Ambrosina
Temporal range: Middle Eocene – Recent[1]
Lateral view of an Ambrosina bassii inflorescence
Flowering Ambrosina bassii specimen in cultivation
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Alismatales
Family: Araceae
Subfamily: Aroideae
Tribe: Ambrosineae
Genus: Ambrosina
Bassi
Species:
A. bassii
Binomial name
Ambrosina bassii
L.
Synonyms[3]
  • Ambrosina bassii var. angustifolia Guss.
  • Ambrosina bassii var. maculata (Ucria) Parl.
  • Ambrosina bassii var. reticulata (Tineo) Parl.
  • Ambrosina maculata Ucria
  • Ambrosina nervosa Lam.
  • Ambrosina proboscidea T.Durand & Schinz
  • Ambrosina reticulata Tineo
  • Ambrosina velutina Blume ex Heynh.

Ambrosina is a genus in the family Araceae that consists of only one species, Ambrosina bassii, and the only genus in the tribe Ambrosineae. This species is the smallest terrestrial aroid in the Mediterranean, growing only to 8 cm tall. It is usually found growing in woodlands on north faces of hillsides and in humus soil that is covering limestone. It is distributed in Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily, southern mainland Italy, Tunisia, and Algeria.[3][4][5]

Seeds of Ambrosina bassii L.
Seedlings of Ambrosina bassii L.

Description

Ambrosina bassii has oval leaves that are 3.5 to 6 cm long and resemble the leaves of many aroid seedlings. The inflorescence is 2.5 cm long bent over and has an unusual spathe. The spathe is shaped like an egg and is greenish brown with dots on it. Inside the egg shaped spathe is divided two chambers. In one chamber is contained a single female flower and in the other are 8 to 10 male flowers. The seeds have an elaiosome.[6] However, seeds are rarely formed, as this species exhibits a low reproductive rate.[7]

Pollen

The inaperturate pollen grains are 26-50 µm big. It disperses as a single grain (monad).[8]

Population genetics

Ambrosina is the only representative of its genus and is quite unique. It has been shown that it has high heterozygosity, as it has an average of two loci per allele. The data represents that genetic variation attributes to differences among populations from different geographical territories. Also, the local anthropogenic fragmentation has caused no time for genetic drift or interbreeding to erode genetic variation, this eventually resulted in generating differences between populations.[9] The effective population size is low in natural populations.[7]

Phylogeny

It is closely related to the genera Arisarum, Peltandra, and Typhonodorum. Ambrosina is the sister group to Arisarum, from which it separated about 46.1 Million years ago.[1]

The precise relationships are displayed in the following cladogram:[1]

Ambrosineae

Ambrosina

Arisareae

Arisarum

Peltandreae

Typhonodorum

Peltandra

Taxonomy

Species

The genus is monotypic and only consists of Ambrosina bassii.[3]

Varieties

The following three varieties have been described:[3]

  • Ambrosina bassii var. angustifolia Guss.
  • Ambrosina bassii var. maculata (Ucria) Parl.
  • Ambrosina bassii var. reticulata (Tineo) Parl.

However, none of them are accepted.[3]

Former species

Multiple species have been moved from the genus Ambrosina to Cryptocoryne:

  • Ambrosina ciliaris Spreng. is a synonym of Cryptocoryne ciliata var. ciliata[10]
  • Ambrosina ciliata Roxb. is a synonym of Cryptocoryne ciliata (Roxb.) Schott[11]
  • Ambrosina retrospiralis Roxb. is a synonym of Cryptocoryne retrospiralis (Roxb.) Kunth[12]
  • Ambrosina roxburghiana Voigt is a synonym of Cryptocoryne retrospiralis (Roxb.) Kunth[12]
  • Ambrosina spirialis (Retz.) Roxb. is a synonym of Cryptocoryne spiralis (Retz.) Fisch. ex Wydler[13]
  • Ambrosina unilocularis Roxb. is a synonym of Cryptocoryne retrospiralis (Roxb.) Kunth[12]

Ecology

Visitation of inflorescences

The inflorescences are visited by springtails, Embiidae, earwigs, mites of the genera Penthaleus or Bdella, and millipedes.[7]

Seed dispersal

The seeds are attractive to ants, as the seed is coated in an edible elaiosome. Due to this edible coating, the ants disperse the seeds.[7][6]

