Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award (MVP)
A black circle with an octagonal read "KENESAW MOUNTAIN LANDIS MEMORIAL BASEBALL AWARD". In the middle of the octagon is a baseball diamond which contains, from the top, Judge Landis' face in gold, "Most Valuable Player", the winner's league, his name in a gold rectangle, and his team.
The Most Valuable Player Award given to Hank Aaron in 1957
SportBaseball
LeagueMajor League Baseball
Awarded forRegular season most valuable player of American League and National League
CountryUnited States, Canada
Presented byBaseball Writers' Association of America
History
First award1931
Most recentRonald Acuña Jr. (NL)
Shohei Ohtani (AL)

The Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award (MVP) is an annual Major League Baseball (MLB) award given to one outstanding player in the American League and one in the National League. The award has been presented by the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) since 1931.

History

Since 1931, a Most Valuable Player Award has been bestowed by the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) to a player in the National League and a player in the American League. Before 1931, two similar awards were issued—the League Award was issued during 1922–1928 in the American League and during 1924–1929 in the National League,[1] and during 1911–1914, the Chalmers Award was issued to a player in each league.[2] Criteria and a list of winners for these two earlier awards are detailed in below sections.

MVP voting takes place before the postseason, but the results are not announced until after the World Series. The BBWAA began by polling three writers in each league city in 1938, reducing that number to two per league city in 1961.[3] The BBWAA does not offer a clear-cut definition of what "most valuable" means, instead leaving the judgment to the individual voters.[4][5]

In 1944, the award was named after Kenesaw Mountain Landis, the first Commissioner of Baseball, who served from 1920 until his death on November 25, 1944.[6][7] Formally named the Kenesaw Mountain Landis Memorial Baseball Award, that naming appeared on a plaque given to winning players.[8] Starting in 2020, Landis' name no longer appears on the MVP plaque[9] after the BBWAA received complaints from several former MVP winners about Landis' role against the integration of MLB.[10][11]

First basemen, with 35 winners, have won the most MVPs among infielders, followed by second basemen (16), third basemen (15), and shortstops (15). Of the 25 pitchers who have won the award, 15 are right-handed while 10 are left-handed. Walter Johnson, Carl Hubbell, and Hal Newhouser are the only pitchers who have won multiple times, with Newhouser winning consecutively in 1944 and 1945.[12][13]

Hank Greenberg, Stan Musial, Alex Rodriguez, and Robin Yount have won at different positions,[12] while Rodriguez is the only player who has won the award with two different teams at two different positions.[14] Rodriguez and Andre Dawson are the only players to win the award while on a last-place team, the 2003 Texas Rangers and 1987 Chicago Cubs, respectively. Barry Bonds has won the most often (seven times) and the most consecutively (four from 2001 to 2004).[15] Jimmie Foxx was the first player to win multiple times[16] – 10 players have won three times, and 19 have won twice.[17] Frank Robinson is the only player to win the award in both the American and National Leagues.

The award's only tie occurred in the National League in 1979, when Keith Hernandez and Willie Stargell received an equal number of points.[12][18] There have been 19 unanimous winners, who received all the first-place votes.[3] The New York Yankees have the most winning players with 23, followed by the St. Louis Cardinals with 21 winners. The award has never been presented to a member of the following three teams: Arizona Diamondbacks, New York Mets, and Tampa Bay Rays.

In recent decades, pitchers have rarely won the award. When Shohei Ohtani won the AL award in 2021, he became the first pitcher in either league to be named the MVP since Clayton Kershaw in 2014, and the first in the American League since Justin Verlander in 2011. Ohtani also became the first two-way player to win the award [19] and in 2023, he became the first player in MLB history to win MVP by unanimous vote twice.[20] Since the creation of the Cy Young Award in 1956, he is the only pitcher to win an MVP award without winning a Cy Young in the same year (Don Newcombe, Sandy Koufax, Bob Gibson, Denny McLain, Vida Blue, Rollie Fingers, Willie Hernández, Roger Clemens, Dennis Eckersley, Justin Verlander, and Clayton Kershaw all won a Cy Young award in their MVP seasons).

