Charging Bull
The sculpture in 2020
ArtistArturo Di Modica
Year1989 (1989)
MediumBronze
Dimensions11 ft × 16 ft (340 cm × 490 cm)[1][2]
Weight7,100 pounds (3,200 kg)
LocationNew York City, New York, US
Coordinates40°42′20″N 74°00′48″W / 40.705576°N 74.013421°W / 40.705576; -74.013421
Websitewww.chargingbull.com at the Wayback Machine (archived 2021-09-25)

Charging Bull, sometimes referred to as the Bull of Wall Street or the Bowling Green Bull, is a bronze sculpture that stands on Broadway just north of Bowling Green in the Financial District of Manhattan in New York City. The 7,100-pound (3,200 kg) bronze sculpture, standing 11 feet (3.4 m) tall and measuring 16 feet (4.9 m) long, depicts a bull, the symbol of financial optimism and prosperity. Charging Bull is a popular tourist destination that draws thousands of people a day, symbolizing Wall Street and the Financial District.

The sculpture was created by Italian artist Arturo Di Modica in the wake of the 1987 Black Monday stock market crash. Late in the evening of Thursday, December 14, 1989, Di Modica arrived on Wall Street with Charging Bull on the back of a truck and illegally dropped the sculpture outside of the New York Stock Exchange Building. After being removed by the New York City Police Department later that day, Charging Bull was installed at Bowling Green on December 20, 1989. Despite initially having only a temporary permit to be located at Bowling Green, Charging Bull became a popular tourist attraction. Di Modica may have been influenced by a pair of huge metallic sculptures, a charging bull and a bear, placed in front of the Frankfurt, Germany Stock Exchange in 1985 as part of the 400th celebration of the exchange.

Following the success of the original sculpture, Di Modica created a number of variations of the Charging Bull which have been sold to private collectors. Charging Bull has been a subject of criticism from an anti-capitalist perspective, such as in the Occupy Wall Street protests of 2011, and has also been compared to the biblical golden calf worshiped by the Israelites shortly after their Exodus from Egypt.

Description

Charging Bull is at the northern tip of Bowling Green.

The 7,100-pound (3,200 kg) sculpture[1] is in a cobblestone-paved traffic median of Broadway just north of Bowling Green.[3] The sculpture is adjacent to 26 Broadway to the east and 25 Broadway to the west.[4] It stands 11 feet (3.4 m) tall[1] and measures 16 feet (4.9 m) long.[2] It depicts a bull, the symbol of financial optimism and prosperity, leaning back on its haunches and with its head lowered as if ready to charge. The sculpture is both a popular tourist destination, which draws thousands of people a day, as well as a symbol of Wall Street and the Financial District, being described as "one of the most iconic images of New York"[5] and a "Wall Street icon".[6] Children also frequently climb the sculpture.[7]

In Outdoor Monuments of Manhattan: A Historical Guide, Dianne Durante describes the sculpture:

The Bull's head is lowered, its nostrils flare, and its wickedly long, sharp horns are ready to gore; it's an angry, dangerous beast. The muscular body twists to one side, and the tail is curved like a lash: the Bull is also energetic and in motion.[3]

The bronze color and hard, metallic texture of the sculpture's surface emphasize the brute force of the creature. The work was designed and placed so that viewers could walk around it, which also suggests the creature's own movement is unrestricted — a point reinforced by the twisting posture of the bull's body, according to Durante.

Charging Bull, then, shows an aggressive or even belligerent force on the move, but unpredictably. [...] [I]t's not far-fetched to say the theme is the energy, strength, and unpredictability of the stock market.[3]

Di Modica told the New York Daily News in 1998:

That bull is one of an edition of five. ... I'm hoping the other four will be going to cities all over the world, whenever somebody buys them.[8]

