Andoque
Andoké
Native toColombia
Ethnicity820 Andoque people (2018 census)[1]
Native speakers
370 (2007)[1]
50 monolinguals (no date)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3ano
Glottologando1256
ELPAndoque

Andoque is a language spoken by a few hundred Andoque people in Colombia, and is in decline. There were 10,000 speakers in 1908, down to 370 a century later, of which at most 50 are monolingual. The remaining speakers live in four residential areas in the region of the Anduche River, downstream from Araracuara, Solano, Caquetá, Colombia;[2] the language is no longer spoken in Peru. Most speakers shifted to Spanish.[1]

Classification

Andoque may be related to the extinct Urequena language (also Urekena or Arequena) which is known only from a single 19th century wordlist.[3]

Kaufman's (2007) Bora–Witótoan stock includes Andoque in the Witótoan family, but other linguists, such as Richard Aschmann, consider Andoque an isolate.

Phonology

Andoque has been analyzed to have the lowest consonant-to-vowel ratio of any language in the world, with ten consonants and nine vowel qualities.[4] However, other studies (see below) have reported other numbers of consonants and vowels.

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i ĩ ɯ u
Mid e ẽ ɤ ɤ̃ o õ
Open a ã ʌ ɒ ɒ̃

Landaburu (2000) reports nine oral vowels and six nasal vowels.

Consonants

Labial Coronal Dorsal Glottal
Stop nasal m n ɲ
voiced b d
voiceless p t k ʔ
Continuant fricative f s h
approximant j

The phoneme /ɲ/ is represented orthographically as ⟨ñ⟩ and the phoneme /j/ is written ⟨y⟩.

Tone

Andoque vowels have one of two phonological tones, low or high, with the low tone being far more frequent. Landaburu (2000) marks high tone vowels with a tilde and leaves low tone vowels unmarked. While some lexemes are distinct only in tone (such as -ka- 'mix' and -ká- 'distribute'), Landaburu notes that many grammatical distinctions are made solely through differences in tone, as in the examples below which differ in tense.

dã-bɤ̃ʌ

REAL.INGRESSIVE-cry

baʝa

3M

dã-bɤ̃ʌ baʝa

REAL.INGRESSIVE-cry 3M

'he comes to cry'

dã́-bɤ̃ʌ

IRR-cry

baʝa

3M

dã́-bɤ̃ʌ baʝa

IRR-cry 3M

'he will cry'

Grammar

Classifiers

The subject noun does not appear alone, but is accompanied by markers for gender or noun classifiers (which are determined by shape). These noun classifiers are as follows:

Animate
Masculine Feminine Collective
Animate Present -ya- -î- -ə-
Absent -o- -ô-
Inanimate Flexible or hollow -o-
Rigid or elongated -ô-
Other -ó-

Person markers include o- ("I"), ha- ("you (singular)"), ka- ("we") and kə- ("you (plural)").

The adjectival or verbal predicate has a suffix which agrees with the subject: -ʌ for animate subjects and flexible or hollow ones; -ó for rigid or elongated ones; -i for others. Adjectival and verbal predicates are also marked with prefixes indicating mood, direction or aspect, and infixes for tense. The nominal predicate (What something is) does not have a suffix of agreement nor a dynamic prefix, but it can take infixes for tense and mood, like the verb. Other grammatical roles (benefactive, instrumental, locative) appear outside the verb in the form of markers for case. There are 11 case suffixes.

Evidentials

In addition, the sentence has markers for the source of knowledge, or evidentials indicating whether the speaker knows the information communicated firsthand, heard it from another person, has deduced it, etc.

There is also a focus marker -nokó, which draws attention to the participants or indicates the highlight of a story. In the language there are means of representing action from the point of view of the subject or other participants, or from the point of view of an external observer.

Vocabulary

Landaburu (2000)

Landaburu (2000) gives the following Swadesh list table for Andoque:[5]

