Baku–Tbilisi–Kars Railway
Baku–Tbilisi–Kars railway
Overview
StatusActive
Locale Azerbaijan
 Georgia
 Turkey
History
OpenedOctober 30, 2017 (2017-10-30)[1]
Technical
Line length826 kilometres (513 mi)
Route map
Istanbul Haydarpaşa, Kapıkule, Ankara
0
 Kars
to Gyumri (Armenia)
76
 Turkey / Georgia
Akhalkalaki
105
 break of gauge(1435/1520) Akhalkalaki
 Ninotsminda
to Gyumri (Armenia)
 Marabda
Tbilisi
to Batumi
Georgia / Azerbaijan
826
 Baku
to Türkmenbaşy (Turkmenistan),
Aktau (Kazakhstan)

The Baku–Tbilisi–Kars (BTK), or Baku–Tbilisi–Akhalkalaki–Kars railway (BTAK), is a railway connecting Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey, which became operational on 30 October 2017 following several years of delays.[2] The project was originally due to be completed by 2010,[3] but was delayed to 2013,[4] 2015,[5] 2016,[6] and, following a fifth trilateral meeting in February 2016, foreign ministers of the three countries announced that the railway would finally be completed in 2017.[7]

Following the first test run by a passenger train from Tbilisi to Akhalkalaki on 27 September 2017, the BTK was inaugurated for cargo service on 30 October 2017, in a ceremony in Alyat hosted by the President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev.[8][9]

The Baku–Tbilisi–Kars project was intended to provide a rail corridor linking Azerbaijan to Turkey via Georgia whilst avoiding Armenia, following the closure of the Kars–Gyumri–Tbilisi railway in 1993, as a result of the first Nagorno-Karabakh War. The project also provided an additional rail route between China and Europe (via Central Asia) which avoided Russian territory. In late 2015, a goods train took only 15 days to travel from South Korea to Istanbul via China, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, and Georgia—considerably less time than a journey by sea. The line's initial annual freight capacity of 6.5 million tonnes is planned to increase to 17 million tonnes.[10]

Pre-existing railways

The (Poti–)Tbilisi–Baku railway (the Transcaucasus Railway) was completed in 1883, and has since remained the backbone of the South Caucasus's railway network.[11]

By 1899, a branch line (Kars–Gyumri–Tbilisi railway) from Tbilisi to Marabda to Gyumri (then Alexandropol) to Kars was completed.[11] Due to the poor state of relations between Armenia and Turkey, that line has been abandoned.

In 1986, the construction of a 160-kilometre (99 mi) branch railway line from Marabda (on the Tbilisi-Gyumri line, 23 kilometers (14 mi) south of Tbilisi Junction)[12] west to Akhalkalaki was completed.[13] However, that fell into disuse at a later stage.

History and construction

Kars–Tbilisi–Baku railway on Georgian stamp, 2013
Stamp of Azerbaijan 2017

In 1993, Turkey closed its border with Armenia—closing the Kars–Gyumri–Tbilisi railway, which goes through Armenia—to support Azerbaijan in its conflict with Armenia following the first Nagorno-Karabakh War. A railway line project between Azerbaijan and Turkey through Georgia, intended to provide an alternative to the closed route, was first discussed in July 1993.[14]

A multi-lateral accord to build the link was signed by the three countries in January 2005.[15] Because of a lack of funding at this time, this project was more or less abandoned.[16] However, during the inauguration of the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline in May 2005, the presidents of Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey again raised the possibility of building a railroad between their three countries.[17]

