Apology to Australia's Indigenous people from the Prime Minister

Apologies to Indigenous peoples refer to apologies extended by political leaders or representatives, acting on behalf of a political entity or nation, to acknowledge and express remorse for some historical wrong.

Background

During colonialism, many Western officials have expressed concerns, enacted laws to protect Indigenous peoples, and have punished a few colonial agents for some of their colonial atrocities.[1] Widely known examples are the Laws of Burgos and the New Laws in the Spanish Empire, which were poorly implemented.[2] On occasion, some Indigenous government agencies committed atrocities, as is the case of the Indian Protection Service in Brazil as described in the Figueiredo Report,[3][4] or the Office of Indigenous Affairs in the United States, who acknowledged its systemic shortcomings.[5]

Indigenous groups have publicly requested apologies from a number of states and Christian churches for their historical or contemporary role in atrocities committed against Indigenous peoples.[6][7][8][9] No country has ever voluntarily acknowledged committing genocide.[10]

In 2023 Indigenous leaders from Antigua and Barbuda, Aotearoa (New Zealand), Australia, the Bahamas, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines issued an open letter. The signed letter requests King Charles III to acknowledge at his coronation the "horrific impacts" of colonization.[11][12][13]

Apologies to Indigenous peoples

Government apologies to Indigenous peoples

In recent decades governments have acknowledged past atrocities or apologized for the policies of previous governments.[14] This has been the case in Argentina,[15] Australia,[16][17][7] Belgium,[18][19][20][21][22] Britain,[23][24][25][26][27] Canada,[7][28][29] California,[30][31] Chile,[7] El Salvador,[7] Germany,[32] Guatemala,[33] Mexico,[34] Netherlands,[35][36] New Zealand,[7][8][37] Norway,[38] and the United States.[7][39][40][41] In their apologies, some state officials do not always agree with scholarly characterization of the atrocities.[42][43]

In the United States, the Apology Resolution of 1993 acknowledged the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii in which the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims over their national territory.[44][45]

Church apologies to Indigenous peoples

Pope Francis apologized for the Catholic Church's role in colonization and for "crimes committed against the native peoples during the so-called conquest of America".[46] He has also apologized for the Church's role in the operation of residential schools in Canada,[47] qualifying it as genocide.[48] In 2023, the Vatican rejected the Doctrine of Discovery.[49][50]

In 2022 Justin Welby, the Primate of the Church of England, apologized to the Indigenous peoples in Canada, adding to similar apologies by other churches in Canada such as the Anglican Church of Canada.[51][52]

Other apologies

Scouts Canada has issued an apology for "its role in the eradication of First Nation, Inuit and Métis people for more than a century".[53]

In 2016 the Australian Psychological Society apologized to Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders.[54] In 2023, the American Psychological Association issued an offer of apology to First Peoples for more than a century of harmful practices.[55][56]

Criticism of the apologies

Professor Alice MacLachlan has criticized the apologies of the Australian and Canadian governments as they have apologized for specific policies, "avoiding the broader question of apologizing for a much longer history of genocidal appropriation and displacement."[57] Francesca Dominello has said official apologies from Canada and Australia have done little to change the status quo for Indigenous peoples.[58]

Indigenous historian Gary Foley has criticized the Australian government's apology for the Stolen Generations, as there is lack of compensation.[59]

See also

Bibliography

  • Bentley, Tom. (2018) Colonial apologies and the problem of the transgressor speaking, Third World Quarterly, 39:3, 399-417, DOI: 10.1080/01436597.2017.1401922.
  • Corntassel, Jeff, Holder, Cindy. (2008) Who’s Sorry Now? Government Apologies, Truth Commissions, and Indigenous Self-Determination in Australia, Canada, Guatemala, and Peru. Human Rights Rev 9, Pages 465–489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-008-0065-3
  • Dominello, Francesca. (2017). Political apologies and their challenges in achieving justice for Indigenous peoples in Australia and Canada. Oñati Socio-Legal Series, 7(2).
  • Lightfoot, Sheryl (2015). Settler-state apologies to Indigenous peoples: A normative framework and comparative assessment. Journal of the Native American and Indigenous Studies Association, 2(1), 15-39.
  • MacLachlan, Alice (2013). Government Apologies to Indigenous Peoples. In: MacLachlan, A., Speight, A. (eds) Justice, Responsibility and Reconciliation in the Wake of Conflict. Boston Studies in Philosophy, Religion and Public Life, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. Pages 183-203. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5201-6_11
  • Organick, A. G. (2019). Non-Apology in the Age of Apology. Denning LJ, 31, 149.
  • Short, D. (2012). When sorry isn’t good enough: Official remembrance and reconciliation in Australia. Memory Studies, 5(3), 293-304.
  • Rothermund, D. (2011). The Self-consciousness of Post-imperial Nations: A cross-national Comparison. India Quarterly, 67(1), 1–18.
  • Tager, Michael (2014). Apologies to Indigenous Peoples in comparative perspective. The International Indigenous Policy Journal, 5(4).