History

Construction and installation

Arturo Di Modica in 54 Crosby St studio where Charging Bull was conceived

The bull was cast by the Bedi-Makky Art Foundry in Greenpoint, Brooklyn. Di Modica spent $360,000 to create, cast, and install the sculpture following the 1987 stock market crash.[2] The sculpture was Di Modica's idea. Having arrived penniless in the United States in 1970, Di Modica felt indebted to the nation for welcoming him and enabling his career as a successful sculptor. Charging Bull was intended to inspire each person who came into contact with it to carry on fighting through the hard times after the 1987 stock market crash.[9] Di Modica later recounted to art writer Anthony Haden-Guest, "My point was to show people that if you want to do something in a moment things are very bad, you can do it. You can do it by yourself. My point was that you must be strong".[9]

Another artist, Domenico Ranieri, enlarged the model of the bull and worked with Di Modica to bring out the fine points of the sculpture. In an act of guerrilla art, Bedi-Makky Art Foundry and Di Modica trucked it to Lower Manhattan. Late in the evening of December 14, 1989, they installed it beneath a 60-foot (18 m) Christmas tree in the middle of Broad Street in front of the New York Stock Exchange Building as a Christmas gift to New Yorkers. That day, hundreds of onlookers stopped to see it as Di Modica handed out copies of a flier about his artwork.[2]

NYSE officials called police later that day, and the NYPD seized the sculpture and placed it into an impound lot.[2] The ensuing public outcry led the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation to reinstall it two blocks south of the Exchange, in Bowling Green, facing up Broadway just north of Whitehall Street. Charging Bull was rededicated at its new location with a ceremony on December 21, 1989.[10]

Ownership

The sculpture technically has a temporary permit allowing it to stand on city property since the city does not own the sculpture, but the temporary permission has lasted since 1989, when city officials said the new location would not be permanent.[10] Art on loan is usually limited to a year's display, and although the city does not buy art, it does accept donations. By 1993, Di Modica wanted to sell the statue to recover the $320,000 cost of manufacturing it. However, there was only one major bid for the statue: a hotel in Las Vegas that offered $300,000.[11]

A writer in the New York Daily News wrote in 1998 that the statue's placement was "beginning to look a mite permanent".[8] According to an article in Art Monthly, Di Modica, as well as officials and New Yorkers, "view it as a permanent feature of Lower Manhattan".[12] In 2004, Di Modica announced that Charging Bull was for sale, on condition the buyer did not move it from its location.[1][13] The sculpture remained unsold by 2008.[14]

Di Modica continued to own the artistic copyright to the statue,[1] and filed several lawsuits against firms making replicas. For instance, Di Modica sued Wal-Mart and other companies in 2006 for selling replicas of the bull and using it in advertising campaigns.[15][16] Three years later, Di Modica sued Random House for using a photo of the bull on the cover of a book discussing the collapse of financial services firm Lehman Brothers.[17]

Evolution into tourist attraction

As soon as the sculpture was set up at Bowling Green, it became "an instant hit".[11] One of the city's most photographed artworks, it has become a tourist destination in the Financial District. "Its popularity is beyond doubt", an article in The New York Times said of the artwork. "Visitors constantly pose for pictures around it."[1] Henry J. Stern, the city parks commissioner when the statue first appeared in the Financial District, said in 1993: "People are crazy about the bull. It captured their imagination."[11] Adrian Benepe, a later New York City parks commissioner, said in 2004, "It's become one of the most visited, most photographed and perhaps most loved and recognized statues in the city of New York. I would say it's right up there with the Statue of Liberty."[1] A 2003 Bollywood film, Kal Ho Naa Ho, featured Charging Bull in a musical number; one visitor told a reporter that the bull's appearance in the film was a reason for his visit to New York City.[5] Despite the financial crisis of 2007–2008, Charging Bull remained a popular tourist attraction.[14]

The Charging Bull's scrotum is noticeably lighter in color due to frequent rubbing.

