Turkish State Railways

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Demiryolları
Type	Government-owned (100%)
Industry	Railway company
Founded	Ankara (1927)
Headquarters	Ankara, Turkey
Key people	İsa Apaydın
Revenue	2 billion ₺ (2015)
Operating income	1.26 billion ₺ (2014)
Net income	−1.5 billion ₺ (2015)
Owner	Republic of Turkey
Number of employees	29,829 (2014)
Subsidiaries	İzmir Banliyö Anonim Şirketi;
Website	TCDD Official Website – Homepage (English/Turkish)

State Railways of the Republic of Turkey
*Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Demiryolları*
	Map of the TCDD railway network as of 2023. TCDD owns and maintains all railway infrastructure in Turkey, while TCDD Taşımacılık operates train service.
	YHT high-speed rail service is the railway's premier train service. Here, HT80004 waits to depart the new ATG terminal in Ankara, bound for Konya.
Overview
Headquarters	Ankara, Turkey
Reporting mark	TCDD
Locale	Turkey
Dates of operation	1929–present
Predecessor	State Railways and Seaports Administration
Successor	TCDD Taşımacılık (Railway operations only)
Technical
Track gauge	1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Previous gauge	1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) Broad gauge (Sarıkamış-Gyumri) ; 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) Narrow gauge (Sarıkamış-Erzurum)
Electrification	25 kV, 50 Hz AC Overhead line
Length	12,532 kilometres (7,787 mi)
Other
Website	www.tcdd.gov.tr

The State Railways of the Republic of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Demiryolları), abbreviated as TCDD, is a government-owned national railway company responsible with the ownership and maintenance of railway infrastructure in Turkey, as well as the planning and construction of new lines. TCDD was formed on 4 June 1929 as part of the nationalisation of railways in Turkey.^[2]

The Turkish State Railways own and maintain all public railways in Turkey. This includes railway stations, ports, bridges and tunnels, yards and maintenance facilities. In 2016, TCDD controlled an active network of 12,532 km (7,787 mi) of railways, making it the 22nd-largest railway system in the world. Apart from railway infrastructure, TCDD also owns several rail transport companies within Turkey as well as a 50% share of the İzmir-area commuter rail system, İZBAN.

Prior to 2017, TCDD also operated all railways in Turkey. However, with the government taking steps to privatise some of the Turkish railway network, TCDD Taşımacılık was formed on 14 June 2016 to take over all railway operations. Handover of rolling stock was signed on 28 December of the same year and TCDD formally ceased all railway operations on 31 December 2016.^[3]

History

Map showing the Ottoman railways on the eve of World War I

After World War I and the Turkish Independence War, the Republic of Turkey was a new-formed country. Even though Turkey had a railway network, most of it was operated by foreign companies. The State Railways of the Republic of Turkey (TCDD) was formed on 31 May 1927. TCDD took over the Chemin de fer d'Anatolie-Baghdad, a holding company formed in 1924 by Turkey to take over some rail lines in Turkey, on 1 June 1927 and had control over the tracks of the former Anatolian Railway (CFOA) and the Transcaucasus Railway line in Turkish borders. TCDD now had rail lines to the cities Istanbul, İzmit, Ankara, Afyon, Adapazarı and Konya. On 1 January 1929, TCDD took over the rail line from Mersin to Adana (formerly the Mersin-Tarsus-Adana Railway). Apart from taking over already built lines, TCDD needed to build more line because many important cities were still not serviced by rail. In 1926, TCDD started to build a rail line east to Sivas, reaching Kayseri in 1927 and Sivas in 1930. TCDD continued to acquire from the other rail companies; taking over the Mudanya-Bursa Railway in 1931, the Smyrna Cassaba Railway in 1934, the Ottoman Railway Company in 1935 and the Oriental Railway in 1937. With most of the railways in Turkey under TCDD control, TCDD connected lines such as Kütahya with Balıkesir in 1932 and the former SCP line in Afyon with the former CFOA line. In 1932 TCDD completed the railway to Samsun heading north at Sivas. TCDD continued to build lines, reaching Zonguldak, Erzurum, Erzincan, Diyarbakır and Elazığ in the following years. World War II broke out in 1938, slowing down the building. Between 1938 and 1996 TCDD building decreased. The railway only extended to Gaziantep (1955) and Van (1962).

Formerly planned railways

In 1948 the State Railways released a plan of railway lines that were to be constructed to "ensure national progression and safety".^[4] The plan included 5,538 km (3,441 mi) of new railway lines of which only 96 km (60 mi) were actually completed; the Gaziantep-Karkamış section of the Narlı-Nusaybin railway was completed in 1960.

