Alappuzha district
Alleppey district
District
Nickname: 
Venice of the Eastern world[1]King of Backwater
Location in Kerala
Location in Kerala
Coordinates: 9°29′N 76°29′E / 9.49°N 76.49°E / 9.49; 76.49
Country India
StateKerala
HeadquartersAlappuzha
Government
 • District CollectorJohn V Samuel, IAS[2]
Area
[3]
 • Total1,414 km2 (546 sq mi)
 • Rank14th
Population
 (2011)
 • Total2,127,789
 • Density1,500/km2 (3,900/sq mi)
Languages
 • OfficialMalayalam, English
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
ISO 3166 codeIN-KL
Vehicle registrationKL-04 Alappuzha,
KL-29 Kayamkulam,
KL-30 Chengannur,
KL-31 Mavelikara,
KL-32 Cherthala,
KL-66 Kuttanad
HDI (2005)Increase 0.794[4] ( High)
Websitealappuzha.nic.in

Alappuzha district (Malayalam: [ɐːlɐpːuɻɐ] ⓘ), is one of the 14 districts in the Indian state of Kerala. It was formed as Alleppey district on 17 August 1957, the name of the district being changed to Alappuzha in 1990,[5] and is the smallest district of Kerala.[6] Alleppey town, the district headquarters, was renamed Alappuzha in 2012, even though the anglicised name is still commonly used to describe the town as well as the district.

A town with canals, backwaters, beaches, and lagoons, Alappuzha was described by George Curzon, the British Governor-General of India in the beginning of the 20th century CE, as the "Venice of the Eastern world."[1] The district is best known for its picturesque Kerala Backwaters, by which it is well connected to other parts of Kerala, including the tourist destination of Kumarakom, the district being a well known tourist destination in India. It is also known for its coir factories, as most of Kerala's coir industries are situated in and around the Alappuzha town.

The Vembanad lake, which lies below the sea level, is the longest lake in the Indian peninsula, and the district of Alappuzha lies between this lake and the Arabian Sea.[7] Kuttanad region of the Alappuzha district, which lies below the sea level, is the point of least elevation in the entire India.[7] Kuttanad, also known as The Rice Bowl of Kerala, has the lowest altitude in India, and is also one of the few places in the world where cultivation takes place below the sea level.[8][9]

The district was home to the Communist-led Punnapra-Vayalar uprising against the Divan of the British Princely state of Travancore in the 1940s.[10]

Etymology

Alappuzha has extensive backwaters used for transportation and tourism purposes too.

Carved out of the erstwhile Kottayam and Kollam districts, Alappuzha district was formed on 17 August 1957 and consisted initially of seven taluks, namely Cherthala, Ambalappuzha, Kuttanad, Chengannur, Karthikappally and Mavelikkara.[11]

The name Ᾱlappuzha is a toponym. ‘Ᾱlayam’ means ‘home’ and ‘puzha’, according to Dr. Herman Gundert's dictionary, means ‘watercourse’ or ‘river’. The name refers to the network of waterways and backwaters in Alappuzha and its surrounding areas. The district is bounded on the north by Kochi and Kanayannur taluks of Ernakulam district, on the east by Vaikom, Kottayam and Changanassery taluks of Kottayam district and Thiruvalla, Kozhencherry and Adoor taluks of Pathanamthitta district, on the South by Kunnathur and Karunagappally taluks of Kollam district and on the west by Laccadive Sea.[12]

The present Alappuzha district comprises six taluks, namely Cherthala, Ambalappuzha, Kuttanad, Karthikappally, Chengannur and Mavelikkara.[13] The area of the district is 1,414 km2 (546 sq mi). Its headquarters is located at Alappuzha.

History

Raja Kesavadas Statue at Changanassery

The present-day town of Alappuzha owes its existence to Raja Kesavadas during the second half of the 18th century CE. However the district of Alappuzha had an important position in the classical Malayalam literature. Kuttanad, the rice bowl of Kerala, was well known from the early Sangam period itself.

Classical antiquity

The Lighthouse at Purakkad

History records that the region which now constitutes the modern-day district of Alappuzha had trade relations with the ancient Greece, the ancient Rome, the ancient Levant, the ancient Arabian peninsula, and the Ancient Egypt during the Sangam period in the early centuries of the Common Era.[14]

The ancient port town of Barace which is recorded as an important centre of the Indian Ocean trade in the ancient Greco-Roman travelogues such as the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (written around 50 CE) is often identified with the modern-day coastal town of Purakkad on the mouth of the Pamba River in the Alappuzha district.[15] This river is also the third-longest river in Kerala only after to the Periyar river and the Bharathappuzha river.[7]