In addition to having their pictures taken at the front end of the bull, many tourists pose at the back of the bull, near the large testicles "for snapshots under an unmistakable symbol of its virility".[14] According to a 2002 article in The Washington Post, "People on The Street say you've got to rub the nose, horns and testicles of the bull for good luck, tour guide Wayne McLeod would tell the group on the Baltimore bus, who would giddily oblige."[18] A 2004 article in The New York Times said, "Passers-by have rubbed—to a bright gleam—its nose, horns and a part of its anatomy that, as Mr. Benepe put it gingerly, 'separates the bull from the steer.'"[1] A 2007 newspaper account agreed that a "peculiar ritual" of handling the "shining orbs" of the statue's scrotum seems to have developed into a tradition.[5]

On March 7, 2017, a bronze sculpture by Kristen Visbal, Fearless Girl, was installed facing Charging Bull.[19] It was commissioned to advertise for an index fund that comprises gender-diverse companies that have a relatively high percentage of women among their senior leadership and installed in anticipation of International Women's Day the following day. It depicts a girl four-foot (1.2 m) high, promoting female empowerment.[20] After Di Modica filed complaints about Fearless Girl, it was removed in November 2018 and relocated to outside the New York Stock Exchange. A plaque with footprints was placed on the original site of Fearless Girl.[21]

In November 2019, city officials announced that they wished to move Charging Bull to a plaza outside the New York Stock Exchange due to safety concerns at Bowling Green.[22][23] Officials stated that because Charging Bull is located on a traffic median with large crowds, it was vulnerable to terrorist attacks, citing examples such as the 2017 truck attack on the nearby West Side Highway.[24] Local community group Downtown Alliance supported the relocation, but Di Modica opposed it.[25][26] The New York City Department of Transportation (DOT) had filed an application with the New York City Public Design Commission (PDC) to relocate Charging Bull, but subsequently withdrew the application, which a city spokesperson said was due to uncertainty over the new location.[27][28] Residents of Manhattan Community District 1, which includes the Financial District, expressed opposition to the relocation in a meeting with city officials in May 2020. At the time, updated plans called for Charging Bull to be located at the corner of Broad Street and Wall Street, north of Fearless Girl.[29] The PDC declined to endorse relocation in June 2020.[30][31]

On October 18, 2021, a statue of Harambe, a gorilla, was placed facing the statue in a similar manner to Fearless Girl and thousands of bananas were placed under the bull's feet. The act was carried out by organizers promoting Sapien.Network, an in-development social media network.[32]

In fall 2021, artist Nelson Saiers placed a series of sculptures next to the Bull to comment on the Federal Reserve's monetary policy and inflation. The first, "Cheap Money is Out of Order," featured a gumball machine filled with $10 bills offered for 25 cents with an "Out of Order!" sign taped to its face. [33] [34] [35]

Replicas

In 2010, a similar Charging Bull sculpture by Di Modica was installed in Shanghai on commission by the Shanghai city authority; it is informally called the Bund Bull.[36] Two years later, Di Modica unofficially installed another Charging Bull sculpture outside the Amsterdam Stock Exchange on Beursplein, Amsterdam.[37]

In 2019, Professional Bull Riders authorized Di Modica to craft a scaled replica of Charging Bull as the trophy for the champion of their annual Monster Energy PBR Unleash the Beast bull riding major event, the Monster Energy Buck Off at the Garden major. It was first presented during the 2020 event to João Ricardo Vieira.[38]

Art market

Arturo Di Modica and his representative Jacob Harmer in Sicily, Italy, in 2017

Di Modica worked the majority of his career alone, from his SoHo studio without representation. By the 1990s, Di Modica's artwork had achieved global icon status, but he continued to work outside of the formal art market. By 2000 he had built up a roster of wealthy private collectors. He ate in Cipriani Downtown most days whilst in New York where he met new clients and entertained his existing ones.[39]

Di Modica put the original 16ft Charging Bull on the market in 2004 with an asking price of $5m.[40] Joe Lewis, the British billionaire and ex-owner of Christies, later purchased the sculpture on the condition that he never move it from Bowling Green. Lewis also purchased the rest of the 16ft edition which he installed on his various golf courses.[41] In 2012, Di Modica met the London-based art dealer, Jacob Harmer, and shortly afterwards entered into his first formal representation agreement with Harmer's dealership, Geist, based on Mount Street, Mayfair. From 2013, Harmer began documenting the life of the artist, commissioning new sculptures, buying back historical works and building a global market.[42]

