150 Nassau Street
Former namesAmerican Tract Society Building
Alternative namesPark Place Tower
General information
TypeOffice and residential
Architectural styleRomanesque Revival and Renaissance Revival
Address150 Nassau Street
Town or cityNew York City
CountryUnited States
Coordinates40°42′41″N 74°00′21″W / 40.71139°N 74.00583°W / 40.71139; -74.00583
Construction started1894
Completed1895
Height291 feet (89 m)
Technical details
Materialgranite, brick, terracotta
Floor count23
Lifts/elevators6
Design and construction
Architect(s)R. H. Robertson
DeveloperAmerican Tract Society
EngineerWilliam Williams Crehore
Main contractorJohn Downey
American Tract Society Building
Location150 Nassau Street, Manhattan, New York
Built1894–1895
ArchitectR. H. Robertson
Architectural styleRomanesque Revival, Renaissance Revival
Part ofFulton–Nassau Historic District (ID05000988)
NYCL No.2038
Significant dates
Designated CPSeptember 7, 2005[1]
Designated NYCLJune 15, 1999[2]
References
[3]

150 Nassau Street, also known as the Park Place Tower and the American Tract Society Building, is a 23-story, 291-foot (89 m) building in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It is located at the southeast corner of Spruce Street and Nassau Street, next to 8 Spruce Street, the former New York Times Building, and New York City Hall.

150 Nassau Street was built in 1894–1895 as the headquarters of the American Tract Society (ATS), a nonprofit, nonsectarian but evangelical organization that distributed religious tracts. Designed by the architect R. H. Robertson, it is one of the first skyscrapers built from a steel skeleton and was among New York City's tallest buildings when it was completed.

150 Nassau Street is located near Park Row, which contained several newspaper headquarters. The building failed to make a profit during ATS's occupancy, and the New York Life Insurance Company foreclosed on the building in 1914. After ATS moved out, the New York Sun occupied the building from 1914 to 1919. The building's 10th through 23rd floors were converted into condominiums between 1999 and 2002. In 1999, it was designated as a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. The American Tract Society Building is also a contributing property to the Fulton–Nassau Historic District, a National Register of Historic Places district created in 2005.

Site

150 Nassau Street is located in the Financial District of Manhattan, just east of New York City Hall and the Civic Center. The building is located on a parallelogram-shaped plot that abuts Nassau Street to the west for 100 feet 7 inches (30.66 m) and Spruce Street to the north for 94 feet 6 inches (28.80 m).[4][5][6] The Morse Building is immediately to the south, while a public plaza and 8 Spruce Street is located to the east. The Potter Building and 41 Park Row are located across Nassau Street and Pace University is located across Spruce Street.[7]

Architecture

150 Nassau Street was designed by Robert Henderson Robertson in the Romanesque style.[8][9][10] The building is 291 feet (89 m) tall with 23 stories.[11][12] 150 Nassau Street was one of New York City's first skyscrapers to employ a steel skeletal frame.[13][14] It is designed with elements of Romanesque Revival and Renaissance Revival architecture.[15][14]

Form

Looking south from the Brooklyn Bridge entrance; 150 Nassau Street is to the left, and 41 Park Row to the right
Looking south from the Brooklyn Bridge entrance; 150 Nassau Street is to the left, and 41 Park Row to the right

Much of the building is 20 stories high, except for its northwestern corner, which contains a small three-story tower with a pitched roof. The top of the main roof is 261 feet (80 m) tall, but the top of the pitched roof is 291 feet (89 m).[12][13][16] The floors above the first story are U-shaped, with a small light court facing south.[13][16] Two water towers were located above the main roof, but were removed.[17] The Nassau Street side consists of a three-story arcade, meant to complement 41 Park Row to the west, with an open-air top story.[15]

Facade

At the time of 150 Nassau Street's construction, the facades of many 19th-century early skyscrapers consisted of three horizontal sections similar to the components of a column, namely a base, midsection, and capital. 150 Nassau Street contains six horizontal layers, divided by band courses and cornices: of these, two are in the base, three in the midsection, and one at the capital. Both principal facades contain five vertical bays.[15] The main entrance, located in the center bay on Nassau Street, consists of a double-height archway supported by two pairs of columns, one on each side. Underneath the arch is an elaborate entablature and a semicircular transom.[10][15] The windows are mostly sash windows.[18]

