Arion distinctus
Arion distinctus from the Czech Republic
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Heterobranchia
Order: Stylommatophora
Family: Arionidae
Genus: Arion
Species:
A. distinctus
Binomial name
Arion distinctus
Mabille, 1868

Arion distinctus is a species of air-breathing land slug in the family Arionidae, sometimes known as the roundback slugs. It is a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc. Several vernacular names exist, but it is unclear if they are much in use: brown soil slug, common garden slug, darkface arion, Mabille's orange-soled slug, April slug.[1]

Taxonomic background

Arion hortensis was described by Férussac in 1819.[2] Only in the 1970s did the amateur malacologist Stella Davies discover that in Britain that name had been applied to three distinct species.[3] Later the name Arion distinctus was used for the one of these species that Davies had provisionally called "form A".[4][5] Mabille's original 1868 description of A. distinctus[6] included details (coloration, date of collection) that tended to indicate this species rather than Arion hortensis s.s.[5] No type survived, so a neotype has been designated, collected from the same rough locality (near Sèvres, Paris).[5]

Identification

As in other members of the genus Arion, the pneumostome is in the anterior half of the mantle. Arion distinctus never gets bigger than about 4 cm extended.[1] In contrast with members of the subgenus Carinarion (e.g. Arion circumscriptus), there is no dorsal line of pale tubercles suggesting a keel and the shape of the body in cross-section is a segment of a circle rather than a bell shape.[7] Arion distinctus lacks the prickly tubercles of A. intermedius, and is larger and darker with prominent lateral bands.[1] Arion subfuscus and A. fuscus can look similar to A. distinctus when preserved, but these species in life have bright orange mucus on the body and a pale sole, whereas in A. distinctus the sole appears yellow or orange from the sole mucus, but the body mucus is not coloured.[1]

However, reliable discrimination from other members of the subgenus Kobeltia is not always straightforward on external characters.[1] In much of Western Europe the Kobeltia species most likely to be confused is A. hortensis; mixed populations often occur.[8] Authorities differ in their advice on how reliably the two species can be separated using external characters when alive.[5][9][8] Useful indications are that A. distinctus has dark tentacles without the red or violet tinge typical of A. hortensis, the general appearance of its back is yellower or browner than in A. hortensis, the row of tubercles directly above the sole is not as white as is typical of A. hortensis, and (least reliably) the lateral bands tend to be lower, running through the pneumostome rather than above.[3][5][8][1] If dissection reveals a two-partite oviduct, one can be sure of A. distinctus, but in most regions a sizeable proportion of individuals have a three-partite oviduct like that of A. hortensis.[3] The definitive character, distinguishing A. distinctus from all other Kobeltia species, is a conical structure inside the atrium that covers the entrance to the epiphallus,[3][10][11] but it is not developed in juveniles.[12] The structure is involved in receiving the partner's spermatophore.[3]

Habitat

Arion distinctus occurs in a variety of moist habitats, including gardens, waste ground and woodland, but may be absent in harsh upland habitats.[13] In Switzerland it occurs up to 2000 m.[14] It is typically found amongst ground litter or sheltering under wood, stones and soil clods. Studies in agriculture and horticulture have often not distinguished A. distinctus and A. hortensis, but both species are considered to be economically significant pests.[15][16]

Distribution

This species is believed native to Western, Northern and Central Europe, but has spread eastwards, particularly in synanthropic habitats. The Andorran occurrences are the only confirmed records from the Iberian Peninsula.

Arion distinctus has also been introduced beyond Europe. The following include only records in which A. distinctus has explicitly been distinguished from A. hortensis.

Life cycle and reproduction

Unfortunately with most relevant studies it is unclear to what extent the authors were dealing with populations of the sibling species A. hortensis or with mixed populations. However, a more recent study of a pure A. distinctus population in southern England reports results comparable with most others[41] (but not with Hunter 1968,[42] so that study might have concerned A. hortensis). The majority of individuals matured in early winter and adults persisted until summer. Eggs laid at the beginning of this period produced animals of adult size already by the start of summer, but these disappeared underground over summer and did not mature reproductively until the end of the year. This is an annual life cycle. The development of slugs hatching from eggs laid later in spring appeared to be delayed by the dry summer conditions, generating a bimodal size distribution in autumn, and these slugs only matured in spring, with possibly some delaying further. Hence, most studies have reported a full range of sizes of this species throughout the year, although reproducing adults are largely absent over summer and autumn. Arion distinctus matures several weeks or more later than the sibling species A. hortensis.[3][8] In captivity eggs took about 27 days to hatch at 12–15 °C.[41]