In October 2018, the first major work by Modica came to auction, a 6ft polished bronze version of Charging Bull at Phillips London which was the first in an edition of eight and marked "1987–89". The sculpture sold for £309,000 ($405,000).[43] In March 2019, a stainless steel version of Charging Bull came to auction at Sotheby's New York and despite being in poor condition, sold for $275,000. In Arturo Di Modica: The Last Modern Master, his representative confirms selling 4ft sculptures for up to $496,000.[44]

Criticism

A poster showing a ballerina on the Charging Bull to promote the Occupy Wall Street movement

Charging Bull has often been a subject of criticism from an anti-capitalist perspective. The Occupy Wall Street protests used the bull as a symbolic figure around which to direct their critiques of corporate greed. A 2011 image from Adbusters portraying a dancer posed in an attitude position atop the sculpture was used to promote the forthcoming protests.[45] The first gathering of Occupy took place around the sculpture on September 17, 2011, before moving to Zuccotti Park.[46] Because of the protests, the bull was surrounded by barricades and guarded by police[47] until 2014.[48][49]

Charging Bull has been likened to the golden calf worshiped by the Israelites during their Exodus from Egypt. During Occupy Wall Street on multiple occasions an interfaith group of religious leaders led a procession of a golden calf figure that was modeled on the bull.[50][51] A large papier-mâché piñata made by Sebastian Errazuriz for a 2014 New York design festival was intended to be reminiscent of both the golden calf and Charging Bull.[52] Further comparisons to the golden calf have been made by Jewish and Christian religious commentators.[53]

Vandalism

As a prominent symbol of Wall Street and capitalism generally, Charging Bull has been the frequent target of vandalism, particularly as an act of civil disobedience. Shortly after the collapse of Lehman Brothers during the 2008 financial crisis, the bull's scrotum was painted blue.[54] Leading up to a protest on May 12, 2011, the bull was tagged in at least two locations, once again including the scrotum, with the Anarchist "circle-A" iconography, prompting the New York City Police Department to temporarily install barricades around the sculpture.[55] The barriers returned that fall during the Occupy Wall Street protests, and remained in place until March 25, 2014,[56] despite a unanimous resolution from the local community board saying they constituted a hazard to pedestrians.[57]

Charging Bull covered in a blue tarp and surrounded by barricades to protect it from vandalism. This photo was taken in June 2020, during the George Floyd protests in New York City.
Charging Bull covered in a blue tarp and surrounded by barricades in June 2020 during the George Floyd protests in New York City

On September 14, 2017, three months after U.S. president Donald Trump formally announced the United States' withdrawal from the Paris Agreement on climate change, an artist attempting to highlight U.S. popular support for the accord doused the head of the sculpture in a blue pigment.[58][59]

In 2019, Charging Bull was vandalized twice. On September 7, a man from Dallas struck the sculpture with a banjo, leaving a sizable dent in the horn.[60][61] Professional Bull Riders donated money from its ticket sales to pay for fixes to the horn,[62] and Di Modica personally came to the site the following month to repair his creation.[63] Then, on October 7, activists from Extinction Rebellion hurled fake blood over the sculpture and staged a die-in on the surrounding traffic plaza.[64][65] In June 2020, Charging Bull was covered in a tarp and monitored by police to protect it from vandalism attempts during the George Floyd protests in New York City.[66]

The history of the sculpture and its sculptor was presented in the 2014 Italian documentary film Il Toro di Wall Street, released internationally as The Charging Bull.[67] In Mr. Robot, Darlene Alderson (Carly Chaikin) is shown castrating the statue.[68][69]