The principal facades are the northern and western facades, which are made of self-supporting masonry on the ground through fifth floors, and brick and terracotta supported by the building's box girders on the upper floors.[10][13][19] The basement on the Spruce Street side is visible due to the downward slope of the lot from west to east.[20] On the lowest two floors of both principal facades, each bay contains an arched window. On each of the third through 20th floors, there are two sash windows in each bay. The 6th, 10th, 14th, and 18th floors are framed by cornices on their tops and bottoms, and divide the midsection into three distinct horizontal segments.[10][20] The 19th through 23rd floors form a "capital"; the 19th and 20th floors cover the entire lot area and are similar in design to the lower floors, but the 21st floor contains an arched, open-air arcade measuring two bays wide on Spruce Street and five bays wide on Nassau Street. The 21st through 23rd stories constitute the building's tower: 21st and 22nd stories contain tile walls and rectangular windows, while the 23rd floor contains a pitched roof with dormers.[20]

The southern and eastern facades are made of self-supporting brick below the 13th floor and are supported by lattice girders above that point.[13][19] These facades mostly lack ornament. The lower five stories of the eastern facade served as a party wall to a now-demolished building on Spruce Street.[21]

Terracotta, possibly created by New York Architectural Terra Cotta, was used for decorative detail on the facade. When built, the top story contained further ornamentation such as a flagpole and finials, which caused the building to stand out on the skyline. The winged figures on the facade's uppermost portion were similar to that of Robertson's previous Corn Exchange Bank building at William and Nassau Streets.[15]

Foundation

The ground directly underneath 150 Nassau Street was made of a layer of fine red sand extending 36 feet (11 m) deep, then a 7-to-8-foot (2.1 to 2.4 m) layer of clay, followed by another layer of fine sand. The layer of bedrock was located 100 feet (30 m) underground, and the builders decided against digging to the depth of the bedrock using pneumatic caissons.[16][22] During construction, the foundation was excavated to a depth of 35 feet (11 m). The builders then drove pilings into the ground. Each piling was made of spruce tree trunks between 20 and 25 feet (6.1 and 7.6 m) long and 10 to 14 inches (250 to 360 mm) wide. Atop each piling was granite blocks, then vertical brick piers, and finally cast-iron footings for the building's columns.[13][16]

Along portions of the south and west walls, the builders could not install pilings to provide foundations for the columns. These columns were instead supported by cantilevers made of trusses; six pairs of cantilevers were used. Several neighboring buildings, including the Morse Building, were underpinned while the foundation was being built.[13][16] The columns are generally spaced 18 to 19 feet (5.5 to 5.8 m) apart.[16]

Features

150 Nassau Street uses some 2,665 short tons (2,379 long tons; 2,418 t) of metal.[13] Generally, each floor is supported by pairings of I-beams, with each pairing spaced about 6.3 feet (1.9 m) apart. The I-beams under the basement through third floors are 12 inches (300 mm) thick, while the I-beams under the remaining floors are 15 inches (380 mm) thick. Box girders are also located under the 6th, 10th, 14th, and 18th floors, and plate girders are under the 19th floor.[16] The floors themselves are made of flat brick arches 12 inches (300 mm) deep. The columns were wrapped with 4 inches (100 mm) of brick to provide fireproofing.[13][19]

150 Nassau Street features six elevators arranged around a semicircular space in the northwest corner of the building. Of these, two were originally "express elevators" running non-stop to the upper floors.[6][19] The building's only fire staircase is located on the opposite side of the semicircular elevator lobbies on each floor.[19] Upon the building's completion, the ATS described the new facilities as "convenient or necessary for an office of the highest standard". These included radiators under every window, as well as steam, electric and gas services. Two storefronts were located at ground level and there was space for four additional stores in the basement; the 22nd floor also contained a restaurant. The rest of the building had space for more than 700 offices.[15][23][6] As built, each floor had 36 offices, which could be rented either as singular units or as part of a multi-unit suite.[6] The corridors in the building were built to a relatively narrow width to maximize office space.[22]

Since the building's 2002 renovation, the lowest nine floors contain 80 corporate offices. The 10th through 23rd floors contain 45 luxury condominiums, most of which are two- or three-bedroom units.[24] The top three floors contain a penthouse unit with 6,400 square feet (590 m2) of space, an outdoor deck, a private terrace on the roof, and ceilings 18 feet (5.5 m) tall.[25] The penthouse, dubbed the "Skyhouse", was designed by David Hotson and Ghislaine Viñas, and includes features such as geometrical designs and an 80-foot (24 m) slide.[26][27] As originally planned, the 23rd story was to be used as condominiums.[5]

