Tijuana Cartel
Areas predominantly controlled by the Tijuana Cartel shown in purple
Founded1987 (1987)[1]
Founded byBenjamín Arellano Félix, Ramón Arellano Félix
Founding locationTijuana, Baja California, Mexico
Years active1987–present[2][1]
TerritoryMexico:
Tijuana, Baja California,
Baja California Sur
United States:
San Diego, Los Angeles
EthnicityMexican
Leader(s)Enedina Arellano Félix
ActivitiesDrug trafficking, money laundering, people smuggling, murder, arms trafficking, bribery[3]
AlliesLogan Heights Gang[4]
Russian mafia[5]
Los Palillos (later became rivals)[6]
Cali Cartel (defunct)
Border Brothers
Norte del Valle Cartel (defunct)
Oaxaca Cartel (defunct)
RivalsSinaloa Cartel
Los Cabos (CJNG cell in Baja California)[7]
Gulf Cartel
Los Palillos (in San Diego/Chula Vista)[8]
DEA

The Tijuana Cartel (Spanish: Cártel de Tijuana) or Arellano-Félix-Cartel (Spanish: Cártel Arellano Félix, CAF) is a Mexican drug cartel based in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. Founded by the Arellano-Félix family, the cartel once was described as "one of the biggest and most violent criminal groups in Mexico".[9] However, since the 2006 Sinaloa Cartel incursion in Baja California and the fall of the Arellano-Félix brothers, the Tijuana Cartel has been reduced to a few cells. In 2016, the organization became known as Cartel Tijuana Nueva Generación (New Generation Tijuana Cartel) and began to align itself under the Jalisco New Generation Cartel, along with Beltrán Leyva Organization (BLO) to create an anti-Sinaloa alliance, in which the Jalisco New Generation Cartel heads.[10] This alliance has since dwindled as the Tijuana, Jalisco New Generation, and Sinaloa cartels all now battle each other for trafficking influence in the city of Tijuana and the region of Baja California.

History

Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo, the founder of the Guadalajara Cartel, was arrested in 1989. While incarcerated, he remained one of Mexico's major traffickers, maintaining his organization via mobile phone until he was transferred to a new maximum security prison in the 1990s. At that point, his old organization broke up into three factions: the Tijuana Cartel led by his nephews, the Arellano Félix brothers, the Juarez Cartel, led by Amado Carrillo Fuentes, and the Sinaloa Cartel, run by former lieutenants Héctor Luis Palma Salazar and Joaquín Guzmán Loera, a.k.a. El Chapo.

Currently, the majority of Mexico's smuggling routes are controlled by three key cartels: Gulf, Sinaloa and Tijuana—though Tijuana is the least powerful. The Tijuana cartel was further weakened in August 2006 when its chief, Javier Arellano Félix, was arrested by the U.S. Coast Guard on a boat off the coast of Baja California.[11] Mexican army troops were sent to Tijuana in January 2007 in an operation to restore order to the border city and root out corrupt police officers, who mostly were cooperating with the Tijuana cartel. As a result of these efforts, the Tijuana cartel is unable to project much power outside of its base in Tijuana.[12] Much of the violence that emerged in 2008 in Tijuana was a result of conflicts within the Tijuana cartel: on one side, the faction led by Teodoro García Simental (a.k.a. El Teo) favored kidnappings. The other faction, led by Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano (a.k.a. El Ingeniero), focused primarily on drug trafficking.[13] The faction led by Sánchez Arellano demanded the reduction of the kidnappings in Tijuana, but his demands were rejected by García Simental, resulting in high levels of violence.[13] Nonetheless, most of the victims in Tijuana were white-collar entrepreneurs, and the kidnappings were bringing "too much heat on organized crime" and disrupting the criminal enterprises and interests of the cartel.[14]