For the construction of the railway on Georgian territory, Azerbaijan agreed to provide a US$220 million loan to Georgia, repayable in 25 years, with an annual interest rate of 1%.[18] A concessional loan agreement for that financing was signed between a Georgian state-owned company Marabda-Karsi Railroad LLC and Azerbaijan.[19][20] By September 2007, the State Oil Fund of Azerbaijan had allocated the first US$50 million instalment of this loan.[21] In 2011, Azerbaijan allocated to the Georgian government an additional $575 million at the rate of 5% per annum.[22] The European Union and the United States declined to assist in the financing or promoting of the line because they saw it as being designed to bypass Armenia, and supported the reopening of the Kars-Gyumri-Tbilisi railway line instead,[23] thanks in part to pressure on the US Congress from the Armenian lobby in the United States, such as the Armenia National Committee in America (ARMENPAC).[24][25] The EU did later "welcome the new rail corridor".[26]

In February 2007, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey signed a trilateral agreement in Tbilisi to launch the construction of the railroad that year.[23] On 21 November 2007, the presidents of Azerbaijan (Ilham Aliyev), Georgia (Mikheil Saakashvili), and Turkey (Abdullah Gül) inaugurated the construction of the railroad at a ceremony at the Marabda junction, south of Tbilisi,[27] and in July 2008, the first rails in Turkey began to be laid from Kars.[23][28]

The Russo-Georgian War, as well as environmental problems, delayed the project from an originally projected completion date of 2010[3] to 2015[5][29] and, subsequently, later still.

In November 2014, Turkey's transport minister, Lütfi Elvan, said 83% of the project had been completed.[30] According to estimates, the line will be capable of carrying 17 million tonnes of cargo and about three million passengers by 2030.[30]

On 30 January 2015, the first test train ran along the new Georgian stretch of track between Akhalkalaki and Kartsakhi, in the presence of the Georgian Minister of Economy and Sustainable Development, Giorgi Kvirikashvili, and the Azerbaijani Minister of Transport, Ziya Mammadov. According to Kvirikashvili, "major construction works on 180 kilometres (110 mi) railway are actually completed and every effort will be made to complete Baku–Tbilisi–Kars railway works in late 2015."[31] In September 2015 it was announced in Georgian media that service would not begin before an unspecified time in 2016.[6]

The foreign ministers of Azerbaijan (Elmar Mammadyarov), Georgia (Mikheil Janelidze) and Turkey (Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu) held a fifth trilateral meeting in Georgia on 19 February 2016, during which they travelled to the new Georgia-Turkey border crossing at Kartsakhi/Çıldır, subsequently hailing the railway project as "historic" and noting its importance for the region in the context of the new Silk Road. A week before the foreign ministers met, a seventh meeting of the Baku–Tbilisi–Kars co-ordination council was held in Tbilisi, during which the Turkish and Azerbaijani transport ministers and the Georgian finance minister announced that the railway would be operational in 2017, after work on the Turkish section was completed.[32]

Opening

On 30 October 2017, the railway was officially inaugurated in the Alat Port of Baku, Azerbaijan, by the leaders of Azerbaijan, Turkey, Georgia,[33] Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Representatives of TRACECA, international and financial organizations, and official delegations of Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, were among participants in the ceremony.[34] The ceremony had been announced 27 September by the Azerbaijani and Georgian ministers of foreign affairs, following the first test run by a passenger train from Tbilisi to Akhalkalaki.[35]

In his speech at the opening ceremony of the railway, the President of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev, said: "The Baku–Tbilisi–Kars railway is of great importance for the development of business and mutually beneficial cooperation. I am sure that the countries making the biggest contribution to regional cooperation – Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey – will always be together and support each other. Such giant projects as the Baku–Tbilisi–Kars railway further strengthen our unity and friendship."[36] The 30 October date for the opening was chosen for symbolic reasons - it was that date in 1920 that Turkey captured Kars from the Armenian Republic.

The European Union welcomed the opening of the Baku–Tbilisi–Kars railway, referring to it as a major measure for transport interconnections channelling the European Union with Turkey, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Central Asia. In the statement it is stated that this rail corridor will ensure better network, create new business circumstances and increase quality of trade among the parties.[37]

Objectives and political issues

The key objective of the project was to improve economic relations between the three countries, and to gain direct foreign investment by connecting Europe and Asia.[38] Some commentators in Armenia viewed the new route as an attempt by Azerbaijan to bypass Armenia and isolate it from regional economic projects.[39][40] However, the route through Armenia was politically impossible due to the unresolved war between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the status of Nagorno-Karabakh.