History

Planning

Drawing (1895)

The American Tract Society, or ATS, was established in 1825 as a nonprofit, nonsectarian but evangelical organization. It was the first organization in the U.S. formed specifically to give out religious tracts.[28][29] ATS bought land in 1825 at the southwest corner of Nassau and Spruce Streets, completing its four-story Tract House the next year.[28][6] The house's addresses were subsequently changed to 144 Nassau Street in 1827, and then to 150 Nassau Street in 1833.[30] A five-story Tract House was built on the same site in 1846–1847.[31]

ATS subsequently went into financial decline after the Panic of 1873.[31] By 1886, the society had voted for a "thorough examination of all [its] affairs and business".[31][32] In 1894, ATS's executive committee proposed relocating uptown to Madison Square Park, stating that most of New York City's commerce had relocated further north.[33] Two years later, ATS decided instead to build a new speculative skyscraper on its current land, calling the site "a safe and remunerative investment".[34][31] During the late 19th century, the surrounding area had grown into the "Newspaper Row", as several newspaper headquarters had been built on the adjacent Park Row, including the New York Times Building, the Potter Building, the Park Row Building, and the New York World Building.[31][35] Meanwhile, printing was centered around Beekman Street, less than one block south of 150 Nassau Street.[31][36]

Construction

ATS bought two nearby lots in March 1894[37] and Robertson announced plans for a new 23-story skyscraper on the site the following month.[38] Robertson submitted these plans to the New York City Department of Buildings in May 1894.[5][13][39] The structure was expected to cost $1 million.[5] ATS financed the project by mortgaging its existing property.[6]

Construction began almost immediately afterward. William Williams Crehore was the engineering consultant, John Downey was the general contractor, and George R. Read served both as construction supervisor and managing agent. Keystone Bridge Works was the steel supplier, Atlas Iron Construction was the steel contractor, and Louis Weber Building was the masonry contractor. The structure was erected with the largest derrick utilized in the city at the time, completing two stories per week.[13][16] Two double-drum engines were installed on the seventh floor of the light court to bring up the material: one with 30 horsepower (22 kW) and the other with 50 horsepower (37 kW).[40] There were fears that the adjacent Morse Building was structurally unstable when a crack appeared in the facade due to 150 Nassau Street's construction, though engineers said it was not serious.[41][42]

During the new building's construction, ATS was exempt from real-estate taxes. In early 1895 the under-construction building was assessed at $300,000, of which $6,000 of taxes would have normally had to be paid.[43] The New York Life Insurance Company offered ATS a $1.25 million mortgage loan on the property that July.[44] The project was completed by September 1895. At that point, it was among the city's tallest buildings, behind only the Manhattan Life Insurance Building, the World Building, Madison Square Garden, and St. Patrick's Cathedral.[13] However, 150 Nassau Street contained usable space up to its top story, while the other structures' top sections were composed mainly of spires or domes.[13] 150 Nassau Street was largely a speculative development, relying on businesses from the nearby Civic Center neighborhood to occupy the structure. Upon the building's completion, the New York City Department of Public Works leased the basement, 17th floor, and one of the two ground-level storefronts.[15][6]

American Tract Society use

Looking east from New York City Hall in 1906; 150 Nassau Street is in the background at right, behind 41 Park Row. The former New York World Building (left) and New York Tribune Building (center) are also visible
Looking east from New York City Hall in 1906; 150 Nassau Street is in the background at right, behind 41 Park Row. The former New York World Building (left) and New York Tribune Building (center) are also visible

The construction of the new headquarters caused ATS to go into debt.[45] From its opening, 150 Nassau Street was beset with "painful disappointments", in part because of its inability to attract tenants.[46][18] Several major elevator accidents also occurred at the building. In one such accident, a cab dropped from a lower floor to the cellar, and in another, a cab dropped from the eighth to the fifth floor without slowing down; however, no serious injuries were incurred in either incident.[47] The third such incident occurred in November 1896, when a cab dropped from the 10th floor to the basement, injuring three people.[22][48] ATS replaced the Otis elevators with Crane elevators in early 1897. Despite this, in September 1897, another elevator dropped 19 floors, killing the two occupants.[47][49][50] The coroner's jury did not find anyone culpable in the 1897 incident, but highlighted a need for a "competent" elevator maintenance engineer.[50] The elevator accidents, which were covered intensively by the media, were among the reasons why tenants were reluctant to rent space in the building.[18][51]