Early members of the Chera dynasty had their home in Kuttanad and were sometimes known as the Kuttuvans.[15] However the regions south of the Pamba River was ruled by the Ay kingdom during the ancient period.[15] Pamba is mentioned as Baris in the ancient Greco-Roman travelogues.[15] There are archaeological evidences of the early period of this district, including ancient fossils, stone inscriptions and monuments, in the archeological sites like the excavation sites, the caves, the temples, etc.[15] The literary works of the Sangam period also help to take a look into the ancient period of the district.[15]

Alappuzha district was once a prominent centre of Buddhism in South India prior to the arrival of Nambudiri Brahmins into the region.[15] Sri Mulavasam was then a prominent Buddhist pilgrimage centre in the Indian peninsula.[15] Numerous remnants of once flourished Buddhism have been found from the taluks of Ambalappuzha and Mavelikara.[15]

Medieval history

The regions included in the district had a prominent position in the medieval Malayalam literary works such as Unnuneeli Sandesam.[15] One among the famous literary works of this period was the Ascharya Choodamani, a Sanskrit drama written by Sakthibhadra who was a scholar from Chengannur.[16]

The feudal monarch of Chempakasseri was at its zenith during the reign of Pooradam Thirunal Devanarayanan, a great scholar and a poet who was also the author of the literary work Vedantha Ratnamala. It is said that Ambalappuzha Sri Krishna Temple, at Ambalappuzha, was constructed and the idol of Lord Krishna installed during that time. Chempakassery was ruled by Brahmin monarchs during the medieval period.[15]

It is believed that Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri, Kumaran Namboothiri, and Neelakanta Deekshithar were eminent scholars who patronized his court.[14]

Feudal principalities during the medieval period

The southern regions of the modern-day Alappuzha district once formed part of the erstwhile "kingdom of Odanad" (also known as the "kingdom of Kayamkulam" or known by the name "Onattukara"), which was later invaded by the Travancorean forces in the year 1746.[15] It was a branch of the ancient Ay kingdom.[15] It was also known as the Chirava Swaroopam, where the word Chirava derives from the combination of two Malayalam words, Cheru and Aayi, which means "a smaller branch of the Ay kingdom".[15] It included some parts of the modern-day Taluks of Chengannur, Mavelikara, Karthikappally, and Karunagappally.[15]

The northernmost region of the district, which curresponds to the present-day Taluk of Cherthala, was ruled by the "Kingdom of Karappuram" prior to the 1762 treaty that was signed between the kingdom of Travancore and the Kingdom of Cochin.[15] Karappuram was a tributary of the Kingdom of Cochin until 1762 when it was handed over to the kingdom of Travancore.[15] The headquarters of the "Madathingal branch" of the Cochin Royal family was situated at Madathinkara in Karappuram.[15]

South of Karappuram lied the "Chempakassery kingdom" which was also known by the name the "Kingdom of Purakkad" prior to the Travancorean conquest of 1746.[15] The kingdom of Chempakassery included the modern-day Taluks of Ambalappuzha and Kuttanad.[15] The monarch of Chempakassery was known by the title "Chempakassery Deva Narayanan".[15] Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri and Kunchan Nambiar, who originally hailed from the South Malabar region, were court poets of the Chempakassery kingdom at times.[15]

Karthikappally was a small feudal kingdom that lied between the feudal kingdoms of Odanad and Chempakassery until the Travancorean invasion of the mid-18th century CE, which curresponds to the modern-day Taluk of Karthikappally.[15] The southernmost portion of the district had been once part of the erstwhile feudal kingdom of Karunagappally, which had been subordinate to the Chirava Swaroopam (Kayamkulam) at times.[15]

Progress and Social Reformation during the Travancore era (1746–1947)

A map of the British Princely state of Travancore published in 1871

In the 17th century the Portuguese power declined on the Malabar Coast and the Dutch Malabar gained a predominant position in the principalities of this district.[5] The church located at Kokkamangalam or Kokkothamangalam is believed to be one of the seven churches founded by St. Thomas the Apostle, one of the twelve disciples of Jesus Christ according to the oral traditions. The picturesque CSI Christ Church in Alappuzha town was built in 1816 by the first CMS (Church Missionary Society) missionary to India, Rev. Thomas Norton. It was the first Anglican Church to be established in the erstwhile state of Travancore.