Genetic evidence implies that A. distinctus is at least predominantly an outbreeder.[43] In captivity it only produced offspring when it had had the company of a conspecific.[3] The two oviduct morphs of A. distinctus mate with each other freely, even though only the tripartite form is able to evert its oviduct over the back of the partner.[3] Coitus lasts 20–30 min, considerably shorter than in A. hortensis.[3] Arion distinctus has been observed mating with A. hortensis in the wild, but no hybrids have been observed.[8]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Rowson, Ben; Turner, James; Anderson, Roy; Symondson, Bill (2014). Slugs of Britain and Ireland: identification, understanding and control. Telford: Field Studies Council. ISBN 978-1-908819-13-0.
  2. ↑ Férussac, J. B. L. d'Audebard de (1819). Histoire naturelle générale et particulière des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles 2. p. 196.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Davies, S.M. (1977). "The Arion hortensis complex with notes on A. intermedius Normand (Pulmonata: Arionidae)". Journal of Conchology. 29: 173–187.
  4. ↑ Davies, S.M. (1979). "Segregates of the Arion hortensis complex (Pulmonata: Arionidae), with the description of a new species, Arion owenii". Journal of Conchology. 30: 123–127.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Winter, A.J. de (1984). "The Arion hortensis complex (Pulmonata: Arionidae): designation of types, descriptions, and distributional patterns, with special reference to the Netherlands". Zoologische Mededelingen. 59 (1): 1–17.
  6. ↑ Mabille, J. (1868). Archives malacologiques, 3. Des Limaciens européens. Paris. pp. 33–52.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. ↑ Kerney, M.P.; Cameron, R.A.D. (1979). A Field Guide to the Land Snails of Britain and North-West Europe. London: Collins. ISBN 978-0002196765.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Iglesias, J.; Speiser, B. (2001). "Distribution of Arion hortensis s.s. and Arion distinctus in northern Switzerland". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 67 (2): 209–214. doi:10.1093/mollus/67.2.209.
  9. 1 2 Barker, G.M. (1999). Fauna of New Zealand 38: naturalised terrestrial Stylommatophora. Lincoln, New Zealand: Manaaki Whenua Press. ISBN 978-0-478-09322-3.
  10. ↑ Backeljau, T.; Van Beeck, M. (1986). "Epiphallus anatomy in the Arion hortensis species aggregate (Mollusca, Pulmonata)". Zoologica Scripta. 15: 61–68. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1986.tb00209.x. S2CID 84574780.
  11. ↑ Dvořák, L.; Backeljau, T.; Reischütz, P.L.; Horsák, M.; Breugelmans, K.; Jordaens, K. (2006). "Arion alpinus Pollonera, 1887 in the Czech Republic (Gastropoda: Arionidae)". Malacologica Bohemoslovaca. 5: 51–55. doi:10.5817/MaB2006-5-51.
  12. ↑ De Wilde, J.J.A. (1983). "Notes on the Arion hortensis complex in Belgium (Mollusca, Pulmonata: Arionidae)". Annales de la Société royale zoologique de Belgique. 113 (1): 87–96.
  13. ↑ Kerney, M.P. (1999). Atlas of Land and Freshwater Molluscs of Britain and Ireland. Harley Books: Harley Books. ISBN 9780946589487.
  14. ↑ Boschi, C. (2011). Die Schneckenfauna der Schweiz: ein umfassendes Bild- und Bestimmungsbuch. Bern: Haupt Verlag. ISBN 9783258076973.
  15. ↑ Glen, D.M.; Milsom, N.F.; Wiltshire, C.W. (1989). "Effects of seed‐bed conditions on slug numbers and damage to winter wheat in a clay soil". Annals of Applied Biology. 115 (1): 177–190. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1989.tb06825.x.
  16. ↑ Allen-Stevens, T., ed. (July 2018). Slug control, a grower's guide (PDF). Crop Production Magazine.
  17. ↑ Borredà, V.; Martínez-Ortí, A.; Nicolau, J. (2010). Guia de camp dels Molluscs d'Andorra. Sant Julià de la Lòria, Andorra: Centre d'Estudis de la Neu i de la Muntanya de l'Institut d'Estudis Andorrans. ISBN 978-99920-2-055-5.
  18. ↑ Reischütz, P.L. (1986). "Die Verbreitung der Nacktschnecken Österreichs (Arionidae, Milacidae, Limacidae, Agriolimacidae, Boettgerillidae) (Supplement 2 des Catalogus Faunae Austriae)" (PDF). Sitzungsberichte, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Abteilung I. 195 (5): 67–190.