The Mexican federal government responded by implementing "Operation Tijuana", a coordination carried out between the Mexican military and the municipal police forces in the area. To put down the violence, InSight Crime states that a pact was probably created between military officials and members of the Sánchez Arellano faction to eliminate Simental's group.[13] The U.S. authorities speculated in 2009 that Tijuana's former police boss, Julián Leyzaola, had made agreements with Sánchez Arellano to bring relative peace in Tijuana.[15] With the arrest of El Teo in January 2010, much of his faction was eliminated from the city of Tijuana; some of its remains went off and joined with the Sinaloa Cartel. But much of the efforts done between 2008 and 2010 in Tijuana would not have been possible without the coordination of local police forces and the Mexican military – and possibly with a cartel truce – to put down the violence.[13]

The relative peace in the city of Tijuana in 2010–2012 has raised speculations of a possible agreement between the Tijuana Cartel and the Sinaloa Cartel to maintain peace in the area.[16] According to Mexican and U.S. authorities, most of Tijuana is under the dominance of the Sinaloa cartel, while Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano of the Tijuana cartel remains the "head of that puppet empire".[16] To be exact, experts told InSight Crime that the peace exists because Joaquín Guzmán Loera wants it that way, and argued that his organization—the Sinaloa Cartel—has become spread too thin with its wars with Los Zetas and the Juárez Cartel and that opening a third war would be inconvenient.[16] The Tijuana cartel, however, has something their rivals do not have: a long-time family with business and political connections throughout the city. InSight Crime believes that this could explain why the Sinaloa cartel has left Sánchez Arellano as the figurehead, since it might be too costly for El Chapo financially and politically to make a final push.[16] Moreover, the Tijuana cartel charges a toll ("piso") on the Sinaloa cartel for trafficking drugs in their territory, which serves as an illustration of the Tijuana cartel's continued hegemony as a local group.[17] Despite the series of high-ranking arrests the cartel suffered throughout 2011–2012, its ability to maintain a highly centralized criminal infrastructure shows how difficult it is to uproot cartels who have long-established their presence in a community.[17]

Despite being a shell of what it once was in the early 2000s along with the capture of several top suspected members of the Tijuana Cartel, the group appears to retain significant control in the state of Baja California.[18]

In June 2020, it was reported that the Sinaloa Cartel controlled much of the Tijuana Cartel's former territory and that an alliance with the Jalisco New Generation Cartel, which also resulted in the cartel being rebranded as Tijuana Cartel New Generation (Cartel de Tijuana Nueva Generación), but this alliance disintegrated very quickly when the Jalisco Cartel showed it intended to take the place of the Sinaloa cartel rather than aid in helping the Tijuana Cartel reestablish dominance and independence. As a result, the Tijuana Cartel reversed their branding back to Cartel Arellano Félix and arranged the assassination of Cabo 33 the Jalisco Cartel's head of operations in Baja California, after effectively removing the Jalisco Cartel's influence in Baja California the Tijuana Cartel has further engaged the Sinaloa Cartel for control of Tijuana plaza and its surrounding areas. With the imminent release of El Ingeniero and the current consolidations with in Baja California as well as an alliance with Rafa Caro Quintero and the Sonora plaza its speculated the Tijuana Cartel may again rise and surpass both the Gulf and Juarez Cartel's who along with the Sinaloa Cartel are suffering greatly from internal strife.

In November 2020 it was reported emissaries from the Los Chapitos faction of the Sinaloa Cartel had been seen in Tijuana attempting to form an alliance with the now resurgent Tijuana Cartel. Following the defection of El Mayo's head of operations in Tijuana and the reintegration of its Cabo San Lucas branch it is evident that the Arellano Félix Organization has retaken control of its Tijuana hotbed from outside influences as well as other important hubs in Baja California leaving Mexicali and Rosarito as the last known Sinaloa Cartel outposts in Baja California though how long they will remain under Sinaloan control is debatable with the rapid defection of Sinaloa Cartel operators in traditionally Arellano Félix territories. [19]

Organization

The Arellano Félix family was initially composed of seven brothers and four sisters, who inherited the organization from Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo upon his incarceration in Mexico in 1989 for his complicity in the murder of DEA Special Agent Enrique Camarena. The brothers' death and arrests during the 2000s did impact the Arellano Félix cartel, but they did not dismantle the organization.[20][21]

The Tijuana Cartel has infiltrated the Mexican law enforcement and judicial systems and is directly involved in street-level trafficking within the United States. This criminal organization is responsible for the transportation, importation, and distribution of multi-ton quantities of cocaine and marijuana, as well as large quantities of heroin and methamphetamine.[22]

The organization has a reputation for extreme violence. Ramón Arellano Félix ordered a hit which resulted in the mass murder of 18 people in Ensenada, Baja California, on September 17, 1998. Ramón was eventually killed in a gun battle with police at Mazatlán in Sinaloa, on February 10, 2002.