It was during the mid-18th century CE that the Maharaja Marthanda Varma, popularly known as the ‘Architect of the Modern Travancore’, interfered in the political affairs of the smaller feudal principalities who ruled parts of the district. Marthandavarma Maharaja had a remarkable role in the internal progress of the district. The Krishnapuram Palace, which is now a protected monument of the State Archaeology Department, was constructed during his administrative period. He was known as the "Architect of the Modern Alleppey" and played a key role in making Alappuzha a premier port town of Travancore.[5]

During the reign of Balaramavarma Maharaja, Velu Thampi Dalava took keen interest in the development of the town and the port. He brought whole area of the Pathiramanal island into coconut cultivation and it's larger tracts into paddy cultivation. The role of Velu Thampi Dalava in the development of Alappuzha is worth mentioning. In the 19th century the district attained progress in all spheres.[5]

Kayamkulam Kochunni was a heroic outlaw from Kayamkulam who lived during the 19th century CE.[17] The 19th century social reformer Arattupuzha Velayudha Panicker hails from the modern-day district of Alappuzha.[18]

The first modern factory for the manufacture of Coir mats and mattings was also established in 1859 at Alappuzha. The Alappuzha Town Improvement Committee was set up in 1894.[5] During the Travancorean administration, Cherthala taluk was included in the Northern division (Kottayam division) while rest of the Taluks which together constitute the modern-day district of Alappuzha was placed under the Central division (Kollam division) of the British Princely state of Travancore.[19]

The Communist memorial column in memory of the Punnapra-Vayalar uprising which occurred in 1946 against the Divan of the British Princely state of Travancore.[15]

This district played a prominent role in the freedom struggle of Travancore. The campaign for the eradication of Untouchability was organized much earlier in this district by T.K. Madhavan, a journalist and in 1925 the approach roads to the temples, especially to the Ambalappuzha Sree Krishna Swamy Temple, were thrown open to the Hindus of all castes. The district also witnessed the ‘Nivarthana’ movement which was started as a protest against the constitutional repression in 1932. The first political strike in Kerala was held at Alappuzha in 1938.[5] The district was home to the Communist-led Punnapra-Vayalar uprising against the Divan of the British Princely state of Travancore in the 1940s.[10]

Geography

The Vembanad Lake

Alappuzha is on a peninsular landmass between the Arabian Sea and the Vembanad lake. Major rivers are the Manimala, the Pamba, and the Achankovil; their branches and tributaries flow through Alappuzha and empty into the Vembanad lake. The most important lake is Vembanad.[20]

Forest and wildlife

The Pathiramanal island – a view from Muhamma

Alappuzha was the only district in Kerala without public forest land. But that changed in 2013, when 14.5 acres (5.9 ha) of land at Veeyapuram was declared as reserved forest by the Forest and Wildlife Department.[21]

Pathiramanal island on the Vembanad lake of Alappuzha district is famous for rare migrating birds.[22]

Administration

Alappuzha District Court
Alleppey Bar Association

Alappuzha city is the administrative headquarters of the Alappuzha district. The district is divided into two revenue divisions-Alappuzha and Chengannur.[6]

Municipal towns

There are 6 municipal towns in the district. They are:[23]

Legislative representation

There are two Lok Sabha constituencies in Alappuzha: Alappuzha and Mavelikara.

There are nine Kerala Legislative Assembly seats in Alappuzha district.[24]

Kerala Legislative Assembly Constituencies from Alappuzha district (9)
Sl no. Constituency Member Party Alliance
1AroorDaleemaCPI(M)  LDF
2CherthalaP. PrasadCPI  LDF
3AlappuzhaP. P. ChitharanjanCPI(M)  LDF
4AmbalappuzhaH. SalamCPI(M)  LDF
5KuttanadThomas K. ThomasNCP  LDF
6HaripadRamesh ChennithalaINC  UDF
7KayamkulamU PrathibaCPI(M)  LDF
8MavelikaraM. S. Arun KumarCPI(M)  LDF
9ChengannurSaji CherianCPI(M)  LDF

Taluks

The district is divided into two revenue divisions which together incorporate six Taluks within them.[25]

  • Taluks in the Alappuzha Revenue Division are:[25]
Cherthala Ambalappuzha Kuttanad[25]
  • Taluks in the Chengannur Revenue Division are:[25]
Karthikappally Mavelikkara Chengannur[25]

Revenue villages

Alappuzha district is divided into 93 revenue villages for the ease and decentralisation of its revenue administration.[25] They are further incorporated into 6 taluks as eludicated below.[25]

Cherthala Taluk

Ambalappuzha Taluk

Kuttanad Taluk

Karthikappally Taluk

Mavelikara Taluk

Chengannur Taluk

List of district collectors

List of Collectors of Alappuzha District according to length of tenure in descending order. The longest serving District Collector of Alappuzha was K. Balakrishna Kurup and the shortest serving District Collector was Sriram Venkitaraman.