By 1900, 150 Nassau Street had over 3,000 employees.[52] In subsequent years, 150 Nassau Street was occupied by ATS's publishing and administrative offices, as well as several "tenants of questionable character", which in turn led to accusations of mismanagement.[46] ATS defaulted on the mortgage in 1913, and after unsuccessfully attempting to raise funds, gave the structure to the New York Life Company the following year.[53]

Later history

In August 1914, it was announced that the New York Sun would move into 150 Nassau Street and demolish its former headquarters nearby at Nassau and Frankfort Streets.[54][55] The Sun started moving into the building in July 1915, taking space in the basement and the second through fifth floors. Around the same time, 150 Nassau was placed for sale.[4][56] The New York Life Insurance Company filed a lawsuit to foreclose on the building's $1.25 million mortgage. In 1916, a New York Supreme Court judge appointed a referee to oversee the foreclosure,[57] and New York Life took over the building.[58] The building was damaged the same year by a fire at a nearby low-rise building on Beekman Street.[59] The Sun moved to 280 Broadway during 1919,[18][58] the same year that 150 Nassau was sold to the 150 Nassau Street Corporation.[60] Tenants during this time included the Woodrow Wilson Foundation, founded in 1921.[61]

150 Nassau Street Corporation defaulted on the building's mortgage in 1936, and New York Life took back the building.[18] New York Life retained ownership of 150 Nassau until January 1945, when David S. Meister bought the building.[62][63] Meister then resold the property in November 1946 to a group of investors represented by Ralph Freidus.[64][65] The New York World and Tribune buildings immediately to the north were demolished in the 1950s and 1960s, and Pace College (later Pace University) built 1 Pace Plaza on the site of the latter.[66] Pace also acquired 150 Nassau Street and other nearby buildings in 1967, with plans to destroy them and build an office tower. These plans did not proceed and Pace University sold 150 Nassau Street in 1982.[18]

Nassau Equities bought the building in 1998 and proposed renovating the upper stories with offices and residences. A controversy ensued when Nassau Equities' executive Jack Lefkowitz attempted to evict all the tenants at once.[67] The next year, on June 15, 1999, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the building as an official city landmark.[2] Renovations took place during 2001 and were completed the next year.[24][68] On September 7, 2005, the building was designated as a contributing property to the Fulton–Nassau Historic District,[10] a National Register of Historic Places district.[1] The penthouse unit went unsold until 2007 when it was purchased by Google engineering director Craig Nevill-Manning and his wife.[25] By 2013 the penthouse was on sale for $20 million.[69] That same year, residents filed a lawsuit to prevent a Denny's restaurant from opening in the building.[68][70] The restaurant moved to 150 Nassau Street anyway, but closed permanently in 2018.[71]

Critical reception

Lower Manhattan's late-19th century skyscrapers generally received mixed reception. Negative criticism focused mainly on the layered design of the facade.[15] A writer for the Architectural Record said that 150 Nassau Street had a "repetition of motif".[72] Sarah Landau, summarizing critics' general sentiments toward the building, said that "detractors object[ed] to the breaking up of the street elevations into six horizontal divisions and to the considerable diversity of treatment from top to bottom", but that the layers were typical of Robertson's designs.[22] Montgomery Schuyler praised the design of the building's top, but was critical of the facade's six-part horizontal division, saying that it was "arbitrary" and failed to "correspond to any actual requirement, mechanical or aesthetic".[73]

The building also received praise because of the facade's layering, rather than in spite of it.[15] An Engineering News article stated that, as a result of the inclusion of details such as belt courses, "the general treatment of the building by its designer is very good and the appearance is quite pleasing".[16][22] Robertson himself found skyscrapers to be "uninteresting architecturally", but that despite the many restrictions that he felt to be a hindrance to skyscraper design, "something monumental could be made out of the building".[74] The Landmarks Preservation Commission wrote that the building was architecturally notable as the result of a "contemporary search for an appropriate solution for the architectural expression for a skyscraper".[20]