Charging Bull has featured in several films set in Manhattan, including The Big Short, The Wolf of Wall Street, and Hitch. The statue appears in the 2011 remake of Arthur in which Russell Brand and Luis Guzman respectively as Arthur and his butler crash into it with a Batmobile while dressed as Batman and Robin handing the bovine a giant severance package.[70] In The Sorcerer's Apprentice (2010), the sculpture comes alive and chases Nicolas Cage's character down Broadway. The sculpture can be seen floating through space at the end of Don't Look Up (2021) after presumably being blown into orbit by the comet's impact.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dunlap, David W. (December 21, 2004). "The Bronze Bull Is for Sale, but There Are a Few Conditions". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Mcfadden, Robert D. (December 16, 1989). "SoHo Gift to Wall St.: A 3 1/2-Ton Bronze Bull". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
  3. 1 2 3 Durante, Dianne L. (February 1, 2007). "5: Charging Bull". Outdoor Monuments of Manhattan: A Historical Guide. NYU Press. ISBN 9780814719862.
  4. ↑ "MTA Neighborhood Maps: Bowling Green (4)(5)". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. 2018. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
  5. 1 2 3 Pinto, Nick (September 8, 2008). "'Charging Bull,' from Front to Back". Tribeca Trib. Archived from the original on September 8, 2008. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  6. ↑ Greenfield, Beth; Reid, Robert; Adams Otis, Ginger (2006). New York City. Footscray, Vic. London: Lonely Planet. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-74059-798-2. OCLC 70400334.
  7. ↑ Sommers, Carl (May 26, 1991). "Q and A". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  8. 1 2 Singleton, Don (May 31, 1998). "Rock Solid". New York Daily News. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  9. 1 2 Haden-Guest, Anthony (October 4, 2018). "Arturo di Modica: Charging Bull". Phillips. Retrieved October 31, 2020.
  10. 1 2 "Wall St.'s Bronze Bull Moves 2 Blocks South". The New York Times. The Associated Press. December 20, 1989. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
  11. 1 2 3 Lambert, Bruce (October 3, 1993). "Neighborhood Report: Lower Manhattan; A Campaign To Save a Bull". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  12. ↑ Lydiate, Henry (November 1, 2006). "Public sculpture". Art Monthly. Retrieved June 13, 2009 – via Access My Library.
  13. ↑ Milton, Pat (December 21, 2004). "Wall Street bull sculpture for sale". The Seattle Times. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  14. 1 2 3 Dunlap, David W. (September 16, 2008). "Downtown's Bull, No Longer Emblematic but Still Popular". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  15. ↑ "Sculptor of Manhattan 'Charging Bull' statue sues Wal-Mart, others to protect its image". Associated Press. September 21, 2006. Archived from the original on September 1, 2009. Retrieved July 20, 2007.
  16. ↑ Kennedy, Randy (September 23, 2006). "Arts, Briefly; Sculptor Files Lawsuit Against Wal-Mart". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  17. ↑ "Suit Alleges Illegal Use of 'Charging Bull' Image". Los Angeles Times. From Dow Jones/the Associated Press. September 22, 2006. Retrieved February 24, 2022.
  18. ↑ Duke, Lynn (February 27, 2002). "The Pilgrimage To Ground Zero — Officials and Tourists Walk A Fine Line on Solemn Ground". The Washington Post. Edition F, page C1.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  19. ↑ Wiener-Bronner, Danielle (March 7, 2017). "Why a defiant girl is staring down the Wall Street bull". CNNMoney. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
  20. ↑ Bekiempis, Victoria (November 28, 2018). "New York: Fearless Girl who faced down Wall Street's bull moved to new spot". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved October 31, 2020.
  21. ↑ Moyer, Liz (November 28, 2018). "'Fearless Girl' on the move, but leaves footprints for visitors to stand in her place". CNBC. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