Ironically, there was no award given by either league in 1930, which meant that one of the single greatest performances ever went unheralded when Hack Wilson of the Chicago Cubs set the (still standing) MLB record for RBI with 191. He also batted .356 and set the NL record with 56 HRs, a record which stood for 68 years until Sammy Sosa (66) and Mark McGuire (70) both eclipsed him.

Key

Year Links to the article about the corresponding Major League Baseball season
† Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame as a player[21][22]
^ Player is still active[a]
§ Unanimous selection[b][3]
Player (X) Denotes winning player and number of times they had won the award at that point
* Team won the league pennant
P Pitcher (RHP indicates right-handed; LHP indicates left-handed)
C Catcher
1B First baseman
2B Second baseman
3B Third baseman
SS Shortstop
OF Outfielder
DH Designated hitter

Chalmers Award (1911–1914)

Ty Cobb looking just to the left of the camera.
Ty Cobb won the first American League Chalmers Award in 1911 and was at the center of the controversy over the previous season's award.

Before the 1910 season, Hugh Chalmers of Chalmers Automobile announced he would present a Chalmers Model 30 automobile to the player with the highest batting average in Major League Baseball at the end of the season. The 1910 race for best average in the American League was between the Detroit Tigers' widely disliked[3][23][24] Ty Cobb and Nap Lajoie of the Cleveland Indians. On the last day of the season, Lajoie overtook Cobb's batting average with seven bunt hits against the St. Louis Browns.[25] American League President Ban Johnson said a recalculation showed that Cobb had won the race anyway, and Chalmers ended up awarding cars to both players.[3]

In the following season, Chalmers created the Chalmers Award. A committee of baseball writers was to convene after the season to determine the "most important and useful player to the club and the league". Since the award was not as effective at advertising as Chalmers had hoped, it was discontinued after 1914.[3]

Year American League winner Team Position National League winner Team Position Ref
1911 Ty Cobb†§ Detroit TigersOF Frank Schulte Chicago CubsOF[26]
1912 Tris Speaker† Boston Red SoxOF Larry Doyle New York Giants2B[27]
1913 Walter Johnson† Washington SenatorsRHP Jake Daubert Brooklyn Superbas1B[28]
1914 Eddie Collins† Philadelphia Athletics2B Johnny Evers† Boston Braves2B[29]

League Awards (1922–1929)

A man in full baseball attire wears a pinstriped jersey and a hat with overlapping white "N" and "Y". Looking to the left of the camera, he is holding a baseball upward.
Babe Ruth was ineligible for the award in his famous 1927 season by the rules of the American League award because he had previously won in 1923.

In 1922 the American League created a new award to honor "the baseball player who is of the greatest all-around service to his club".[30] Winners, voted on by a committee of eight baseball writers chaired by James Crusinberry,[31] received a bronze medal and a cash prize.[32] Voters were required to select one player from each team and player-coaches and prior award winners were ineligible. Famously, these criteria resulted in Babe Ruth winning only a single MVP award before it was dropped after 1928. The National League award, without these restrictions, lasted from 1924 to 1929.[3]

Year American League winner Team Position National League winner Team Position Ref
1922 George Sisler† St. Louis Browns1B — ——[33]
1923 Babe Ruth†§ New York YankeesOF — ——[34]
1924 Walter Johnson† (2) Washington SenatorsRHP Dazzy Vance† Brooklyn RobinsRHP[35]
1925 Roger Peckinpaugh Washington SenatorsSS Rogers Hornsby† St. Louis Cardinals2B[36]
1926 George Burns Cleveland Indians1B Bob O'Farrell St. Louis CardinalsC[37]
1927 Lou Gehrig† New York Yankees1B Paul Waner† Pittsburgh PiratesOF[38]
1928 Mickey Cochrane† Philadelphia AthleticsC Jim Bottomley† St. Louis Cardinals1B[39]
1929 — —— Rogers Hornsby† (2) Chicago Cubs2B[40]

Baseball Writers' Association of America's Most Valuable Player (1931–present)

The BBWAA was first awarded the modern MVP after the 1931 season, adopting the format the National League used to distribute its league award. One writer in each city with a team filled out a ten-place ballot, with ten points for the recipient of a first-place vote, nine for a second-place vote, and so on. In 1938, the BBWAA raised the number of voters to three per city and gave 14 points for a first-place vote. The only significant change since then occurred in 1961 when the number of voters was reduced to two per league city.[3]