K. Balakrishna Kurup served for 1146 days from 2 June 1980 to 23 July 1983, but from July 26, 2022, to August 2, 2022, Sriram Venkitaraman served for only 7 days from 26 July 2022 to 2 August 2022.[26]

# Collector Number of days
1Sriram Venkitaraman7
2P. Venugopal20
3P. M. Abraham38
4V. Retheesan42
5V. K. Vasudevan73
6K. J. John85
7Mini Antony100
8P. Venugopal102
9Adeela Abdulla141
10Renu Raj144
11K. R. Viswambharan170
12R. Girija176
13M. Anjana196
14Paul Antony212
15K. B. Warrier228
16Saurabh Jain230
17P. Venugopal240
18Romanus Horo261
19T. V. Anupama281
20E. Shahul Hameed282
21K. M. Abraham305
22V. R. Padmanabahan309
23P. Velayudhan nair315
24N. C. Surendran350
25P. Sreedhara Menon352
26M. N. Gunavardhanan363
27Veena N. Madhavan371
28Suhas S.377
29K. B. A. Hameed379
30A. K. K. Nambiar396
31S. Ayyappan Nair397
32Pradeepkumar416
33M. N. Gunavardhanan419
34Kshatrapati Shivaji439
35K. Ramunni Menon444
36N. Kaleeswaran462
37K. Narayanan463
38M. Dandapani463
39V. J. Kurian481
40T. V. Swaminathan530
41K. Rose590
42A. Alexandar637
43P. Venugopal646
44K. R. Muraleedharan649
45K. Bhaskaran Nair684
46V. K. Balakrishnan686
47C. P. Ramakrishna Pillai695
48Jose Cyriac K.760
49R. Narayanan795
50T. G. Rajendran895
51K. M. Ramanandan931
52P. Bharathan988
53K. Sivasankaran Nair993
54N. Padmakumar1039
55K. Balakrishna Kurup1146

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1901509,545—    
1911585,094+1.39%
1921693,538+1.71%
1931865,222+2.24%
1941983,184+1.29%
19511,165,845+1.72%
19611,404,269+1.88%
19711,671,286+1.76%
19811,865,455+1.11%
19912,001,217+0.70%
20012,109,160+0.53%
20112,127,789+0.09%
source:[27]
Area 1414 km2 – 3.64% of area of the state
Population 2,127,789 – 6.61% of the population of the state (2011)
Population density1504/km2 (2011)
Literacy97.36%–94.24% (2011)
Sex ratio1100 females/1000 males
Urbanization29.46%

[28] According to the 2011 census, Alappuzha district has a population of 2,127,789,[29] roughly equal to the nation of Namibia[30] or the US state of New Mexico.[31] This gives it a ranking of 216th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of 1,504 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,900/sq mi) .[29] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 0.88%.[29] Alappuzha has a sex ratio of 1100 females for every 1000 males,[29] and a literacy rate of 95.72%. 53.96% of the population lives in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 9.46% and 0.31% of the population respectively.[29]

Malayalam is the predominant language, spoken by 99.00% of the population. There is a small minority of Konkani speakers in urban areas.[32]

It has the highest population density among all districts of the state. It is 29.46% urbanized,[33] and is the smallest district in Kerala.

Religion

Religions in Alappuzha district (2011)[34]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 68.64%
Christianity
 
 20.45%
Islam
 
 10.55%
Other or not stated
 
 0.36%
Entrance of Ambalappuzha Sri Krishna Temple

In the 2011 Indian Census, the Hindu population is 68.64%, Christian (Orthodox, Marthoma, Pentecostal and Latin Catholic are majority) 20.45, and Muslim 10.55.[34]









Major Towns

  • Cherthala taluk: Aroor, Thuravoor, Cherthala, Arookutty, Ezhupunna, Kanjikuzhy, Arthunkal
  • Ambalapuzha taluk: Alapuzha, Ambalapuzha, Kalavoor, Purakad, Aryad, Pathirappally, Punnapra
  • Kuttanad taluk: Champakulam, Edathua, Kainakari, Thakazhy, Thalavady, Nedumudi, Mankombu, Kavalam, Muttar
  • Karthikappally taluk: Haripad, Cheppad, Chingoli, Karthikappally, Muthukulam, Pathiyoor, Pallippad, Kayamkulam, Krishnapuram, Arattupuzha
  • Mavelikkara taluk: Mavelikara, Chennithala, Chettikulangara, Bharanikavu, Charumood, Nooranad, Mavelikkara Thekkekara, Edappon, Thazhakara
  • Chengannur taluk: Chengannur, Budhanoor, Pandanad, Puliyoor, Venmoney, Cheriyanad, Mulakuzha, Mannar

Transport

Road

National Highways

National Highway 66 (India) is one of the longest national highways in India. It connects Panvel to Kanyakumari passes through the city and allow to connect other major cities like Mumbai, Goa, Udupi, Mangalore, Kannur, Kozhikode, Guruvayur, Ernakulam, Kollam, and Trivandrum. The construction of the Alappuzha Bypass, to route the national highway around city centers between Kommady and Kalarkode, is completed; and the highway was opened on 28 January 2021. Alappuzha is also well connected by road. There is a plan to upgrade State Highway 11 (Kerala) to national highway status which helps to connect Alappuzha to Kodaikanal as part of promoting coastal-hill tourism project.[35]