According to Samuel Lussac, "[the project] will contribute to further regional cooperation between Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey," but it will also, "constitute a new stage in the further marginalisation of Armenia within the South Caucasus."[24] The president of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev, reportedly declared in 2005: "If we succeed with this project, the Armenians will end in complete isolation, which would create an additional problem for their already bleak future".[40]

As further objectives, the railway is expected to provide stable goods turnover between Azerbaijan, Turkey, Georgia, and the countries located on the other side of the Caspian Sea. The formation of strong port infrastructure and transportation of oil and oil products to the world markets are also part of targets.[34]

Route

In total, 105 kilometres (65 mi) of new track have been built between Kars and Akhalkalaki, with 76 kilometres (47 mi) within Turkey and 29 kilometres (18 mi) in Georgia. The existing railway line from Akhalkalaki to Marabda and on to Tbilisi and Baku has been modernised.[3]

Its total length is 826 kilometres (513 mi), and the line will be able to transport 1 million passengers and 6.5 million tons of freight in the first stage. It capacity will eventually be million passengers and over 15 million tons of freight.[23]

Gauge

Various railway track gauges
  1,520 mm broad gauge
  1,435 mm standard gauge

Georgia and Azerbaijan both use the Russian broad gauge of 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in), and the existing section of railway line (Akhalkalaki–Tbilisi–Baku) will not be modified.[41] The new tracks, i.e. the Georgian section from Akhalkalaki to the border station at Kartsakhi (Georgian: კარწახი; 41°14′22″N 43°15′46″E / 41.23944°N 43.26278°E / 41.23944; 43.26278), and the new Turkish section from Kartsakhi to Kars, were built to the standard gauge, which is used by Turkey.[41]

The line therefore includes a break of gauge near Akhalkalaki, which typically requires either variable gauge wheelsets, bogie exchange or cargo reloading.[41] The passenger cars that Azerbaijan Railways ordered from the Swiss firm Stadler Rail AG in 2014 (see below), will be equipped with the DB AG/RAFIL Type V system of adjustable wheelsets, to accommodate the change of gauge from 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) to 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge.[42] In June 2018, Stadler signed a contract in Bussnang, Switzerland, with the Georgian company Marabda-Kartsakhi-Railway LCC, for the delivery of a gauge-changing facility, comprising 30 metres (98 ft) of special track, to be installed in Akhalkalaki.[43]

In March 2019, it was reported that the Stadler stock had completed a gauge-changing test, and a video was posted.[44]

Rolling stock

Stadler FLIRT

In June 2014, Azerbaijan Railways announced that it had signed a SFr 120 million (EUR 115 million) contract with Stadler Rail to supply three ten-car variable-gauge sleeper trains, with an option for seven more.[45]

Each train will have a total of 257 beds, divided into first, second and "first/second" (family compartments) classes. The contract includes an option for a further 70 sleeping cars.[42]

Each train will be made up of:

1 first-class car
16 compartments all with en-suite toilet and shower
6 second-class cars
34 beds sharing one toilet and one shower
1 "first/second"-class car
20 beds, including family compartments
1 second-class car
compartment for reduced-mobility passengers, four second-class compartments with 16 beds, and a crew compartment
1 dining-car
seating 28

Stadler delivered the first of three ten-carriage passenger trains to Azerbaijan Railways in March 2019.[46] The trains are manufactured at Stadler's factory in Belarus, and the two remaining units were to be delivered in early 2020.[47]