See also

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 "National Register of Historic Places 2005 Weekly Lists" (PDF). National Park Service. 2005. p. 242. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 1, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
  2. 1 2 Landmarks Preservation Commission 1999, p. 1.
  3. ↑ "Park Place Tower - The Skyscraper Center". The Skyscraper Center. April 7, 2016. Archived from the original on August 20, 2020. Retrieved March 5, 2020.
  4. 1 2 "The Real Estate Field; Negotiations Pending for $1,400,000 American Tract Society Building -- Nordica Home Sold at Auction -- Builder Buys Long Island City Block Front -- $500,000 Bedford Estate Deal". The New York Times. July 24, 1915. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "American Tract Society's Building". American Architect & Building News. Vol. 44. May 26, 1894. p. 92. Archived from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2020 – via HathiTrust.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Landau & Condit 1996, p. 228.
  7. ↑ "NYCityMap". NYC.gov. New York City Department of Information Technology and Telecommunications. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  8. ↑ Gray, Christopher (June 4, 2009). "A Starter Sanctuary". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  9. ↑ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1999, p. 4.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 National Park Service 2005, p. 21.
  11. ↑ "Park Place Tower". EMPORIS. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  12. 1 2 Landau & Condit 1996, p. 226.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Landmarks Preservation Commission 1999, p. 5.
  14. 1 2 National Park Service 2005, p. 31.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Landmarks Preservation Commission 1999, p. 6.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Engineering News 1894, p. 526.
  17. ↑ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1999, p. 11.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Landmarks Preservation Commission 1999, p. 7.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 Engineering News 1894, p. 527.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Landmarks Preservation Commission 1999, p. 8.
  21. ↑ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1999, p. 9.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 Landau & Condit 1996, p. 230.
  23. ↑ Annual Report 1896, p. 124.
  24. 1 2 "Condos and Corporate Apartments; A New Use For Landmark Near City Hall". The New York Times. September 9, 2001. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  25. 1 2 Barbanel, Josh (January 28, 2007). "Few Views Are Forever". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  26. ↑ Dailey, Jessica (February 15, 2013). "Mindboggling Skyhouse Features Tube Slide, 45-Foot Ceilings". Curbed NY. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  27. ↑ Heintz, Molly (December 2, 2012). "High-Floor Heaven: Ghislaine Viñas and David Hotson's Whimsical Downtown Penthouse". Interior Design. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  28. 1 2 Landmarks Preservation Commission 1999, p. 2.
  29. ↑ Twaddell, Elizabeth (June 1946). "The American Tract Society, 1814-1860". Church History. Vol. 15, no. 2. pp. 116–132. doi:10.2307/3160400. ISSN 1755-2613. JSTOR 3160400. Archived from the original on June 9, 2018. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  30. ↑ Thompson, Lawrance (1941). "The Printing and Publishing Activities of the American Tract Society From 1825 to 1850". The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America. Vol. 35, no. 2. pp. 91–92. doi:10.1086/pbsa.35.2.24296559. ISSN 0006-128X. JSTOR 24296559.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Landmarks Preservation Commission 1999, p. 3.
  32. ↑ Slocum 1975, pp. 170–171.
  33. ↑ "Annual report". American Tract Society. Vol. 69. 1894. p. 9. Archived from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2020 – via HathiTrust.
  34. ↑ Annual Report 1896, p. 122.
  35. ↑ Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (2010). The Encyclopedia of New York City (2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 893. ISBN 978-0-300-11465-2.
  36. ↑ "Paternoster Row of New-York". New York Mirror. Vol. 13. May 14, 1836. p. 363. Archived from the original on July 15, 2020. Retrieved July 15, 2020.
  37. ↑ "In the Real Estate Field; a Day's Large Dealings at Auction and Otherwise". The New York Times. March 8, 1894. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  38. ↑ "Gossip of Real Estate Men; the Presence of Investors Indicated". The New York Times. April 8, 1894. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  39. ↑ "Buildings Projected" (PDF). The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. Vol. 53, no. 1365. May 12, 1894. p. 770. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020 – via columbia.edu.
  40. ↑ Engineering News 1894, p. 528.
  41. ↑ "All Gazed at the Long Crack; It Appeared in the Morse Building -- Nothing Serious, Engineers Say". The New York Times. October 16, 1894. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 12, 2020. Retrieved July 11, 2020.
  42. ↑ "A Crack in the Wall of the Morse Building". New-York Tribune. October 14, 1894. p. 9. Archived from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved July 11, 2020 – via newspapers.com Open access icon.