State Highways

State Highway 11 (Kerala)

There are eight state highways in Alappuzha district and three of them originates from Alappuzha town. State Highway 11 (Kerala) is a state Highway that starts in Kalarcode, Alappuzha and ends in Perunna, Changanassery. The road is popularly known as AC road (Alappuzha Changanassery) road and it has 24.2 km length. It's an important busy road which connects Alappuzha city with Kottayam district. State Highway 40 (Kerala) is an interstate state highway in Alappuzha district which connects with Alappuzha town to Madurai, Tamil Nadu. It's the only interstate state highway in Alappuzha district. State Highway 66 (Kerala) is a state highway which originates from Alappuzha town and terminates at Thoppumpady, Ernakulam.

Main Central Road near Chengannur

Main Central Road is the arterial State Highway in the Travancore region of Kerala state. It is designated as SH 1 by the Kerala Public Works Department. It passes through Chengannur town of Alappuzha district and helps it to connect with other parts of Kerala. State Highway 5 (Kerala) is another State Highway that starts in Kayamkulam and ends at Pulimukku junction. The highway is 42.5 km long. State Highway 6 (Kerala) starts in Kayamkulam and ends in Thiruvalla. This highway has 30.8 km length. State Highway 10 (Kerala) is a State Highway that starts in Mavelikkara and ends in Kozhencherry. The highway is 28.7 km long. State Highway 12 (Kerala) that starts in Ambalappuzha and ends in Thiruvalla and has 27.2 km length.[36]

Vehicle registration

Aroor bypass

Following are the vehicle registrations in Alappuzha District:

  • KL-04: Alappuzha RTO (Ambalappuzha Taluk)
  • KL-29: Kayamkulam SRTO (Karthikappally Taluk)
  • KL-30: Chengannur SRTO (Chengannur Taluk)
  • KL-31: Mavelikkara SRTO (Mavelikkara Taluk)
  • KL-32: Cherthala SRTO (Cherthala Taluk)
  • KL-66: Kuttanad SRTO (Kuttanad Taluk)
  • SRTO (HARIPPAD)KL 88

Old structure:- Following are the old registration numbers in Alappuzha District:-

  • KLA
  • KLY
  • KRA
  • KRY

Water

The presence of a lot of backwaters and canals makes water transport a common means of transport. National Waterway 3 passes through Alappuzha. There is an SWTD boat jetty in the city that lies opposite to the KSRTC bus stand. It is served by boat services to towns like Kottayam, Kollam and Changanassery besides to other small towns and jetties.

Rail

Kayamkulam Junction railway station

Alappuzha district has two railway lines. Ernakulam–Kayamkulam coastal railway line primarily links with Haripad railway station, Alappuzha railway station, Cherthala railway station and Kayamkulam Junction railway station, Whereas Ernakulam-Kottayam-Kayamkulam line connects the eastern region of district and that is Chengannur railway station and Mavelikara railway station.[37]

Air

The city is accessible by air, rail, road and water. Cochin International Airport, which is 78 kilometres (48 mi) to the North, is the closest airport. Thiruvananthapuram International Airport, 159 kilometres (99 mi) to the South, is the other airport that links the district with other countries. International tourists use this facility to reach Alappuzha. The other nearest airports are at Kozhikode (236 kilometres (147 mi)) and Coimbatore (254 kilometres (158 mi)). A helipad in the city is reserved for government uses.

Culture

Snake boat races are the most significant traditional event in Alleppey. These regattas are usually held between August and October, and involve long thin boats powered by up to 120 oarsmen. One such snake boat race is the Nehru Trophy Boat Race.

Chemmeen was filmed in two villages in Alappuzha. In the opening credits, a written statement in Malayalam thanks the people of both villages.