A man is pictured from his belt up looking to the left of the camera. His button-down baseball jersey says "RED SOX" across it and he is wearing a baseball hat with a "B".
Hall of Famer Jimmie Foxx was the first player to win three MVP awards.
Hall of Famer and two-time MVP Hank Greenberg was the first player to win the award at two different fielding positions (1B and OF).
Jim Konstanty, to date the only National League relief pitcher to be named MVP, won it in 1950.
The face of a dark-skinned man who is smiling widely. The letters "S" and "F" overlap on his hat.
Hall of Famer Willie Mays won the award in 1954 and 1965 with the same team in different cities.
Hall of Famer Frank Robinson is the only player to win the award in both leagues (NL in 1961, and AL in 1966).
An African-American man looks just right off the camera. His helmet and white jersey both have an orange "S" over the "F" logo on them. The man's left arm is crossed over his body and his right is out of the picture. There is a black and orange glove on his left hand.
Barry Bonds' seven MVPs are the most for any individual player.
A Hispanic man walking while shouting at someone out of the picture. His helmet is emblazoned with a white "N" and "Y" intertwined, and "NEW YORK" is stitched in black letters across his button-down jersey. The player is holding a black baseball bat almost vertically with black, gray, and white gloves.
Alex Rodriguez won the award with two different teams at two different positions.
A right-handed batter is at the plate, looking toward the pitcher's mound. Wearing a red uniform and white pants, there is a crowd behind him with jerseys of various colors.
Albert Pujols won the award three times, at first base with the St. Louis Cardinals.
Miguel Cabrera was the winner of back-to-back AL Awards from 2012 to 2013.
Mike Trout is the most recent player to win the award three times.
Shohei Ohtani is currently the only player to unanimously win the award twice.
YearAmerican League winnerTeamPositionNational League winnerTeamPositionRef
1931Lefty Grove†Philadelphia Athletics*LHPFrankie Frisch†St. Louis Cardinals*2B[41]
1932Jimmie Foxx†Philadelphia Athletics1BChuck Klein†Philadelphia PhilliesOF[42]
1933Jimmie Foxx† (2)Philadelphia Athletics1BCarl Hubbell†New York Giants*LHP[43]
1934Mickey Cochrane† (2)Detroit Tigers*CDizzy Dean†St. Louis Cardinals*RHP[44]
1935Hank Greenberg†§Detroit Tigers*1BGabby Hartnett†Chicago Cubs*C[45]
1936Lou Gehrig† (2)New York Yankees*1BCarl Hubbell†§ (2)New York Giants*LHP[46]
1937Charlie Gehringer†Detroit Tigers2BJoe Medwick†St. Louis CardinalsOF[47]
1938Jimmie Foxx† (3)Boston Red Sox1BErnie Lombardi†Cincinnati RedsC[48]
1939Joe DiMaggio†New York Yankees*OFBucky WaltersCincinnati Reds*RHP[49]
1940Hank Greenberg† (2)Detroit Tigers*OFFrank McCormickCincinnati Reds*1B[50]
1941Joe DiMaggio† (2)New York Yankees*OFDolph CamilliBrooklyn Dodgers*1B[51]
1942Joe Gordon†New York Yankees*2BMort CooperSt. Louis Cardinals*RHP[52]
1943Spud ChandlerNew York Yankees*RHPStan Musial†St. Louis Cardinals*OF[53]