The Arellano Félix family has seven brothers:

They also have four sisters, of whom Alicia and Enedina are most active in the cartel's affairs.

Eduardo Arellano Félix was captured by the Mexican Army after a shootout in Tijuana on October 26, 2008;[20] he had been the last of the Arellano Félix brothers at large. Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano took over the cartel's operations.[26] His two top lieutenants were Armando Villareal Heredia[27] and Edgardo Leyva Escandon.[28] Fernando Sanchez Arellano was arrested by Mexican police in June 2014.[29] Leyva remains at large and Villareal was captured in July 2011.[30]

On November 5, 2011, Mexican troops arrested cartel lieutenant Francisco Sillas Rocha,[31] who was reported to be the cartel's number two leader,[31] and some of his close associates.[31] Observers argued that Rocha's arrest put the Tijuana Cartel "on the ropes",[32] though some differed on whether or not the arrest put "the final nail in the coffin" for the Tijuana Cartel.[32]

In February 2020, senior cartel operator Octavio Leal Hernandez, also known as "Chapito Leal," was arrested with seven others by Tijuana police for stealing cars from a used-car dealership at gunpoint and possessing marijuana.[33][34]

Activities

The Tijuana cartel is present in at least 15 Mexican states, with important areas of operation in Tijuana, Mexicali, Tecate, and Ensenada in Baja California, in parts of Sinaloa,[35] and in Zacatecas. After the death in 1997 of the Juárez Cartel's Amado Carrillo Fuentes, the Tijuana Cartel attempted to gain a foothold in Sonora.[9] The Oaxaca Cartel reportedly joined forces with the Tijuana Cartel in 2003.

Fourteen Mexican drug gang members were killed and eight others were injured in a gun battle in Tijuana near the U.S. border on Saturday, April 26, 2008, that was one of the bloodiest shootouts in the narco-war between the Tijuana Cartel and the Sinaloa Cartel. On December 1, 2011, William R. Sherman, acting special agent in charge of the Drug Enforcement Administration's office in San Diego, announced that the cartel had been annihilated and that the Sinaloa Cartel now controlled a large number of the drug routes the Tijuana Cartel once had.[36] On December 12, 2011, Tijuana Police Chief Alberto Capella Ibarra announced that captured cartel lieutenant Francisco Sillas Rocha had confessed that the Tijuana Cartel and the Sinaloa Cartel had formed a truce and that the Tijuana Cartel was seeking to merge with the Sinaloa Cartel.[37] After Benjamin Arellano-Felix pleaded guilty to racketeering and conspiracy to launder money on January 4, 2012, it was accepted that the Tijuana Cartel had greatly lost influence.[24] It was also reported that the cartel had lost their former Tijuana hotbed to the Sinaloa Cartel.[24] The clan of the Arellano Felix continues, although diminished after the capture of their leaders.

Captures and trial

In October 1997, a retired U.S. Air Force C-130A that was sold to the airline Aeropostal Cargo de México was seized by Mexican federal officials, who alleged that the aircraft had been used to haul drugs for the cartel up from Central and South America, as well as around the Mexican interior. Investigators had linked the airline's owner, Jesús Villegas Covallos, to Ramón Arellano Félix.[9]

On August 14, 2006, Francisco Javier Arellano Félix was apprehended by the United States Coast Guard off the coast of Baja California Sur. On November 5, 2007, Francisco was sentenced to life in prison, at ADX Florence, after pleading guilty in September 2007 to running a criminal enterprise and laundering money.[38][39] It was later reduced to 23+1⁄2 years in 2015 and he will be released soon.