In operation

Freight

By November 2019, the line had carried 275,000 tonnes of freight, according to Turkey's transport and infrastructure minister. Three trains a week run between Turkey and Kazakhstan, and block container train services between China and Turkey are run once a week.[48] The BTK line is also increasingly used for north-south links: a Memorandum of Understanding on Co-operation on the BTK Railway Route, signed by Azerbaijan, Russia and Turkey in May 2019, notably aims to increase exchanges between Turkey and Russia to 6 million tonnes.[49]

The first freight train to travel from China (Xi'an) to Europe (Prague) via the BTK line and Istanbul's Marmaray Tunnel under the Bosphorus arrived in Prague on 6 November 2019. Travelling at an average speed of 40km/h, the China Railway Express will link Western China and Central Europe in just 18 days.[50] In volume, the 42 cars of the train could transport the equivalent of 96.5 TEU (or 0.4% of the capacity of a Gülsün-class container ship, once the world's largest container ship).

Passengers

Passenger services were scheduled to start in August 2019,[51] but have not started as of 2023, with no announced date.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Azerbaijan-Georgia-Turkey launch silk road rail link". Reuters. 30 October 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
  2. ↑ "Baku-Tbilisi-Kars (BTK) railway track becomes operational to carry Chinese goods to Europe". dnd.com.pk. 30 October 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2018.
  3. 1 2 3 "Kars - Tbilisi agreement". Railway Gazette International. February 2007.
  4. ↑ Azerbaijani Vice Prime Minister Abid Sharifov
  5. 1 2 Railway to link Kars, Tbilisi, Baku in 2015, BAKU - Anadolu Agency,
  6. 1 2 Georgia Today, "Passenger Trains for Baku-Tbilisi-Kars Railway to Launch 2016" Archived 19 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ↑ Eurasia Daily Monitor, "Completion of Baku–Tbilisi–Kars Railway Project Postponed Again"
  8. ↑ Jamestown.org, "Will the Baku–Tbilisi–Kars Railway Become Uzbekistan’s New Connection to Europe?", 16 October 2017
  9. ↑ "Baku-Tbilisi-Kars Railway Line Officially Launched". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 30 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  10. ↑ Uysal, Onur. "10 Things to Know About Baku-Tbilisi-Kars Railway Project", Rail Turkey, 20 October 2014
  11. 1 2 А.Э. Котов (A.E. Kotov), "Из истории Южно-Кавказской железной дороги" Archived 6 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine ("From the history of the South Caucasus Railway"), 17.07 2009 (in Russian)
  12. ↑ Distances are from the map in Kotov (2009)
  13. ↑ History of the Georgian Railways (in English), or History of the Georgian Railways (in Russian)
  14. ↑ "Fears of Turkey's 'invisible' Armenians". BBC News. 22 June 2006.
  15. ↑ "Pointers". Railway Gazette International. March 2007. Retrieved 2 September 2007.
  16. ↑ Hakobyan, Grigor, "Armenia Responds to Kars-Akhalkalaki Railroad Proposal", in: Central Asia Caucasus Analyst, 09.07.2005
  17. ↑ Ziyadov, Taleh, "Officials Meet to Discuss South Caucasus Rail System" Archived 14 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine, in: Eurasia Daily Monitor, vol. 2:232, December 14, 2005, The Jamestown Foundation
  18. ↑ Socor, Vladimir (9 February 2007). "Kars-Tbilisi-Baku railroad: Azerbaijan as locomotive of regional projects". Eurasia Daily Monitor. Jamestown Foundation. 4 (29). Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  19. ↑ 1 Country Report No. 07/299 - Georgia International Monetary Fund (IMF), August 2007
  20. ↑ "Azerbaijan to allocate additional funds to Georgia within Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railway project". Azeri Press Agency (in Azerbaijani). 26 April 2011. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  21. ↑ "The cornerstone-laying ceremony of Baku-Tbilisi-Kars Railway to be held in October". Azeri Press Agency. 12 September 2007. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  22. ↑ Ibrahimov, Rovshan. "The Development of the Transport Sector in Azerbaijan: The Implementation and Challenges" (PDF). Caucasus International, Volume 6, No 1, Summer, 2016, SAM, p. 106.