References

  1. Nettelbeck, Amanda (2019-03-28). Indigenous Rights and Colonial Subjecthood: Protection and Reform in the Nineteenth-Century British Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3, 195–196. ISBN 978-1-108-47175-6.
  2. Sánchez-Arcilla Bernal, José (2021-09-17). "Las Leyes de Burgos de 1512: una falacia de los Derechos Humanos. Revisión historiográfica". Cuadernos de Historia del Derecho. 28: 41–90. doi:10.5209/cuhd.77969. ISSN 1988-2521. S2CID 240759142. Imposition of a new religion, uprooting from their lands and loss of ownership thereof, restriction of freedom of movement, acculturation... The 'Burgos Laws': a complete fallacy of human rights...
  3. "Arsen und Zuckerstückchen". Der Spiegel (in German). 1968-03-24. ISSN 2195-1349. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  4. Watts, Jonathan; Rocha, Jan (2013-05-29). "Brazil's 'lost report' into genocide surfaces after 40 years". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  5. Buck, Christopher (2006). ""Never Again": Kevin Gover's Apology for the Bureau of Indian Affairs". Wíčazo Ša Review. 21 (1): 97–126. doi:10.1353/wic.2006.0002. ISSN 0749-6427. JSTOR 4140301. S2CID 159489841.
  6. Zaru, Deena. "Pope Francis apologizes to Indigenous community in Canada over church's role in boarding school abuse". ABC News. Retrieved 2023-11-30.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Lightfoot, Sheryl (2015). "Settler-State Apologies to Indigenous Peoples: A Normative Framework and Comparative Assessment". Native American and Indigenous Studies. 2 (1): 15–39. doi:10.5749/natiindistudj.2.1.0015. S2CID 156826767.
  8. 1 2 Cineas, Fabiola (17 January 2023). "New Zealand's Māori fought for reparations — and won". Vox. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
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  11. "Māori Party joins call for King Charles to own up to 'horrific impacts' of colonisation at coronation". NZ Herald. Retrieved 2023-05-05.
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  46. Yardley, Jim; Neuman, William (10 July 2015). "In Bolivia, Pope Francis Apologizes for Church's 'Grave Sins'". The New York Times.
  47. "Pope apologizes for 'catastrophic' school policy in Canada". AP NEWS. 25 July 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  48. "Pope Francis: It was a genocide against indigenous peoples – Vatican News". www.vaticannews.va. 30 July 2022. Retrieved 2023-03-30. It's true, I didn't use the word because it didn't come to my mind, but I described the genocide and asked for forgiveness, pardon for this activity that is genocidal. For example, I condemned this too: taking away children, changing culture, changing mentality, changing traditions, changing a race, let's put it that way, an entire culture. Yes, genocide is a technical word. I didn't use it because it didn't come to my mind, but I described it... It's true, yes, yes, it's genocide. You can all stay calm about this. You can report that I said that it was genocide.
  49. "Vatican rejects doctrine that fueled centuries of colonialism". AP NEWS. 2023-03-30. Retrieved 2023-04-29.
  50. "Raising banner, protesters raise questions about 'Doctrine of Discovery'". National Catholic Reporter. Retrieved 2023-12-20.
  51. Sanders, Leanne (2 May 2022). "'I am ashamed, I am horrified': Archbishop of Canterbury expresses remorse over church's role residential schools". APTN News.
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  57. MacLachlan, Alice (2013). Government Apologies to Indigenous Peoples. In: MacLachlan, A., Speight, A. (eds) Justice, Responsibility and Reconciliation in the Wake of Conflict. Boston Studies in Philosophy, Religion and Public Life, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. Page 189. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5201-6_11
  58. Dominello, Francesca (2017). "Political apologies and their challenges in achieving justice for indigenous peoples in Australia and Canada". Oñati Socio-legal Series. 7 (2): 277–303. ISSN 2079-5971.
  59. Grewcock, Michael (2018). "Settler-Colonial Violence, Primitive Accumulation and Australia's Genocide". State Crime Journal. 7 (2): 222–250. doi:10.13169/statecrime.7.2.0222. ISSN 2046-6056. [Rudd] could have been a lot more honest and taken the opportunity to make it an apology to all Aboriginal people of Australia accompanied by some offer of reconciliation – a meaningful offer in terms of reparation and compensation...
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