Benjamin Arellano Felix, who was arrested on March 9, 2002, by the Mexican Army in the state of Puebla,[40] was extradited to the United States on April 29, 2011, to face charges of trafficking cocaine into California.[41] He later pleaded guilty to racketeering and conspiracy to launder money, and was sentenced to 25 years in jail on April 2, 2012.[42] Once that is served, he will be sent back to Mexico to finish another 22 years for a conviction there.[43]

On August 31, 2012, Eduardo Arellano Felix was extradited to the United States to face trial for racketeering, money laundering and narcotics trafficking charges in the Southern District of California.[44] He pleaded guilty to money laundering and is serving 15 years.

On July 13, 2023, a nearly 20 year investigation against dozens of Tijuana Cartel defendants concluded when former cartel hitman Juan Francisco Sillas Rocha pled guilty to three charges, including conspiracy to commit murder, in a U.S. federal court in Fargo, North Dakota.[45]

Los Palillos

Los Palillos ("The Toothpicks") was a group operating within Tijuana Cartel, who worked as the armed wing of the Tijuana Cartel in the United States, for the control of the criminal activities in California and Nevada.[46][47]

They were a criminal organization that operated from San Diego to Los Angeles and other California and Nevada cities. To avoid constant confrontations with the police and police interest reducing his wealth, Ramon Arellano Felix began bribing almost any official possible. Felix received money from members of the criminal group and local criminals to "kick up" money from their illegal activities such as kidnapping and contract killing take half of the money and give it to the Tijuana Cartel to launder it. That was way the Arellano Felix brothers operation included other clans in Tijuana, San Diego and Los Angeles.[47][48]

Presence in Colombia

The Tijuana Cartel is believed to have ties with FARC, a Colombia guerrilla group that also has ties with other Mexican drug cartels. In the 1990s, the Tijuana Cartel decided to expand their market opportunities in Colombia, exchanging drugs for weapons. In the 1990s they formed an alliance with the Cali Cartel and Norte del Valle Cartel for the cocaine business.[49]

United States Involvement

The Arellano-Felix Organization, also known as "The Tijuana Cartel," located in Tijuana, Mexico attested great influence and impact on the United States in its prime era of operation. So strongly, that Mexican authority proves not enough to control the infiltration of the American people. Its decentralized location in Mexico and proximity to the United States border allowed the Arellano-Felix brothers easy routes to control the illicit drug markets in Tijuana and southern California.[50] The infamous drug cartel led by the Arellano-Felix family spent years transporting, importing, and distributing cocaine, marijuana, methamphetamine, and heroin into the United States. [51] In its most successful era of drug distribution, the Arellano-Felix Organization was solely responsible for a significant portion of the cocaine distribution to the United States.[52] The impacts on the United States population were deemed so significant that Members of Congress proposed further changes to migrant policies in border cities like Tijuana.[53] The Congressional Research Service identified the Tijuana Cartel as one of the four dominant drug trafficking organizations in 2020.[53] The impact on the United States was so significant that heavy involvement by the American government was required. Action by the Mexican Authority alone could not maintain the needed control. Control was difficult as the Arellano-Felix Organization focused on strategic coordination, protection, and security. Their protection strategy and preparations have been described as "paramilitary in nature" by Mexican enforcement officials.[51] International connections as well as internal communication centers provide the Tijuana Cartel with strong surveillance and awareness of government infiltration and plans. With such sophisticated precautionary measures, the Arellano-Felix brothers proved difficult to counter. American strategy included instituting a Joint Task Force in southern California. This task force included sectors of the Drug Enforcement Administration and the Federal Bureau of Investigation.[25] By 2008, the United States was able to capture the last of the five influential Arellano-Felix brothers.[53] The story does not end here. Although one cartel was weakened, simple economics demonstrate how the illicit drug market and organized crime continues to prosper despite cartels coming and going. The downfall and desizing of one cartel, like the Tijuana Cartel, provides the opportunity for another to retake territory and expand their business. In this case, the Sinaloa Cartel outweighed the falling Arellano-Felix Organization and gained control of the Tijuana/ San Diego route.[53] While the United States proved successful in minimizing and fighting the Arellano-Felix Organization, the effectiveness on combating the war on drugs also proved successful.