  23. 1 2 3 4 "Caucasian Review of International Affairs (CRIA)". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
  24. 1 2 Lussac, Samuel. "The Baku-Tbilisi-Kars Railroad And Its Geopolitical Implications for the South Caucasus Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine." Caucasian Review for International Affairs. From Vol. 2 (4), Autumn 2008.
  25. ↑ Heather S. Gregg "Divided They Conquer: The Success of Armenian Ethnic Lobbies in the United States" Archived 7 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ↑ "EU Statement on opening of the Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railway"
  27. ↑ "Presidents Inaugurated Construction Of "Baku-Tbilisi-Kars" Railway". Prime-News. 21 November 2007. Archived from the original on 30 May 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2007.
  28. ↑ "Three presidents launch Turkey - Georgia rail link". Railway Gazette International. 22 November 2007. Retrieved 24 November 2007.
  29. ↑ Daily Sabah news on 5 February 2015 states line should be ready during 2015
  30. 1 2 "Turkey's 79km-long section of Baku–Tbilisi–Kars railway project to complete in 2015". www.railway-technology.com. Retrieved 2 November 2014.
  31. ↑ "The first test train ran on the Georgian section of Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railway line".
  32. ↑ "Azerbaijani, Georgian, Turkish FMs Visit Planned Regional Rail Link". Civil.ge. 19 February 2016.
  33. ↑ "Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey launch 'Silk Road' rail link". Reuters. 30 October 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  34. 1 2 "Opening ceremony of the Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railway - Uninterrupted and Reliable Rail Transport Bridge for the TRACECA Corridor . TRACECA ORG". www.traceca-org.org. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  35. ↑ "Will the Baku–Tbilisi–Kars Railway Become Uzbekistan's New Connection to Europe?". Jamestown.org. 16 October 2017.
  36. ↑ "Speech by Ilham Aliyev at the opening ceremony of Baku–Tbilisi–Kars railway". en.president.az. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  37. ↑ "EU Statement on opening of the Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railway - EEAS - European External Action Service - European Commission". EEAS - European External Action Service. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  38. ↑ Baku–Tbilisi–Kars Line, International www.railway-technology.com
  39. ↑ Hakobyan, Tatul. "New Railway to Prolong Armenia's Blockade." Azg. 1 September 2005.
  40. 1 2 Danielyan, Emil. "House Panel Blocks U.S. Funding For ‘Anti-Armenian’ Rail Link Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine." RFE/RL. 15 June 2006.
  41. 1 2 3 Станцию Ахалкалаки в Грузии спроектируют в Азербайджане (Georgia's Akhalkalaki station will be designed by an Azerbaijani firm). Interfax, 17 November 2009. (in Russian)
  42. 1 2 "Stadler signs Baku – Tbilisi – Kars sleeping car contract", 12 June 2014, Railway Gazette
  43. ↑ "Stadler sells gauge changing facility for the city of Akhalkalaki in Georgia" Archived 7 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine, 6 June 2018, Stadler press release
  44. ↑ "Baku Train Changed Gauge at Akhalkalaki". RailTurkey. 26 March 2019. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  45. ↑ "Stadler exhibits new sleeping car for Azerbaijan Railways" Archived 7 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine, 22 September 2016, Stadler press release
  46. ↑ "1st Passenger Coach Rolls on Baku-Tbilisi-Kars Railway".
  47. ↑ "Stadler Prepares to Send Next Batch of Ultra-Modern Wagons for Baku-Tbilisi-Kars Route".
  48. ↑ "Two years on, Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railway line carries 275,000 tons of freight". 27 October 2019.
  49. ↑ "Trilateral deal on Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railway to augment freight transportation". 8 May 2019.
  50. ↑ "First train from China to Europe makes 'Silk Railway' dream come true in Turkey". Daily Sabah. 7 November 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  51. ↑ "Launch of passenger train on Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railway due in August". Azertag.
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