Tourism

Commercial canal walkway in Alleppey west
A sunrise from the Aroor bridge

The name Alappuzha is derived from Aal (Sea)+ puzha (River-mouth) ("The joining place of a river and the sea") (Malayalam). Alappuzha is one of the most important tourist centres in the state, with a large network of inland canals, earning it the sobriquet "Venice of the East". These large networks of canals are Alleppey's lifeline. Alappuzha was one of the busiest centers of trade in the past, with one of the best-known ports along the Malabar coast. Even today it retains its charm as the center for the Coir carpet industry and prawn farming. Alappuzha, the ideal headquarters for backwater tourism, as well as for visits to the church-filled town of Kottayam and the town of Aranmula, which are known for their historic annual Aranmula Snake Boat Race. Chengannur, in Alappuzha, is the nearest railway station to Sabarimala. The Krishnapuram Palace is in Kayamkulam. The Buddha idol and Saradha Mandiram are the main attractions of Mavelikkara. The Buddha statue is in a seated posture, resembling Padmasana. A feature common to the idols is that hair has not been engraved on the head. Studies by the archaeology department have not been able to explain the absence of hair, which is common to Buddha statues of the Gandhara and Mathura traditions. The head has markings resembling headgear. Though the department has made a pagoda-like structure for the statue, no information on the idol is available to tourists who visit the area. Local people in the area light lamps before the idol. The idol at Mavelikara is 4 feet (1.2 m) high and is perhaps the biggest. The engravings on the head resemble a helmet of Greek statues. The mark of a sacred thread is visible on the body. Another feature is the marking of a shawl on one shoulder. Here the archaeological department has put up a sign specifying the age of the statue. Saradha Mandiram was the residence of Kerala Panini.

Alappuzha is also known for its snake-boat races held on the second Saturday of August, every year. This competition; the Nehru boat race takes its name from India's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru, which was inaugurated in 1952. It is excitement all around as snake-boats, each manned by over a hundred oarsmen, cut through the waters like wind. The event is a tremendous success with tourists and the local population alike.

The boat cruise along the backwaters of Alappuzha gives one a first hand experience of the lifestyle; toddy tapping, fishing for small fry, Coir-making, prawn farming etc., which remains more or less unchanged over the years.

The Revi Karunakaran Memorial Museum features displays of art and artifacts. Revi Karunakaran was the architect of a modernized Coir industry that still employs more than 500,000 people in the state of Kerala. The objects displayed at the Museum were collected by his family over three generations and feature unique artistic pieces from all parts of the world.

Alappuzha, the district headquarters, is a town with picturesque canals, backwaters and lagoons, was described as the "Venice of the East" by Lord Curzon.[38]

Kuttanadu

Kuttanad or Kuttanadu is an area of Alappuzha District, densely covered with waterways. Kuttanad is famous because of its paddy fields and farmers dedicated to the growth of paddy. It was once called the "Keralathinte Nellara", which means "rice bowl of Kerala". Factors such as expense and labor shortages affected the agriculture in this region. Many former rice fields are now used for other crops which require much lesser investment. Kuttanadu is the birthplace of the novelist Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai.

Festivals

Chettikulangara Bharani is the most important festival in Alappuzha district. The festival is one among the important temple festivals of Kerala. A Chettikulagara Bhagavathi Temple, a temple dedicated to the Goddess Bhagavathi is about four kilometers from Mavelikkara. The festival occurs on the Bharani asterism in February/March. The main rituals of the festival are the 'Kuthiyottam' and 'Kettukazcha'. The 'Kuthiyottam' features a procession of young boys who have observed rigorous ritual penance. Traditional drums, music and glittering ornamental parasols accompany this procession of boys who dance in a trance.

The St. Andrew's Basilica, Arthunkal in Alappuzha District is noted for the annual feast, popularly known as Arthunkal Perunnal (perunnal means feast). The feast is held in December or January every year.

'Chirappu Mahotsavam' is a big occasion at Mullakkal Rajarajeswari Temple in December. Christmas comes in between the festival and Alappuzha town is a really happening place at the time. The streets are full of wandering markets and entertainment ventures like circuses and exhibitions. The streets are crowded throughout the month and there is a 'Shiveli' or the magnificent display of nine Tuskers accompanied by the 'Chenda' and the 'Panchavadyam' music.

Padanilam Sivarathri is another important religious event in Alappuzha district. This festival is held every year in the Padanilam Parabrahma Temple. The temple is situated in the small town of Padanilam. Padanilam is situated 'about 16 km from Mavelikkara town. This place can also be called the festival Village of Alappuzha because Padanilam witnesses a large number of festivals every year including vrischika mahotsavam and irupathiyetttamonam.

Nooranad Padanilam Sivarathri

A grand annual festival is celebrated at the unique Nagaraja Temple (Mannarasala Temple ,Vettikodu Nagaraja Temple) in October/November. Another festival celebrated by the temple is a one-day Thaipooyan Kavadi. The Chandanakudam is celebrated at the Kidangam-Parampu Temple during December every year. Kottamkulangara Temple in Alappuzha has two festive seasons in February and March, because of the two deities with separate flag masts in the same compound wall.

The Kandamangalam Rajarajeshwari Temple is located in Kadakkarappally, Cherthala 1 km west of Thankey junction on NH 47. The annual festival comes in March–April. Chikkara, offering of children to the mother goddess during the festival, is the major attraction. The Chamanju Valathu of children starts on the 2nd day of the festival and lasts until the 8th day. Procession named Thalappoli start on the flag-hoisting day itself. The holy bath (Aarattu) of the goddess is held in a pool within the temple compound on the 10th day of festival. Elephant processions, fireworks, stage shows, etc. are major events that attract thousands of devotees and others.