Parasite ecology

Ambrosina foliage may be affected by reddish-brown, 0-1 mm large leaf spots caused by the phytopatogenic fungus Entylomaster dietelianus (Bubák) Vánky & R.G. Shivas (syn. Entyloma dietelianum Bubák[14][15]). Numerous 10-16 µm large spores are embedded whithin the leaf spots. This fungal disease is specific to the family Araceae.[16][17]

Etymology

The generic name Ambrosina honours the brothers Bartolomeo Ambrosini (1588-1657) and Giacinto Ambrosini (1605-1671).[18]

Conservation

Despite being listed as species of leaft concern by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species,[2] it is legally protected in France.[19][2]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Mansion, G., Rosenbaum, G., Schoenenberger, N., Bacchetta, G., Rosselló, J. A., & Conti, E. (2008). "Phylogenetic analysis informed by geological history supports multiple, sequential invasions of the Mediterranean Basin by the angiosperm family Araceae." Systematic Biology, 57(2), 269-285.
  2. 1 2 3 Contu, S. 2013. Ambrosina bassii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T13133493A44541376. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-2.RLTS.T13133493A44541376.en. Accessed on 02 February 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Ambrosina Bassi". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  4. ↑ Govaerts, R. & Frodin, D.G. (2002). World Checklist and Bibliography of Araceae (and Acoraceae): 1-560. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  5. ↑ Dobignard, D. & Chatelain, C. (2010). Index synonymique de la flore d'Afrique du nord 1: 1-455. Éditions des conservatoire et jardin botaniques, Genève.
  6. 1 2 Bown, Deni (2000). Aroids: Plants of the Arum Family. Timber Press. ISBN 0-88192-485-7.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Quilichini, A., Torre, A., & Gibernau, M. (2005). "Preliminary data on the biology and reproduction of Ambrosina bassii L.(Araceae) in Corsica." Aroideana, 28, 37-42.
  8. ↑ Halbritter, H. (2016, November 3). Ambrosina bassii. PalDat - Palynological Database an Online Publication on Recent Pollen. Retrieved February 14, 2023, from https://www.paldat.org/pub/Ambrosina_bassii/301765
  9. ↑ Geraci, Anna; Raimondo, Francesco Maria; Troia, Angelo (2009-12-01). "Genetic diversity and local population structure in Ambrosina bassii (Araceae, Ambrosineae), a Mediterranean relict species". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 37 (6): 737–746. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2009.12.002. ISSN 0305-1978.
  10. ↑ "Cryptocoryne ciliata var. ciliata". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  11. ↑ "Cryptocoryne ciliata (Roxb.) Schott". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  12. 1 2 3 "Cryptocoryne retrospiralis (Roxb.) Kunth". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  13. ↑ "Cryptocoryne spiralis (Retz.) Fisch. ex Wydler". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  14. ↑ Entylomaster dietelianus (Bubák) Vánky & R.G. Shivas. (n.d.). Index Fungorum - Species Fungorum Species Fungorum. Retrieved February 16, 2023, from https://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=510116
  15. ↑ Entylomaster dietelianus (Bubák) Vánky & R.G. Shivas. (2013). Catalogue of Life: 2013 Annual Checklist Indexing the World’s Known Species. Retrieved February 16, 2023, from https://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2013/details/species/id/8464180
  16. ↑ Willem N. Ellis. (2017). Ambrosina bassii – Plant Parasites of Europe. Retrieved February 4, 2023, from https://bladmineerders.nl/host-plants/plantae/spermatopsida/angiosperma/monocots/alismatales/araceae/aroideae/ambrosina/ambrosina-bassii/
  17. ↑ W.N. Ellis. (2017). Entyloma dietelianum. Plant Parasites of Europe  Leafminers, Galls and Fungi. Retrieved February 16, 2023, from https://bladmineerders.nl/parasites/fungi/dikarya/basidiomycota/ustilaginomycotina/exobasidiomycetes/exobasidiomycetidae/entylomatales/entylomataceae/entyloma/entyloma-dietelianum/
  18. ↑ Troia, A., Schicchi, R., & Geraci, A. (2018). "Typification of the Linnaean name Ambrosinia bassii and other nomenclatural remarks in the genus Ambrosinia (Araceae)." Taxon, 67(6), 1183-1186.
  19. ↑ Franck Le Driant. (n.d.). Ambrosinia de Bassi. Flore Alpes. Retrieved February 6, 2023, from https://www.florealpes.com/fiche_ambrosinabassii.php
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