1944Hal Newhouser†Detroit TigersLHPMarty MarionSt. Louis Cardinals*SS[54]
1945Hal Newhouser† (2)Detroit Tigers*LHPPhil CavarrettaChicago Cubs*1B[55]
1946Ted Williams†Boston Red Sox*OFStan Musial† (2)St. Louis Cardinals*1B[56]
1947Joe DiMaggio† (3)New York Yankees*OFBob ElliottBoston Braves3B[57]
1948Lou Boudreau†Cleveland Indians*SSStan Musial† (3)St. Louis CardinalsOF[58]
1949Ted Williams† (2)Boston Red SoxOFJackie Robinson†Brooklyn Dodgers*2B[59]
1950Phil Rizzuto†New York Yankees*SSJim KonstantyPhiladelphia Phillies*RHP[60]
1951Yogi Berra†New York Yankees*CRoy Campanella†Brooklyn DodgersC[61]
1952Bobby ShantzPhiladelphia AthleticsLHPHank SauerChicago CubsOF[62]
1953Al Rosen§Cleveland Indians3BRoy Campanella† (2)Brooklyn Dodgers*C[63]
1954Yogi Berra† (2)New York YankeesCWillie Mays†New York Giants*OF[64]
1955Yogi Berra† (3)New York Yankees*CRoy Campanella† (3)Brooklyn Dodgers*C[65]
1956Mickey Mantle†§New York Yankees*OFDon NewcombeBrooklyn Dodgers*RHP[66]
1957Mickey Mantle† (2)New York Yankees*OFHank Aaron†Milwaukee Braves*OF[67]
1958Jackie JensenBoston Red SoxOFErnie Banks†Chicago CubsSS[68]
1959Nellie Fox†Chicago White Sox*2BErnie Banks† (2)Chicago CubsSS[69]
1960Roger MarisNew York Yankees*OFDick GroatPittsburgh Pirates*SS[70]
1961Roger Maris (2)New York Yankees*OFFrank Robinson†Cincinnati Reds*OF[71]
1962Mickey Mantle† (3)New York Yankees*OFMaury WillsLos Angeles DodgersSS[72]
1963Elston HowardNew York Yankees*CSandy Koufax†Los Angeles Dodgers*LHP[73]
1964Brooks Robinson†Baltimore Orioles3BKen BoyerSt. Louis Cardinals*3B[74]
1965Zoilo VersallesMinnesota Twins*SSWillie Mays† (2)San Francisco GiantsOF[75]
1966Frank Robinson†§ (2)Baltimore Orioles*OFRoberto Clemente†Pittsburgh PiratesOF[76]
1967Carl Yastrzemski†Boston Red Sox*OFOrlando Cepeda†§St. Louis Cardinals*1B[77]
1968Denny McLain§Detroit Tigers*RHPBob Gibson†St. Louis Cardinals*RHP[78]
1969Harmon Killebrew†Minnesota Twins3BWillie McCovey†San Francisco Giants1B[79]
1970Boog PowellBaltimore Orioles*1BJohnny Bench†Cincinnati Reds*C[80]
1971Vida BlueOakland AthleticsLHPJoe Torre†[c]St. Louis Cardinals3B[81]
1972Dick AllenChicago White Sox1BJohnny Bench† (2)Cincinnati Reds*C[82]
1973Reggie Jackson†§Oakland Athletics*OFPete RoseCincinnati RedsOF[83]
1974Jeff BurroughsTexas RangersOFSteve GarveyLos Angeles Dodgers*1B[84]
1975Fred LynnBoston Red Sox*OFJoe Morgan†Cincinnati Reds*2B[85]
1976Thurman MunsonNew York Yankees*CJoe Morgan† (2)Cincinnati Reds*2B[86]
1977Rod Carew†Minnesota Twins1BGeorge FosterCincinnati RedsOF[87]
1978Jim Rice†Boston Red SoxOFDave ParkerPittsburgh PiratesOF[88]
1979Don BaylorCalifornia AngelsLF/DH[89]Keith Hernandez[d]St. Louis Cardinals1B[18]
Willie Stargell†[d]Pittsburgh Pirates*1B
1980George Brett†Kansas City Royals*3BMike Schmidt†§Philadelphia Phillies*3B[90]
1981Rollie Fingers†Milwaukee BrewersRHPMike Schmidt† (2)Philadelphia Phillies3B[91]
1982Robin Yount†Milwaukee Brewers*SSDale MurphyAtlanta BravesOF[92]
1983Cal Ripken Jr.†Baltimore Orioles*SSDale Murphy (2)Atlanta BravesOF[93]
1984Willie HernándezDetroit Tigers*LHPRyne Sandberg†Chicago Cubs2B[94]
