In abstract algebra, an automorphism of a Lie algebra ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}$ is an isomorphism from ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}$ to itself, that is, a bijective linear map preserving the Lie bracket. The set of automorphisms of ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}$ are denoted ${\displaystyle {\text{Aut}}({\mathfrak {g}})}$, the automorphism group of ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}$.

Inner and outer automorphisms

The subgroup of ${\displaystyle \operatorname {Aut} ({\mathfrak {g}})}$ generated using the adjoint action ${\displaystyle e^{\operatorname {ad} (x)},x\in {\mathfrak {g}}}$ is called the inner automorphism group of ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}$. The group is denoted ${\displaystyle \operatorname {Aut} ^{0}({\mathfrak {g}})}$. These form a normal subgroup in the group of automorphisms, and the quotient ${\displaystyle \operatorname {Aut} ({\mathfrak {g}})/\operatorname {Aut} ^{0}({\mathfrak {g}})}$ is known as the outer automorphism group.^[1]

Diagram automorphisms

It is known that the outer automorphism group for a simple Lie algebra ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}$ is isomorphic to the group of diagram automorphisms for the corresponding Dynkin diagram in the classification of Lie algebras.^[2] The only algebras with non-trivial outer automorphism group are therefore ${\displaystyle A_{n}(n\geq 2),D_{n}}$ and ${\displaystyle E_{6}}$.

${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}$	Outer automorphism group
${\displaystyle A_{n},n\geq 2}$	${\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{2}}$
${\displaystyle D_{n},n\neq 4}$	${\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{2}}$
${\displaystyle D_{4}}$	${\displaystyle S_{3}}$
${\displaystyle E_{6}}$	${\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{2}}$

There are ways to concretely realize these automorphisms in the matrix representations of these groups. For ${\displaystyle A_{n}={\mathfrak {sl}}(n+1,\mathbb {C} )}$, the automorphism can be realized as the negative transpose. For ${\displaystyle D_{n}={\mathfrak {so}}(2n)}$, the automorphism is obtained by conjugating by an orthogonal matrix in ${\displaystyle O(2n)}$ with determinant -1.

Derivations

A derivation on a Lie algebra is a linear map

$${\displaystyle \delta$$ :{\mathfrak {g}}\rightarrow {\mathfrak {g}}}

satisfying the Leibniz rule

$${\displaystyle \delta [X,Y]=[\delta X,Y]+[X,\delta Y].}$$

The set of derivations on a Lie algebra ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}$ is denoted ${\displaystyle \operatorname {der} ({\mathfrak {g}})}$, and is a subalgebra of the endomorphisms on ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}$, that is ${\displaystyle \operatorname {der} ({\mathfrak {g}})<\operatorname {End} ({\mathfrak {g}})}$. They inherit a Lie algebra structure from the Lie algebra structure on the endomorphism algebra, and closure of the bracket follows from the Leibniz rule.

Due to the Jacobi identity, it can be shown that the image of the adjoint representation ${\displaystyle \operatorname {ad}$ :{\mathfrak {g}}\rightarrow \operatorname {End} ({\mathfrak {g}})} lies in ${\displaystyle \operatorname {der} ({\mathfrak {g}})}$.

Through the Lie group-Lie algebra correspondence, the Lie group of automorphisms ${\displaystyle \operatorname {Aut} ({\mathfrak {g}})}$ corresponds to the Lie algebra of derivations ${\displaystyle \operatorname {der} ({\mathfrak {g}})}$.

For ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}$ finite, all derivations are inner.

Examples

• For each ${\displaystyle g}$ in a Lie group ${\displaystyle G}$, let ${\displaystyle \operatorname {Ad} _{g}}$ denote the differential at the identity of the conjugation by ${\displaystyle g}$. Then ${\displaystyle \operatorname {Ad} _{g}}$ is an automorphism of ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}=\operatorname {Lie} (G)}$, the adjoint action by ${\displaystyle g}$.

Theorems

The Borel–Morozov theorem states that every solvable subalgebra of a complex semisimple Lie algebra ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}$ can be mapped to a subalgebra of a Cartan subalgebra ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {h}}}$ of ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}$ by an inner automorphism of ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}}$. In particular, it says that ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {h}}\oplus \bigoplus _{\alpha >0}{\mathfrak {g}}_{\alpha }=:{\mathfrak {h}}\oplus {\mathfrak {g}}^{+}}$, where ${\displaystyle {\mathfrak {g}}_{\alpha }}$ are root spaces, is a maximal solvable subalgebra (that is, a Borel subalgebra).^[3]

References

• E. Cartan, Le principe de dualité et la théorie des groupes simples et semi-simples. Bull. Sc. math. 49, 1925, pp. 361–374.
• Humphreys, James (1972). Introduction to Lie algebras and Representation Theory. Springer. ISBN 0387900535.
• Serre, Jean-Pierre (2000), Algèbres de Lie semi-simples complexes [Complex Semisimple Lie Algebras], translated by Jones, G. A., Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-67827-4.