The churches here celebrate grand annual feasts. The 'Arthunkal Perunnal' feast is celebrated at the Arthunkal Church. and Also, the big major Christian festivals are the festivals at Edathwa Church and Thumpoli Church. The regatta forms part of many festivals here in many places. The annual Vallam Kali (Nehru Trophy Boat Race) is held in the backwaters in the month of September associated with the Onam festival. The main attraction is the Chundan Vallam (Snake Boat) race, in which a number of contestants are in the running for the Prime Minister's trophy. Another celebration in Alappuzha is the "Beach Festival", held from 30 December to 2 January. The annual festival conducted in Champakulam "Valiya Palli" is another big festival.

Education

Colleges

Medical colleges

Government T D Medical College, Alappuzha

Paramedical Colleges

  • KVM Institute of Paramedical Science, Cherthala.

Nursing Colleges

  • Government College of Nursing,Vandanam.
  • KVM College of Nursing,Cherthala.

Arts and Science colleges

Engineering colleges

  • Archana College of Engineering, Panamel, Alappuzha
  • Carmel College of Engineering and Technology Alappuzha[49]
  • Cochin University College of Engineering, Kuttanad, Pulincunnoo, Alappuzha
  • College of Engineering, Cherthala, Pallippuram, Alappuzha.
  • College of Engineering, Chengannur, Alappuzha.
  • College of Engineering and Management, Punnapra[50]
  • K. R. Gouri Amma College of Engineering for Women, Cherthala, Alappuzha
  • Mount Zion College of Engineering for Women, Kozhuvalloor, Chengannur, Alappuzha.[51]
  • Providence College Of Engineering, Chengannur
  • Sree Buddha College of Engineering, Nooranadu, Pattoor P O, Padanilam, Alappuzha
  • Sree Vellappally Natesan College of Engineering, Mavelikkara, Alappuzha
  • University Institute of Technology (UIT), Alappuzha

Schools

  • A.G.R.M. Higher Secondary School, Vallikunnam
  • Aiswarya Pradayini LPUPS, Ramapuram
  • Al-Ameen Public School, Chandiroor (northern Alappuzha district)
  • Aravukad Higher Secondary School, Punnapra
  • Aryakkara Bhagavathi Vilasam Higher Secondary School, Muhamma
  • Bishop Moore Vidyapith, Cherthala
  • Carmel Academy English Medium Higher Secondary School, Pazhavangady
  • Carmel International School, Punnapra
  • Carmel Polytechnic College, Punnapra
  • Gayathri Junior School, Mannancherry
  • Georgian Public School and Junior College, Edathua[52]
  • Government UP School, Erickavu
  • Government Boys Higher Secondary School, Kaymkulam
  • Government Sanskrit High School, Charamangalam, Muhamma
  • Higher Secondary school, VHSE and Girls High Schools, Kanichukulangara Devaswom, Kanichukulangara
  • Holy Family Higher Secondary School, Kattoor
  • K.K.K.V.M. Higher Secondary School, Ananthapuram, Haripad
  • Krist King High School, Cheppadu
  • Kalavoor Government High School
  • Leo XIII English Medium Central School, Kalath
  • Leo XIII Higher Secondary School
  • Mahakavi Kumaran Asan Memorial Higher Secondary School, Pallana
  • MGM (Mar Gregorius Memorial) Central School, Karuvatta, is a CBSE School in Karthikappally taluk
  • Matha Senior Secondary School, Thumpoly
  • Morning Star English Medium School, Convent Sq.
  • Naga Raja Vilasam Upper School (N.R.V.U.P.S.), Vetticode
  • Padanilam Higher Secondary School, Padanilam P.O., Nooranad
  • Panchayath High School, Pathiyoor
  • Pope Pious XI Higher Secondary School, Kattanam
  • St. Thomas High School, Karthikappally
  • SDV (Sanatana Dharma Vidyasala) Boys High School
  • SDV Boys Higher Secondary School
  • SDV English Medium Higher Secondary School
  • SDV Girls High School
  • S.N.D.P. (Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana) High School, Mahadevikadu
  • S.N.L.P. School, Ambalappuzha
  • Sree Sankara English Medium CBSE School, Kuruppamkulangara, Cherthala
  • St.Mary’s Residential Central School, Alappuzha
  • V.V. Higher Secondary School, Thamarakulam