1985Don MattinglyNew York Yankees1BWillie McGeeSt. Louis Cardinals*OF[95]
1986Roger ClemensBoston Red Sox*RHPMike Schmidt† (3)Philadelphia Phillies3B[96]
1987George BellToronto Blue JaysOFAndre Dawson†Chicago CubsOF[97]
1988Jose Canseco§Oakland Athletics*OFKirk GibsonLos Angeles Dodgers*OF[98]
1989Robin Yount† (2)Milwaukee BrewersOFKevin MitchellSan Francisco Giants*OF[99]
1990Rickey Henderson†Oakland Athletics*OFBarry BondsPittsburgh PiratesOF[100]
1991Cal Ripken Jr.† (2)Baltimore OriolesSSTerry PendletonAtlanta Braves*3B[101]
1992Dennis Eckersley†Oakland AthleticsRHPBarry Bonds (2)Pittsburgh PiratesOF[102]
1993Frank Thomas†§Chicago White Sox1BBarry Bonds (3)San Francisco GiantsOF[103]
1994Frank Thomas† (2)Chicago White Sox1BJeff Bagwell†§Houston Astros1B[104]
1995Mo VaughnBoston Red Sox1BBarry Larkin†Cincinnati RedsSS[105]
1996Juan GonzálezTexas RangersOFKen Caminiti§San Diego Padres3B[106]
1997Ken Griffey Jr.†§Seattle MarinersOFLarry Walker†Colorado RockiesOF[107]
1998Juan González (2)Texas RangersOFSammy SosaChicago CubsOF[108]
1999Iván Rodríguez†Texas RangersCChipper Jones†Atlanta Braves*3B[109]
2000Jason GiambiOakland Athletics1BJeff KentSan Francisco Giants2B[110]
2001Ichiro SuzukiSeattle MarinersOFBarry Bonds (4)San Francisco GiantsOF[111][112]
2002Miguel TejadaOakland AthleticsSSBarry Bonds§ (5)San Francisco Giants*OF[113]
2003Alex RodriguezTexas RangersSSBarry Bonds (6)San Francisco GiantsOF[114]
2004Vladimir Guerrero†Anaheim AngelsOFBarry Bonds (7)San Francisco GiantsOF[115]
2005Alex Rodriguez (2)New York Yankees3BAlbert PujolsSt. Louis Cardinals1B[116]
2006Justin MorneauMinnesota Twins1BRyan HowardPhiladelphia Phillies1B[117]
2007Alex Rodriguez (3)New York Yankees3BJimmy RollinsPhiladelphia PhilliesSS[118]
2008Dustin PedroiaBoston Red Sox2BAlbert Pujols (2)St. Louis Cardinals1B[119]
2009Joe MauerMinnesota TwinsCAlbert Pujols (3)St. Louis Cardinals1B[112][120]
2010Josh HamiltonTexas Rangers*OFJoey Votto^Cincinnati Reds1B[121][122]
2011Justin Verlander^Detroit TigersRHPRyan BraunMilwaukee BrewersOF[123][124]
2012Miguel CabreraDetroit Tigers*3BBuster PoseySan Francisco Giants*C[125][126]
2013Miguel Cabrera (2)Detroit Tigers3BAndrew McCutchen^Pittsburgh PiratesOF[127][128]
2014Mike Trout^§Los Angeles AngelsOFClayton Kershaw^Los Angeles DodgersLHP[129][130]
2015Josh Donaldson^Toronto Blue Jays3BBryce Harper^§Washington NationalsOF[131][132]
2016Mike Trout^ (2)Los Angeles AngelsOFKris Bryant^Chicago Cubs*3B/OF[133]
2017José Altuve^Houston Astros*2BGiancarlo Stanton^Miami MarlinsOF[134]
2018Mookie Betts^Boston Red Sox*OFChristian Yelich^Milwaukee BrewersOF[135]
2019Mike Trout^ (3)Los Angeles AngelsOFCody Bellinger^Los Angeles DodgersOF[136]
2020José Abreu^Chicago White Sox1BFreddie Freeman^Atlanta Braves1B[137]
2021Shohei Ohtani^§Los Angeles AngelsRHP/DHBryce Harper^ (2)Philadelphia PhilliesOF[138]
2022Aaron Judge^New York YankeesOFPaul Goldschmidt^St. Louis Cardinals1B[139]
2023Shohei Ohtani^§(2)Los Angeles AngelsRHP/DHRonald Acuña Jr.^§Atlanta BravesOF [140]