  43. ↑ "Escaped Taxes for 1895; Tract Society Exempt While Its Building Was Going Up". The New York Times. September 27, 1895. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  44. ↑ "In the Real Estate Field; Matters of Interest Reported by the Brokers". The New York Times. July 11, 1895. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  45. ↑ "American Tract Society's Work; A. Change in the System of Management". The New York Times. May 14, 1896. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 23, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  46. 1 2 Slocum 1975, p. 173.
  47. 1 2 "Fell Nineteen Stories; Awful Descent of an Elevator in the Building of the American Tract Society". The New York Times. September 11, 1897. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  48. ↑ "Car Falls Ten Stories; Three Persons Injured in a Passenger Elevator". The New York Times. November 17, 1896. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  49. ↑ "The Fall of an Elevator in the Building of the American Tract Society". Engineering News-Record. Vol. 38. 1897. p. 202. Archived from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved March 23, 2020 – via HathiTrust.
  50. 1 2 Landau & Condit 1996, pp. 230–231.
  51. ↑ Annual Report 1896, p. 125.
  52. ↑ "Skyscraper Mail-Service" (PDF). The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. Vol. 66, no. 1699. October 6, 1900. pp. XII. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 20, 2020. Retrieved May 26, 2020 – via columbia.edu.
  53. ↑ Slocum 1975, p. 175.
  54. ↑ "The Sun to Move From Old Home; Newspaper Will Occupy Quarters in American Tract Society's Building". The New York Times. August 1, 1914. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  55. ↑ "Fine Modern Quarters for 'The Sun' After Fifty Years in the Historic Brick". New York Sun. August 25, 1914. p. 14. Archived from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved February 2, 2020 – via newspapers.com Open access icon.
  56. ↑ "Deal Pending for Skyscraper: American Tract Society Building in Nassau St. May Be Sold Buys at Auction Old Nordica Home Property in West 9th St.--convent Av. Apartment Figures in Trade". New-York Tribune. July 24, 1915. p. 11. ProQuest 575403222.
  57. ↑ "The Real Estate Field; Banking Firm of Andrews & Co. Buys Twelve Story Pine Street Building Held at $1,000,000 -- Referee Appointed to Sell American Tract Society Building". The New York Times. November 18, 1916. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  58. 1 2 "Sun Building on Nassau St. Involved in Realty Deal: Syndicate Reported to Have Closed Contracts With New York Life Insurance Co. for Purchase of Tall Building Built by American Tract Society". New-York Tribune. August 17, 1919. p. A8. ProQuest 576140736.
  59. ↑ "Nassau St. Towers Swept by Flames; Throngs in City's Most Crowded Way See Fight to Save Three Skyscrapers". The New York Times. April 4, 1916. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 14, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
  60. ↑ "Transfer of Sun Building". Wall Street Journal. October 2, 1919. p. 6. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 129767842.
  61. ↑ "The Woodrow Wilson Foundation". Reidsville Review. August 23, 1921. p. 4. Archived from the original on March 22, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2020 – via newspapers.com Open access icon.
  62. ↑ "Old Sun Building in Nassau St. Sold; David S. Meister Buys Offices From the New York Life-- 5th Avenue Deal Closed". The New York Times. January 18, 1945. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 29, 2022.
  63. ↑ "Meister Takes Office Building In Nassau Street: Operator Buys 23-Story Structure at Spruce St. From Life Insurance Co". New York Herald Tribune. January 18, 1945. p. 23. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1283042787.
  64. ↑ "Nassau St. Corner is Sold by Meister; Group of Investors Take Old Sun Building--Lofts Among Other Downtown Deals". The New York Times. November 5, 1946. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 29, 2022.
  65. ↑ "Operator Sells 23-Story Tower In Nassau Street: D. S. Meister Conveys Old Sun Building at Spruce St. to Investing Group". New York Herald Tribune. November 5, 1946. p. 41. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1287178425.
  66. ↑ Porterfield, Byron (May 20, 1966). "'Newspaper Row' Shrinking Again; The Old Tribune Building on Nassau Is Giving Way to Pace College Center". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 23, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  67. ↑ Stamler, Bernard (September 19, 1999). "Neighborhood Report: Lower Manhattan; Tenants See Craters, Landlord Just Potholes". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  68. 1 2 Alberts, Hana R. (June 7, 2013). "FiDi Co-op Residents File $10M Suit To Keep A Denny's Out". Curbed NY. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  69. ↑ Chaban, Matt (November 7, 2013). "Right rich guy needs just $20M to own potential dream penthouse at 15 Park Row". nydailynews.com. Archived from the original on March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
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  73. ↑ Schuyler, Montgomery (October 1896). "The Works of R. H. Robertson" (PDF). Architectural Record. Vol. 6, no. 2. p. 217. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 10, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  74. ↑ "More Views on High Buildings" (PDF). The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. Vol. 53, no. 1371. June 23, 1894. pp. 1009–1010. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 23, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020 – via columbia.edu.

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