Notable people

Towns and villages

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "History | District Alappuzha, Government of Kerala | India". Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  2. ↑ "Home". Alappuzha District. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
  3. ↑ "District Profile". Government of Kerala: Alappuzha. 2018. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  4. ↑ "Kerala | UNDP in India". UNDP.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "History". Government of Kerala: Alappuzha. 2018. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 11 June 2018.
  6. 1 2 "District Profile". Kerala State Planning Board – District Planning Office, Alappuzha. 2015. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  7. 1 2 3 Chandran, VP (2018). Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus – 2019 (in Malayalam) (Malayalam ed.). Kozhikode: P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode.
  8. ↑ "Kerala Boat Ferries Lone Passenger To Help Her Take Exam". NDTV. Press Trust of India. 1 June 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  9. ↑ Suchitra, M (13 August 2003). "Thirst below sea level". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  10. 1 2 Manorama Yearbook 2011, ISSN 0970-9096
  11. ↑ "taluks in Alappuzha 1957". Alleppeyonline.com. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  12. ↑ "boundaries". Alleppeyonline.com. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  13. ↑ "taluks in Alappuzha". Alleppeyonline.com. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  14. 1 2 "History". Official Web Site of Alappuzha District, Kerala State, India. Collectorate, Alappuzha District, Kerala State, India. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Sreedhara Menon, A. (January 2007). Kerala Charitram (in Malayalam) (2007 ed.). Kottayam: DC Books. ISBN 9788126415885. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  16. ↑ Nayar, V. R. Prabodhachandran (11 February 2011). "Gem of a play". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
  17. ↑ "Wikibooks Malayalam- Aithihyamala- Kayamkulam Kochunni". Wikibooks-Malayalam. 7 June 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2011.
  18. ↑ Osella, Filippo; Osella, Caroline (2000). Social Mobility In Kerala: Modernity and Identity in Conflict. Pluto Press. pp. 156–157. ISBN 9780745316932.
  19. ↑ Census of India, 1931, VOLUME XXVIII, Travancore, Part-I Report. Trivandrum: Government of Travancore. 1932.
  20. ↑ "Rivers and Lakes". Government of Kerala: Alappuzha. 12 June 2018. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 18 March 2021.
  21. ↑ Paul, Biju E (5 June 2019). "Alappuzha gets a canopy". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  22. ↑ "Pathiramanal in Alappuzha". Department of Tourism, Government of Kerala. 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2020.
  23. ↑ "Municipalities | District Alappuzha, Government of Kerala | India". Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  24. ↑ Niyamsabha official site
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 "Revenue villages, Taluks, and Revenue divisions in Alappuzha district". National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, Government of India. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  26. ↑ "Former District Collectors". alappuzha.nic.in. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  27. ↑ Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901
  28. ↑ "Demography | District Alappuzha, Government of Kerala | India". Retrieved 22 November 2021.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 "District Census Hand Book: Alappuzha" (PDF). Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  30. ↑ US Directorate of Intelligence. "Country Comparison:Population". Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 1 October 2011. Namibia 2,147,585
  31. ↑ "2010 Resident Population Data". U. S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 1 January 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2011. New Mexico – 2,059,179
  32. ↑ "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Kerala". www.censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  33. ↑ Census GIS India Archived 2010-01-11 at the Wayback Machine
  34. 1 2 "Table C-01: Population by religious community: Kerala". Census of India. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
  35. ↑ "Jawahar Thayankari lifts Nehru trophy". deccanchronicle.com. 9 August 2015. Archived from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  36. ↑ "State Highways in Kerala". Kerala Public Works Department. 2008. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  37. ↑ "Alleppey Railway Station Details". 2008. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
  38. ↑ "Official Website of Alappuzha District, Kerala State, India". alappuzha.nic.in. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  39. ↑ "Government TD Medical College Alappuzha, Kerala". Archived from the original on 10 October 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  40. ↑ "Mar Gregorios College". Archived from the original on 19 October 2015.
  41. ↑ "Home". Milad E Sherif Memorial (MSM) College. Archived from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
  42. ↑ "NSS Alappuzha". Grotal.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  43. ↑ "St Aloysius". Aloysiuscollege.org. Archived from the original on 29 August 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  44. ↑ "Welcome to St.Joseph's College". St. Joseph's College for Women, Alappuzha. 2010. Archived from the original on 9 January 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2022."
  45. ↑ "St. Michael's College". University of Kerala. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  46. ↑ "Welcome – Sanatana Dharma College". Archived from the original on 20 February 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
  47. ↑ "SN COLLEGE CHERTHALA". Archived from the original on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  48. ↑ "Home". T. K. Madhava Memorial College. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
  49. ↑ "Carmel college of Engineering and Technology". Archived from the original on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  50. ↑ "CEMPunnapra – HOME". www.cempunnapra.org. Archived from the original on 22 February 2016. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  51. ↑ "Home". Mount Zion College of Engineering for Women. Archived from the original on 6 June 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
  52. ↑ "Home". Georgian Public School. Archived from the original on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2016.

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