Wins by team

TeamsAwardsYears
New York Yankees 23 1923, 1927, 1936, 1939, 1941–1943, 1947, 1950, 1951, 1954–1957, 1960–1963, 1976, 1985, 2005, 2007, 2022
St. Louis Cardinals 21 1925, 1926, 1928, 1931, 1934, 1937, 1942–1944, 1946, 1948, 1964, 1967, 1968, 1971, 1979, 1985, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2022
New York/San Francisco Giants 14 1912, 1933, 1936, 1954, 1965, 1969, 1989, 1993, 2000–2004, 2012
Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers 1913, 1924, 1941, 1949, 1951, 1953, 1955, 1956, 1962, 1963, 1974, 1988, 2014, 2019
Philadelphia/Oakland Athletics 13 1914, 1928, 1931–1933, 1952, 1971, 1973, 1988, 1990, 1992, 2000, 2002
Cincinnati Reds 12 1938–1940, 1961, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1975–1977, 1995, 2010
Detroit Tigers 1911, 1934, 1935, 1937, 1940, 1944, 1945, 1968, 1984, 2011–2013
Boston Red Sox 1912, 1938, 1946, 1949, 1958, 1967, 1975, 1978, 1986, 1995, 2008, 2018
Chicago Cubs 11 1911, 1929, 1935, 1945, 1952, 1958, 1959, 1984, 1987, 1998, 2016
Boston/Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves 9 1914, 1947, 1957, 1982, 1983, 1991, 1999, 2020, 2023
Washington Senators/Minnesota Twins 8 1913, 1924, 1925, 1965, 1969, 1977, 2006, 2009
Pittsburgh Pirates 1927, 1960, 1966, 1978, 1979, 1990, 1992, 2013
Philadelphia Phillies 1932, 1950, 1980, 1981, 1986, 2006, 2007, 2021
California/Anaheim/Los Angeles Angels 7 1979, 2004, 2014, 2016, 2019, 2021, 2023
Baltimore Orioles/St. Louis Browns 6 1922, 1964, 1966, 1970, 1983, 1991
Texas Rangers 1974, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2003, 2010
Milwaukee Brewers 5 1981, 1982, 1989, 2011, 2018
Chicago White Sox 1959, 1972, 1993, 1994, 2020
Cleveland Indians / Guardians 3 1926, 1948, 1953
Seattle Mariners 2 1997, 2001
Toronto Blue Jays 1987, 2015
Houston Astros 1994, 2017
Kansas City Royals 1 1980
San Diego Padres 1996
Colorado Rockies 1997
Washington Nationals 2015
Miami Marlins 2017
Arizona Diamondbacks 0 none
New York Mets none
Tampa Bay Rays none

See also

Notes

  • a A player is considered inactive if he has announced his retirement or has not played for a full season.
  • b A unanimous victory indicates that the player received all possible first-place votes.
  • c Torre is a member of the Hall of Fame, but not as a player. He was inducted in 2014 as a manager.[141]
  • d Hernandez and Stargell both received 216 points in the 1979 voting.[18]