  22. ↑ "NYC Plans to Move Charging Bull Statue". NBC New York. November 7, 2019. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  23. ↑ Stevens, Pippa (November 7, 2019). "Wall Street's 'Charging Bull' sculpture is moving". CNBC. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  24. ↑ Blint-Welsh, Tyler; Chapman, Ben (November 7, 2019). "New York's 'Charging Bull' Statue Will Soon Move From Longtime Corral". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  25. ↑ Paybarah, Azi (November 11, 2019). "Should the Charging Bull Statue Be Moved?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  26. ↑ Boucher, Brian (November 19, 2019). "The Artist Behind Wall Street's 'Charging Bull' Is Seeing Red Over a Plan to Remove the Sculpture From the Financial Hub". artnet News. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  27. ↑ Kim, Elizabeth (November 13, 2019). "City Delays Moving Charging Bull". Gothamist. Archived from the original on November 15, 2019. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  28. ↑ Marsh, Julia (November 13, 2019). "De Blasio reins in plans to move NYC's Charging Bull statue". New York Post. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  29. ↑ Small, Zachary (May 22, 2020). "New York's Iconic 'Charging Bull' Sculpture Becomes Subject of Fierce Debate Among Politicians". ARTnews.com. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  30. ↑ Marsh, Julia (June 22, 2020). "NYC panel tells Mayor de Blasio he can't move Wall Street's 'Charging Bull'". New York Post. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
  31. ↑ Cascone, Sarah (June 23, 2020). "Charging Bull, Symbol of Wall Street's Roaring Market, Will Remain in Place After a Vote Nixes Mayor de Blasio's Plan to Move It". artnet News. Retrieved June 30, 2020.
  32. ↑ Gabriella Lozano (October 10, 2021). "7-Foot Harambe Statue Stares Down Wall Street's Charging Bull, Which Is Now Covered in Bananas". NBC New York. Retrieved October 10, 2021.
  33. ↑ Tavares, Joanna (March 26, 2023). "Public art installations around NYC". New York Daily News. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
  34. ↑ Dillian, Jared (August 25, 2022). "Free Trading Isn't Free, But We're Still Better Off". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
  35. ↑ Rivers, Martin Leo (December 9, 2021). "'Bitcoin Rat' Artist Nelson Saiers Calls Bull On Fed's Inflation Policy". Forbes. Retrieved December 9, 2021.
  36. ↑ Areddy, James. "Shanghai Gets a Bull for Its Own Shop". wsj.com. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
  37. ↑ "Bronzen stier op Beursplein" [Bronze Bull on stock exchange square]. Nu NL news (in Dutch). July 5, 2012. Archived from the original on November 2, 2014. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  38. ↑ Giangola, Andrew (December 31, 2019). "Charging Bull artist creates new trophy for PBR in New York". Professional Bull Riders. Endeavor. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
  39. ↑ Cascone, Sarah (February 22, 2021). "Italian Sculptor Arturo Di Modica, Whose Charging Bull Sculpture Became a Symbol of an Unbridled Wall Street, Has Died at 80". Artnet News. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
  40. ↑ Martinez, Jose (December 21, 2004). "A $5M Bull Market". New York Daily News. Retrieved July 26, 2023 – via newspapers.com.
  41. ↑ Risen, Clay (February 21, 2021). "Arturo Di Modica, Sculptor of the 'Charging Bull', Dies at 80". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
  42. ↑ Chernick, Ilanit (December 9, 2019). "Bowling Green's mystery missing menorah found 22 years later". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
  43. ↑ "Phillips | Arturo di Modica - Charging Bull | 20th Century & Contemporary Art Day Sale London Thursday, October 4, 2018 Lot 291". Phillips. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
  44. ↑ Arturo Di Modica: The Last Modern Master. Bruton Publishing Ltd.
  45. ↑ Beeston, Laura (October 11, 2011). "The Ballerina and the Bull: Adbusters' Micah White on 'The Last Great Social Movement'". The Link. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  46. ↑ Pepitone, Julianne. "Hundreds of protesters descend to 'Occupy Wall Street'". CNNMoney. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
  47. ↑ Harshbarger, Rebecca; Rosario, Frank (December 27, 2011). "Outrage over caged Wall Street bull". New York Post. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  48. ↑ DeGregory, Priscilla; Harshbarger, Rebecca (March 25, 2014). "Free market: Barricades around Wall Street Bull go down". New York Post. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  49. ↑ Badia, Erik; McShane, Larry (March 26, 2014). "Freedom! Barricade around Wall Street 'Charging Bull' comes down". New York Daily News. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  50. ↑ Schaper, Donna (October 11, 2011). "Occupy Wall Street, The Golden Calf And The New Idolatry". Huffington Post. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