Current status and new generation

The Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano new generation organization of the cartel is believed to be one of the newest leaders in it to begin shipping cocaine from Colombia, particularly from Los Rastrojos and other Colombian dealers. The cartel was involved in the cultivation and distribution of marijuana in the Baja California area. Operating out of Tijuana, the cartel is now believed to make other activities such as kidnapping, people smuggling and bribery from a network of cells of local members within the Tijuana border region where the drugs are stored prior to shipment. The Tijuana Cartel has lost power but is growing more alliances in foreign countries.[47][54]

There are several Mexican-folk (norteño) ballads (narco-corridos) that narrate the Tijuana cartel exploits.

A fictional "Tijuana cartel" headed by a character named Obregon was featured battling a fictional "Juarez cartel" in the 2000 motion picture Traffic.

The cartel was portrayed as the Avendanos brothers in Univision's Netflix series El Chapo.

The cartel and its origins have also been portrayed in the Netflix series Narcos: Mexico.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Beith, Malcolm (2010). The Last Narco. New York, New York: Grove Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-8021-1952-0.
  2. ↑ Martínez, Julieta (6 January 2012). "El cártel de los Arellano Félix continúa: PGJE". El Universal. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  3. ↑ McCAUL, MICHAEL T. "A Line in the Sand: Confronting the Threat at the Southwest Border" (PDF). House Committee on Homeland Security. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 September 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2011.
  4. ↑ Roebuck, Jeremy (March 9, 2010). "Violence the result of fractured arrangement between Zetas and Gulf Cartel, authorities say". The Brownsville Herald. Archived from the original on 2010-03-13. Retrieved 2010-03-12.
  5. ↑ "Russian Mafia Helping Mexican Cartels". Archived from the original on 2021-05-15. Retrieved 2020-11-12.
  6. ↑ "Femme Fatale Kidnapper Of CAF Members Has Appeal Denied In US Court". Borderland Beat. 26 August 2021.
  7. ↑ "Los Cabos Leave Ice Chests With Remains and Threats for CAF in Sánchez Taboada, Tijuana". Borderland Beat. 23 September 2021. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
  8. ↑ "Femme Fatale Kidnapper Of CAF Members Has Appeal Denied In US Court". Borderland Beat. 26 August 2021. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  9. 1 2 3 Steller, Tim (15 April 1998). "Mexican drug runners may have used C-130 from Arizona". The Arizona Daily Star. Archived at California State University Northridge. Archived from the original on 2008-01-03. Retrieved 2007-09-26.
  10. ↑ "Expert Says Weakened Sinaloa Cartel Under Attack by Rivals". 10 October 2016. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  11. ↑ Longmire 2011, p. 144.
  12. ↑ Burton, Fred (May 2, 2007). "Mexico: The Price of Peace in the Cartel Wars". The Stratfor Global Intelligence. Archived from the original on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2009-08-16.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Nathan, Jones (24 May 2012). "Tijuana's New Calm Shows Benefits of Local Policing in Mexico". InSight Crime. Archived from the original on 28 May 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  14. ↑ Marosi, Richard (3 May 2008). "Diagnosis: irony". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  15. ↑ Petrich, Blanche (16 March 2011). "Leyzaola pactó con los rivales de El Teo". La Jornada (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2013-03-14. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Dudley, Steven (3 May 2011). "Who Controls Tijuana?". InSight Crime. Archived from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  17. 1 2 Jones, Nathan (20 June 2012). "Tijuana Cartel Survives, Despite Decade-Long Onslaught". InSight Crime. Archived from the original on 26 June 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
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  19. ↑ "Why the Jalisco Cartel Does Not Dominate Mexico's Criminal Landscape". 11 June 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-06-14. Retrieved 2020-06-14.
  20. 1 2 "Mexico seizes top drugs suspect". BBC News. October 26, 2008. Archived from the original on 2018-07-27. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