References

  1. ↑ "League Award". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
  2. ↑ "Chalmers Award". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Gillette & Palmer, pp. 1764–1765
  4. ↑ Kepner, Tyler (September 4, 2011). "Where Do You Find Value? Discussing the M.V.P. Criteria". The New York Times. p. SP3. Archived from the original on October 27, 2014. Retrieved September 6, 2011.
  5. ↑ For the definition that appears on the BBWAA ballot (including pitchers and designated hitters), go to Voting FAQ and scroll down. Baseball Writers' Association of America. Retrieved November 7, 2016.
  6. ↑ "Landis, Kenesaw". National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. Archived from the original on 2011-11-22. Retrieved 2011-11-22.
  7. ↑ Gillette, Gary; Palmer, Pete (2007). The ESPN Baseball Encyclopedia (Fourth ed.). New York: Sterling Publishing Co. p. 1763. ISBN 978-1-4027-4771-7.
  8. ↑ "MLB Award Trophies and Plaques". gettyimages.com. November 2006. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
  9. ↑ Van Schouwen, Daryl (April 13, 2021). "'MVP' chants ahead of MVP hitting groove for White Sox' Jose Abreu". Chicago Sun Times. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
  10. ↑ Adler, David (July 1, 2020). "Former MVPs want Landis removed from plaque". MLB.com. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
  11. ↑ Kelly, Matt (October 2, 2020). "Landis' name to be removed from MVP trophies". MLB.com. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
  12. 1 2 3 "Major League Baseball's Most Valuable Player Award Winners". Baseball Digest. Evanston, Illinois: Century Publishing Co. 59 (12): 86–89. December 2000. ISSN 0005-609X. Retrieved December 29, 2009.
  13. ↑ "Walter Johnson Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 2018-05-08. Retrieved 2016-01-23.
  14. ↑ "Alex Rodriguez Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on July 12, 2010. Retrieved December 3, 2009.
  15. ↑ "Barry Bonds Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on July 3, 2011. Retrieved December 3, 2009.
  16. ↑ "Jimmie Foxx Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on April 12, 2009. Retrieved December 3, 2009.
  17. ↑ "Most Valuable Player MVP Awards & Cy Young Awards Winners". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on January 9, 2010. Retrieved December 3, 2009.
  18. 1 2 3 "Baseball Awards Voting for 1979". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on March 30, 2009. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
  19. ↑ Yomtov, Jesse (November 18, 2021). "Angels star Shohei Ohtani is unanimous American League MVP, becoming first two-way player to win". usatoday.com.
  20. ↑ "Shohei Ohtani first player to win MVP by unanimous vote twice". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 17, 2023. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
  21. ↑ Gillette & Palmer, pp. 1755–1760
  22. ↑ "Baseball Hall of Fame Inductees". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on January 4, 2010. Retrieved December 3, 2009.
  23. ↑ Doyle, Havey (July 4, 1941). "Mirrors of Sport". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. p. 18. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
  24. ↑ Schwartz, Larry. "He was a pain ... but a great pain". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on October 3, 2009. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
  25. ↑ Queen, Mike (11 July 2023). "Embarrassing Baseball Scandals Fans Want to Forget". Headlines and Heroes: Newspapers, Comics and More Fine Print [Blog]. Library of Congress. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
  26. ↑ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1911". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 10, 2009. Retrieved December 3, 2009.
  27. ↑ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1912". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on January 30, 2009. Retrieved December 3, 2009.
  28. ↑ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1913". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on January 29, 2009. Retrieved December 3, 2009.
  29. ↑ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1914". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on January 30, 2009. Retrieved December 3, 2009.
  30. ↑ Newman, Mark (November 14, 2009). "One of a kind: Another MVP for A-Rod". MLB.com. Archived from the original on March 12, 2008. Retrieved December 5, 2009.
  31. ↑ Gould, Alan (December 8, 1929). "Rogers Hornsby Voted Most Valuable Player in National League". Reading Eagle. Retrieved January 6, 2010.
  32. ↑ "Player Award Goes to Hornsby again". The New York Times. December 8, 1929. p. S2.
  33. ↑ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1922". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 16, 2009. Retrieved December 5, 2009.
  34. ↑ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1923". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 8, 2009. Retrieved December 5, 2009.
  35. ↑ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1924". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 16, 2009. Retrieved December 5, 2009.
  36. ↑ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1925". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 16, 2009. Retrieved December 8, 2009.
  37. ↑ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1926". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 16, 2009. Retrieved December 8, 2009.
  38. ↑ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1927". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 16, 2009. Retrieved December 8, 2009.
  39. ↑ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1928". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on January 5, 2010. Retrieved December 8, 2009.
  40. ↑ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1929". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on March 29, 2009. Retrieved December 8, 2009.
  41. ↑ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1931". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2009. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  42. ↑ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1932". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on January 5, 2010. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  43. ↑ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1933". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on September 18, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  44. ↑ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1934". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on May 22, 2009. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  45. ↑ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1935". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  46. ↑ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1936". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on September 16, 2009. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  47. ↑ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1937". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on June 21, 2009. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  48. ↑ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1938". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 9, 2010. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  49. ↑ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1939". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 2, 2009. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  50. ↑ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1940". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 12, 2010. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  51. ↑ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1941". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 1, 2009. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
  52. ↑ "Baseball Awards Voting for 1942". Baseball-Reference.com. Archived from the original on February 1, 2009. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
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