  51. ↑ Rieger, J (2013). Religion, Theology, and Class: Fresh Engagements after Long Silence. Springer. p. 114. ISBN 978-1137339249.
  52. ↑ Cascone, Sarah (May 27, 2014). "Anti-Capitalist Golden Cow Piñata Sculpture Rains Cash in Brooklyn". Artnet. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
  53. ↑ Badcock, Gary D. (2016). God and the Financial Crisis: Essays on Faith, Economics, and Politics in the Wake of the Great Recession. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 9781443888370. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
    Myers, Robin (2012). The Underground Church: Reclaiming the subversive way of Jesus. New York: SPCK. ISBN 9780281069422. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
    Susen, Simon; Turner, Bryan S. (2014). The Spirit of Luc Boltanski: Essays on the 'Pragmatic Sociology of Critique'. Anthem Press. p. 460. ISBN 978-1783082971. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
    Gushee, David P.; Stassen, Glen H. (2016). Kingdom Ethics, 2nd ed.: Following Jesus in Contemporary Context (2nd ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 373. ISBN 9780802874214. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
    "Why I'm Not Bullish On 'Fearless Girl'". The Forward. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
  54. ↑ Chung, Jen (October 8, 2008). "Wall Street Really Needs Relief". Gothamist. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  55. ↑ Chung, Jen (May 12, 2011). "Wall Street Bull's Balls Painted With Anarchy Symbols". Gothamist. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  56. ↑ DeGregory, Priscilla; Harshbarger, Vanessa (March 25, 2014). "Free market: Barricades around Wall Street Bull go down". New York Post. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  57. ↑ Dabellis, Dakota (July 2, 2012). "Barriers at Wall Street area's 'Charging Bull' are dangerous: community board". New York Post. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  58. ↑ Whitford, Emma (September 14, 2014). "Wall Street Bull Splashed With Blue Paint To Protest Climate Change Denial". Gothamist. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  59. ↑ Wattles, Jackie (September 16, 2014). "Woman arrested for vandalizing Wall Street's famed bull statue". CNN Money. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  60. ↑ "Man vandalizes iconic Wall Street Charging Bull landmark with a banjo, police say". ABC7 New York. September 8, 2019. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
  61. ↑ Syckle, Katie Van; Southall, Ashley (September 8, 2019). "Attack Leaves Wall Street's Iconic Bull With a Gash on Its Horn". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  62. ↑ Fitz-Gibbon, Jorge (September 11, 2019). "Bull-riding group wants to help pay for 'Charging Bull' statue's repair". New York Post. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  63. ↑ Iconic Charging Bull Sculpture Getting Repair After Attack (News broadcast). CBS New York. October 23, 2019. Archived from the original on November 14, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2020 – via YouTube.
  64. ↑ "Iconic Charging Bull Statue Vandalized During 'Extinction Rally' Climate Change Protest; Dozens Arrested". CBS New York. October 7, 2019. Retrieved October 31, 2020.
  65. ↑ Chapman, Ben (October 8, 2019). "New York's Charging Bull Statue Covered With Fake Blood". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved October 31, 2020.
  66. ↑ Yakas, Ben; Hogan, Gwynne (June 11, 2020). "Live Protest Updates: NYPD Lieutenant Apologizes To Fellow Officers For "Horrible Decision" To Kneel With Protesters". Gothamist. Archived from the original on June 13, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
  67. ↑ MYmovies.it. "The Charging Bull - The Bull of Wall Street". MYmovies.it (in Italian). Retrieved February 22, 2018.
  68. ↑ "'Mr. Robot': Everything That Happened in Season 2". October 11, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
  69. ↑ "'Mr. Robot' Season 2 Premiere Recap ‖ Hollywood Reporter". The Hollywood Reporter. July 11, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
  70. ↑ "Russell Brand's a stinko drunk in 'Arthur' remake". April 8, 2011.

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