  21. ↑ Luis Ramirez Vazquez Archived 2010-02-06 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ↑ "History of DEA Operations – DEA History" (PDF). U.S. DEA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-08-23.
  23. ↑ Alzaga, Ignacio (18 October 2013). "Asesinan a Francisco Rafael Arellano Félix en Los Cabos". Milenio (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
  24. 1 2 3 Childress, Sarah (January 7, 2012). "Which cartel is king in Mexico?". Global Post. Tucson Sentinel. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2012-02-11.
  25. 1 2 "The Business – Arellano-Felix Cartel – Drug Wars – FRONTLINE – PBS". www.pbs.org. Archived from the original on 2012-11-13. Retrieved 2017-09-16.
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  28. ↑ Longmire, Sylvia (2010). "DTO 101: The Arellano Felix Organization". Border Violence Analysis. Archived from the original on 2011-09-03. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
  29. ↑ Mexican drug cartel boss Luis Fernando Sanchez Arellano nabbed Archived 2014-06-30 at the Wayback Machine – CBC, 24 June 2014
  30. ↑ "Mexico captures US-born Tijuana drug lieutenant (July 11, 2011)".
  31. 1 2 3 EFE (November 7, 2011). "Mexican troops arrest Tijuana drug cartel boss". Fox News Latino. Archived from the original on November 11, 2011. Retrieved November 10, 2011.
  32. 1 2 Jones, Nathan; Cooper, Stacey (November 16, 2011). "Tijuana's Uneasy Peace May Endure Despite Arrests". InSight Crime. Archived from the original on 2012-01-11. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
  33. ↑ "Arellano Félix cartel operator "El Chapito Leal" arrested in Tijuana". El Universal. February 21, 2020.
  34. ↑ "Tension high in Tijuana following the arrest of "El Chapito" Leal - the San Diego Union-Tribune". 25 February 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-03-14. Retrieved 2020-04-01.
  35. ↑ Cook, Colleen W., ed. (October 16, 2007). "Mexico's Drug Cartels (CRs Report for Congress)" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved August 19, 2009.
  36. ↑ Marosi, Rich (December 1, 2011). "Latest drug tunnel, pot seizures may reflect rise of Sinaloa cartel". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2011-12-10. Retrieved 2011-12-13.
  37. ↑ Jones, Nathan. "Captured Tijuana Cartel Boss Confirms Sinaloa Truce". Insight Crime. Archived from the original on January 9, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
  38. ↑ "Mexican drug lord gets life in prison". Archived from the original on January 23, 2008.
  39. ↑ "Mexican Drug Lord Gets Life In Prison". CBS News. Archived from the original on 2012-11-02. Retrieved 2012-09-14.
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  43. ↑ "Which cartel is king in Mexico?". The World from PRX.
  44. ↑ "Eduardo Arellano-Felix Extradited from Mexico to the United States to Face Charges". www.justice.gov. 31 August 2012. Archived from the original on 2014-07-13. Retrieved 2020-11-22.
  45. ↑ "Alleged Mexican drug cartel hitman pleads guilty to charges". Associated Press. 13 July 2023. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
  46. ↑ Webster, Michael (May 23, 2008). "Mexican officials warn Americans to stay away". Los Angeles Independent Media Center. Archived from the original on 2012-10-11. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
  47. 1 2 3 CORCHADO, ALFREDO (March 13, 2004). "Sources: U.S. informant oversaw killings". Dallas Morning News. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
  48. ↑ Conroy, Bill (December 6, 2008). "Juarez murders shine light on an emerging "Cartel in California"". NarcoSphere. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
  49. ↑ "Sources: La Historia de Los Arellano Felix". Reprotajes Especiales. March 2002. Archived from the original on 2013-01-30.
  50. ↑ "Last of Tijuana cartel's Arellano Felix brothers jailed". BBC News. 2013-08-19. Retrieved 2022-04-01.
  51. 1 2 "Business - The Arellano-Felix Organization | Drug Wars | FRONTLINE | PBS". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2022-04-01.
  52. ↑ Money, Mark Gimein, The Big (2009-03-19). "How Rich Are Cocaine Cartels?". www.cnbc.com. Retrieved 2022-04-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  53. 1 2 3 4 Beittel, June S (2020). "Mexico: Organized Crime and Drug Trafficking Organizations" (PDF).
  54. ↑ "Tijuana new Generation of Cartel "New Tijuana Cartel"". NarcoSphere. December 6, 2008. Archived from the original on December 22, 2011. Retrieved January 13, 2012.

Bibliography

Further reading

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