  19. ↑ De Wilde, J.J. (1986). "Further notes on the species of the Arion hortensis complex in Belgium (Mollusca, Pulmonata: Arionidae)". Annales de la Société royale zoologique de Belgique. 116 (1): 71–74.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Wiktor, A. (1996). "The slugs of the former Yugoslavia (Gastropoda terrestria nuda--Arionidae, Milacidae, Limacidae, Agriolimacidae)". Annales Zoologici. 46: 1–110.
  21. 1 2 Horsáak, M.; Juřičková, L.; Picka, J. (2013). Molluscs of the Czech and Slovak Republics. Zlín: Kabourek. ISBN 978-80-86447-15-5.
  22. ↑ Backeljau, T.; De Bruyn, L. (1988). "Notes on Arion hortensis s.l. and Arion fasciatus s.l. in Denmark (Gastropoda: Pulmonata)". Apex. 4 (3): 41–48.
  23. ↑ Solhøy, T. (1981). "Terrestrial invertebrates of the Faroe Islands: IV. Slugs and snails (Gastropoda): Checklist, distribution, and habitats". Fauna Norv. Ser. A. 2: 14–27.
  24. ↑ Koivunen, A.; Malinen, P.; Ormio, H.; Terhivuo, J.; Valovirta, I. (2014). Suomen kotilot ja etanat: opas maanilviästen maailmaan. Helsinki: Hyönteistarvike Tibale Oy. ISBN 978-952-67544-6-8.
  25. ↑ Deutsche Namen für einheimische Schnecken und Muscheln
  26. ↑ Manganelli, G.; Bodon, M.; Favilli, L.; Giusti, F. (1995). "16. Gastropoda Pulmonata". In Minelli, A.; Ruffo, S.; La Posta, S. (eds.). Checklist delle specie della fauna italiana. Bologna: Calderini. pp. 1–60.
  27. ↑ Greke, C. (1999). "Die Arionidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) Lettlands" (PDF). Nachrichtenblatt der Ersten Vorarlberger Malakologischen Gesellschaft. 7: 6–8.
  28. ↑ Skujienė, G. (2004). "Arion distinctus Mabille, 1868 (Gastropoda: Pilmonata: Arionidae) in Lithuania". Acta Zoologica Lituanica. 14 (2): 71–76. doi:10.1080/13921657.2004.10512582.
  29. ↑ Backeljau, T.; De Meyer, M.; Janssens, L.; Proesmans, R. (1983). "Some interesting records of land molluscs in northern Norway". Fauna norvegica. Serie A. 4: 7–10.
  30. ↑ Wiktor, A (2004). Ślimaki lądowe Polski. Olsztyn: Mantis. ISBN 978-83-918125-1-8.
  31. ↑ Tappert, A. (2009). "Die Molluskenfauna von Moskau und Moskauer Oblast, Russland". Schriften zur Malakozooogie. 24: 5–62.
  32. ↑ von Proschwitz, T. "Arion distinctus: Trädgårdssnigel". Artfakta. SLU. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
  33. ↑ Gural-Sverlova, N.V.; Gural, R.I. (2016). "New findings of the slugs Arion distinctus and Arion circumscriptus (Arionidae) in the territory of Ukraine [in Russian]". Ruthenica. 26 (1): 17–23.
  34. ↑ Cunha, R.; Rodrigues, P.; Martins, A. Frias (2010). "List of molluscs (Mollusca)". In Borges, P.A.V.; et al. (eds.). A list of the terrestrial and marine biota from the Azores. Cascais: Princípia. pp. 165–177. ISBN 978-989-8131-75-1.
  35. ↑ Seddon, M.B. (2008). BIOTIR2: the landsnails of Madeira. Cardiff: Amgeddfa Cymru—National Museum Wales. ISBN 978-0-7200-0585-1.
  36. ↑ Herbert, D.G. (2010). The introduced terrestrial Mollusca of South Africa. Pretoria: South African Biodiversity Institute. ISBN 978-1-919976-56-3.
  37. ↑ Grimm, F.W.; Forsyth, R.G.; Schueler, F.W.; Karstad, A. (2009). Identifying land snails and slugs in Canada: introduced species and native genera. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. ISBN 978-1-100-12439-1.
  38. ↑ Mc Donnell, R.J.; Paine, T.D.; Gormally, M.J. (2009). Slugs: a guide to the invasive and native fauna of California (PDF). University of California. ISBN 978-1-60107-564-2.
  39. ↑ Pearce, T.A.; Bayne, E.G. (2003). "Arion hortensis Férussac, 1819, species complex in Delaware and Pennsylvania, eastern USA (Gastropoda: Arionidae)". Veliger. 46 (4): 362–363.
  40. ↑ Tsai, C.-L.; Wu, S.-K. (2008). "A new Meghimatium slug (Pulmonata: Philomycidae) from Taiwan" (PDF). Zoological Studies. 47 (6): 759–766. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-11-28. Retrieved 2010-09-15.
  41. 1 2 Hutchinson, J.M.C.; Reise, H.; Skujienė, G (2017). "Life cycles and adult sizes of five co-occurring species of Arion slugs". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 83: 88–105. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyw042.
  42. ↑ Hunter, P.J. (1968). "Studies of slugs of arable ground II. Life cycles". Malacologia. 6: 379–389.
  43. ↑ Foltz, D.W.; Ochman, H.; Jones, J.S.; Evangeli, S.M.; Selander, R.K. (1982). "Genetic population structure and breeding systems in arionid slugs (Mollusca: Pulmonata)". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 17 (3): 225–241. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1982.tb02018.x.
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