmuradova
Uzbekistan Iroda Tulyaganova
2–0 ret.
Win Nov 2007 ITF Minsk, Belarus 50,000 Hard Russia Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova Serbia Vesna Manasieva
Russia Ekaterina Lopes
6–0, 6–2
Win Nov 2007 ITF Poitiers, France 100,000 Hard (i) Russia Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova Poland Klaudia Jans-Ignacik
Poland Alicja Rosolska
2–6 6–4, [10–1]
Win Oct 2012 ITF Saguenay, Canada 50,000 Hard (i) Canada Gabriela Dabrowski Canada Sharon Fichman
Canada Marie-Ève Pelletier
6–2, 6–2
Win Nov 2012 ITF Toronto, Canada 50,000 Hard (i) Canada Gabriela Dabrowski Canada Eugenie Bouchard
United States Jessica Pegula
6–2, 7–6(2)
Win Jan 2013 ITF Eilat, Israel 10,000 Hard Romania Raluca Olaru Belarus Ilona Kremen
Turkey Pemra Özgen
6–3, 6–3
Win Feb 2013 Vanessa Phillips Tournament, Israel 75,000 Hard Russia Elina Svitolina Italy Corinna Dentoni
Belarus Aliaksandra Sasnovich
6–1, 6–3
Win Mar 2013 ITF Irapuato, Mexico 25,000 Clay Ukraine Olga Savchuk Serbia Aleksandra Krunić
Switzerland Amra Sadiković
4–6, 6–2, [10–6]
Win Apr 2017 ITF Jackson, United States 25,000 Clay Germany Anna Zaja Chile Alexa Guarachi
United States Ronit Yurovsky
6–2, 6–0
Win Jun 2017 Ilkley Trophy, United Kingdom 100,000 Grass Russia Anna Blinkova Poland Paula Kania
Belgium Maryna Zanevska
6–1, 6–4

Notes

  1. 1 2 The first Premier 5 event of the year has switched back and forth between the Dubai Tennis Championships and the Qatar Total Open since 2009. Dubai was classified as a Premier 5 event from 2009 to 2011 before being succeeded by Doha for the 2012–2014 period. In 2015, Dubai regained its Premier 5 status while Doha was demoted to Premier status. The Premier 5 tournaments were reclassified as WTA 1000 tournaments in 2021.
  2. 1 2 In 2009, the Berlin Open was replaced by the Madrid Open. The Premier Mandatory tournaments were reclassified as WTA 1000 tournaments in 2021.
  3. 1 2 In 2014, the Toray Pan Pacific Open was downgraded to a Premier event and replaced by the Wuhan Open. The Premier 5 tournaments were reclassified as WTA 1000 tournaments in 2021.
  4. 1 2 3 4 In 2009, the WTA Tier II tournaments were reclassified as WTA Premier tournaments, while the WTA Tier III tournaments, WTA Tier IV tournaments and WTA Tier V tournaments were reclassifed as WTA International tournaments. In 2021, the WTA Premier tournaments were reclassified as WTA 500 tournaments and WTA International tournaments as WTA 250 tournaments.
  5. THe WTA Tier I tournaments were reclassifed as WTA Premier Mandatory & 5 in 2009 and later as WTA 1000 tournaments in 2021.
  6. 60,000 in 2017.
  7. 75,000 in 2017.
  8. 100,000 ITF tournaments were reclassified as $15,000 in 2017. However, there were some $15,000 even before 2017.

References

  1. 1 2 Alla Kudryavtseva Tennis Profile | News | Pictures – Yahoo! Eurosport UK
  2. "Kudryavtseva and Srebotnik double up to win Charleston". Women's Tennis Association. Retrieved 2020-11-12.
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