no.Spanish glossEnglish glossAndoque
1.yoIo-ʔɤ
2.túyouha-ʔɤ
3.nosotroswekẽ-ʔɤ̃
4.éstothisʌɲẽ́
5.hojaleaf-sedɤ̃
6.aquelthatʌdí
7.¿quién?who?kó-i
8.¿qué?what?hi-ʌ
g.nonothʌ́ʌ-bã́
10.todosallsí-õ-kɤ̃
11.muchosmanyhʌ́ʌ-pãã́, ɯ́ɯ-kɤ̃
12.largoonebɤ̃kɤ̃-
13.unotwoʌisidé
14.dosbigʌ-ʌ́hʌbã́
15.grandelongĩʔõ-kɤ̃
16.perrodogĩɲõ
17.chicosmalluʔ-pãã́-ɲé-ʌ
18.mujerwomantiʔi
19.hombrepersonʝóʔhʌ
20.pescadofishbei
21.pájarobirdhiʌɸo
22.piojolousetáʔsi
23.colatail-dɤ̃ta
24.árboltreekɤ̃́ʔɤ̃dɤ
25.semillaseed-tapi
26.raízroot-ɲeko
27.cortezabark-tasi
28.pielskin-tasi
29.carneflesh-ɤ̃ta
30.sangreblood-duʔs
31.huesobone-tadɤ̃
32.grasagreasekẽɤ̃i
33.huevoegg-hádɤ
34.cuernohorn-si
35.plumafeather-ɲeɸʌ
36.paradostandingtaɲe-
37.cabellohairka-tai ʌka-be
38.cabezahead-tai
39.orejaear-bei
40.ojoeye-ʔákʌ
41.nariznose-pɤta
42.bocamouth-ɸi
43.dientetooth-kódi
44.lenguatongue-sodɤ̃
45.rodillaknee-kodoi
46.garra, uñaclaw, nail-sikopɤ
47.piefoot-dʌka
48.manohand-dobi
49.barrigabelly-tura
50.cuelloneck-ɲekɤ̃́i
51.senosbreasts-ɲeé
52.corazónheart-pĩ́tú
53.hígadoliver-tú
54.beberdrink-kóʔ-
55.comereat-baʔi-
56.morderbite-ʝu-
57.versee-do-
58.oirhear-tó-
59.saberknow-do-
60.dormirsleep-pʌ-
61.morirdieĩ-hʌ́ʌ-
62.matarkill-buʔ-
63.nadarswim-ɲṍẽi-
64.volarfly-bu-
65.andar, caminarwalk-tá-
66.venircomeda-ɤ̃-
67.acostadolying downse-aɲe-
68.dargive-ĩ-
69.sentadoseatedʝi-ɸɤʌ́-aɲe-
70.decirsay-kɤ̃-/-ẽʔ-
71.solsunĩɒ̃
72.lunamoonpódɤɤ̃
73estrellastarɸʌʔko
74.aguawaterdúʔu
75lluviaraindɤ-i
76.piedrastoneɸisi
77.arenasandpoʔsɒ̃ɤ̃
78.tierraearthɲṍʔĩ
79.nubecloudbóasiakʌi dɤ̃kɤ̃
80.humosmokebóasiakʌi
81.fuegofireʌʔpa
82.cenizaashespʌtakoi
83.arderburn-du-
84.caminopathdubɤ, õbɤ
85.cerromountaintoʌ́i
86.rojoredpeo-
87.verdegreenpaʝo-
88.amarilloyellowdóɒ-
89.blancowhitepoʔté
90.negroblackuo-
91.nochenighthʌʔpʌ́ʌ
92.calientehotpã-
93.friocolddõsi-ko-
94.llenofullɸiʔ
95.nuevonewpá-
96.buenogoodɸɤɲe-
97.redondoround-tude 'bola' ("ball")
98.secodryʝɒʔɒ-
99.nombrename-ti

Loukotka (1968)

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Andoque.[6]

glossAndoque
oneitsidixate
twoükhümá
headka-tái
eyeka-haksü
toothka-koːné
manphohaː
waterdzühü
firenóhapa
maizetsobohi
jaguarinóh
housedzyaʔpüko

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 Andoque at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  2. ↑ Epps, Patience; Michael, Lev, eds. (2023). Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates. Volume I: Aikanã to Kandozi-Chapra. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-041940-5.
  3. ↑ Johann Natterer's Linguistic Heritage.
  4. ↑ "WALS Online - Chapter Consonant-Vowel Ratio". wals.info. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  5. ↑ Landaburu, Jon. 2000. La Lengua Andoque. In González de Pérez, María Stella and Rodríguez de Montes, María Luisa (eds.), Lenguas indígenas de Colombia: una visión descriptiva, 275-288. Santafé de Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo.
  6. ↑ Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.

Bibliography

  • Aschmann, Richard P. (1993). Proto Witotoan. Publications in linguistics (No. 114). Arlington, TX: SIL & the University of Texas at Arlington.
  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
  • Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987). Language in the Americas. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
  • Landaburu, J. (1979). La Langue des Andoke (Grammaire Colombienne). (Langues et Civilisations a Tradition Orale, 36). Paris: SELAF.
Wiktionary has a Swadesh list at Appendix:Andoque Swadesh list
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