Alternaria penicillata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Ascomycota
Class:
Dothideomycetes
Subclass:
Pleosporomycetidae
Order:
Pleosporales
Family:
Pleosporaceae
Genus:
Alternaria

Shoemaker & Inderbitzin
Type species
Alternaria penicillata
(Corda) Woudenb. & Crous[1][2]
Synonyms[3]
  • Brachycladium penicillatum Corda, Icon. fung. (Prague) 2: 14 (1838)
  • Dendryphion penicillatum (Corda) Fr., Summa veg. Scand., Sectio Post. (Stockholm): 504 (1849)
  • Cucurbitaria papaveracea De Not., Hedwigia 4: 19 (1865)
  • Pleospora papaveracea (De Not.) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 243 (1883)
  • Crivellia papaveracea (De Not.) Shoemaker & Inderb., in Inderbitzin, Shoemaker, O'Neill, Turgeon & Berbee, Can. J. Bot. 84(8): 1308 (2006)
  • Dendryphion penicillatum var. sclerotiale M.-E. Meffert, Z. ParasitKde 14(5): 462 (1950)

Alternaria penicillata is a species of fungi in the family Pleosporaceae, which causes leaf blight of opium poppy. The fungus is found in Europe, Australia, India, Japan, Nepal, Pakistan, South Africa, Turkey, USA and Zambia.[4]

It was formerly Crivellia papaveracea in the monotypic genus Crivellia.[5] With DNA analyses showing that it was related to Alternaria brassicicola (Schw.) Wiltshire, Alternaria japonica Yoshii, and Ulocladium alternariae (Cooke) Simmons.[6]

Genus Crivellia was named after mycologist Paolo Giuseppe Crivelli (fl. 1981).[7]

It was found in Russia and Ukraine.[8]

In 2013, a new DNA study was carried out and reclassified former genera; Allewia, Brachycladium, Chalastospora, Chmelia, Crivellia, Embellisia, Lewia, Nimbya, Sinomyces, Teretispora, Ulocladium, Undifilum and Ybotromyces as synonymy with genus Alternaria.[2] As accepted by Wijayawardene et al. 2020.[9]

"Agent Green" in Colombia

In 2000, the government of Colombia proposed dispersing strains of Crivellia and another fungus, Fusarium oxysporum, also known as Agent Green, as a biological weapon to forcibly eradicate coca and other illegal crops.[10] The weaponized strains were developed by the US government, who had conditioned their approval of Plan Colombia on the use of this weapon, but ultimately withdraw that condition. In February 2001, the EU Parliament also issued a declaration specifically against the use of these biological agents in warfare.[11]

References

  1. ↑ (Corda) Woudenb. & Crous, in Woudenberg, Groenewald, Binder & Crous, Stud. Mycol. 75(1): 190 (2013)
  2. 1 2 Woudenberg, J.H.C.; Groenewald, J.Z.; Binder, M.; Crous, P.W. (30 June 2013). "Alternaria redefined". Stud. Mycol. 75 (1): 171–212. doi:10.3114/sim0015. PMC 3713888.
  3. ↑ "Species Fungorum - GSD Species". www.speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  4. ↑ "Crivellia papaveracea (De Not.) Inderb. & Shoemaker 2006". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-12-15.
  5. ↑ Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM. (December 2007). "Outline of Ascomycota – 2007". Myconet. Chicago, USA: The Field Museum, Department of Botany. 13: 1–58. Archived from the original on March 18, 2009.
  6. ↑ Inderbitzin, Patrik; Shoemaker, Robert A.; O'Neill, Nichole R.; Turgeon, B. Gillian; Berbee, Mary L. (August 2006). "Systematics and mating systems of two fungal pathogens of opium poppy: the heterothallic Crivellia papaveracea with a Brachycladium penicillatum asexual state and a homothallic species with a Brachycladium papaveris asexual state". Botany. 84 (8). doi:10.1139/b06-067.
  7. ↑ "Crivelli, Paolo Giuseppe | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  8. ↑ Gasich, E.L.; Gannibal, P.B.; Berestetskiy, A.O.; Kazartsev, I.A.; Khlopunova, L.B.; Terletskiy, V.M.; Bekyasheva, E.N. (2013). "Taxonomically significant characters of Crivellia papaveracea and Brachycladium papaveris, pathogens of poppy, revealed in Russia and Ukraine". Mikol Fitopatol. 47: 249–260.
  9. ↑ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:10481/61998.
  10. ↑ "Sprouting up: Battle Lines Drawn over Agent Green".
  11. ↑ "EU Parliament Rejects Agent Green for Colombia | Scoop News".


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