Operations

The Turkish State Railways operate most trains in the country. Intercity, regional, suburban, freight and most industrial lines are owned and operated by the State Railways. The only other railways in Turkey include İZBAN (TCDD holds 50% of the company's shares) which operates commuter rail service around İzmir and a few other industrial railways. In addition to rail services, TCDD has been responsible since 1927 for operating several major ports which handle 30% of Turkish port activities.^[7]

Passenger operations

The Turkish State Railways operate passenger services on 90% of their system. These are intercity, regional, commuter and international services. In the railways first year 52% of passenger travel in Turkey was by rail, despite the system lacking connections to many parts of the country. Rail transport was the main mode of transport for passengers in the following two decades, reaching an all-time high of 57% of passenger transport in 1947, but then started to decline after 1950, due to the mass construction of roads.^[8] Today, the passenger ratio is slowly increasing with the opening of high-speed rail lines in Turkey.

In 2019, almost 150 million people traveled by train in Turkey. 17.5 million on main lines, 8.3 million on high speed lines (2% increase compared to 2018) and 124 million used the Marmaray commuter railway.^[9] The share of railway in domestic travels in 2013 is about 2.2%.^[10]

The types of passenger service are:

High-speed (Hızlı Tren): High-speed rail services and TCDD's premier service.
Mainline (Anahat): Intercity trains operating between major cities.
International (Uluslararası): Trains operating on international routes, toward Europe or the Middle East.
Regional (Bölgesel): Trains operating within their respective districts.
Commuter (Banliyö): Commuter trains, currently operating in Ankara and Istanbul.

High-speed services

A TCDD HT80000 (Siemens Velaro TR) high-speed train (YHT) in Ankara

High-speed rail in Türkiye began service in 2009. TCDD has branded its high-speed service as Yüksek Hızlı Tren or YHT, directly translating to High-Speed Train, dubbed after the trains' capacity to reach 250 km/h (and in some advanced sections of the Ankara-Konya railroad up to 300 km/h). There had been previously tried but failed accelerated train projects, i.e. higher speed rail without the necessary upgrades on the railroad tracks, causing a number of accidents and ending up with losses incurred by TCDD in early 2000s. YHT, in stark contrast, became a commercially successful, safe and cheap alternative to Flights and Roads, cutting the travel time between the city centers of two largest cities of the country up to 4 hours. Currently, YHT trains operate 22 daily trips based from its central hub in Ankara, in addition to more trips on the Istanbul–Konya high-speed railway that bypass Ankara.

YHT currently operates on two main lines: the Ankara–Istanbul high-speed railway, and Ankara–Konya high-speed railway. In total, these lines connect 8 provincial capitals out of 81 Provinces in Türkiye, namely Adapazarı (via Arifli), Ankara, Bilecik, Eskişehir, Istanbul, İzmit, Karaman and Konya. There are currently ongoing construction projects aiming to link up at least 6 more provincial capitals, including third and fourth largest cities of the country İzmir and Bursa, besides Afyonkarahisar, Edirne, Kayseri, Sivas and other potential cities. Further ambitions at the planning stage eventually aim to link up East and West points of the country through high-speed railways and act as an international High-speed railway bridge across Europe and Asia

A TCDD HT65000 in Eskişehir

On 13 March 2009, the first phase of the Ankara–Istanbul high-speed railway entered service between Ankara and Eskişehir. On 25 July 2014, the Ankara-Istanbul high-speed line services began to reach the Pendik railway station on the Asian side of Istanbul,^[11] and on 13 March 2019 the services began to reach the Halkalı railway station on the European side of Istanbul, passing through the Marmaray railway tunnel under the Bosphorus strait. There were initially 6 daily departures in both directions.^[12] The high-speed line between Ankara and Istanbul has reduced the overland travel time to 3+1⁄2 hours, compared to 5 hours by car.

On 23 August 2011, the YHT service on the Ankara–Konya high-speed railway was inaugurated. The Konya-Ankara line was later connected with the Istanbul–Ankara line at the Polatlı district of Ankara Province on 23 March 2013, essentially bypassing the city of Ankara and shortening the distance from Istanbul to Konya to 5 hours. Most recently on 8 January 2022, the Konya line was extended into another provincial capital Karaman.

High-speed rail in Turkey is still developing, with new lines currently under construction or in the planning phase. By 2023, the Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure expects Turkey's high-speed rail system to increase to 10,000 kilometers.^[13]

Mainline services

A DE22000 series locomotive pulls the Karesi Express into Menemen

Mainline service (Turkish: Anahat) is the railway's main service. In 2010 mainline services made up for 24% of the railways passenger traffic.^[14] Mainline service includes 2 types of trains: Express and Blue Train.

Express service is between major cities and are fast, comfortable and equipped with modern air conditioned TVS2000 railcars and only stop at important stations. Express trains have an average operating speed of 100 km/h (62 mph) to 120 km/h (75 mph). Express service has both day (e.g. İzmir-Bandırma) and overnight trains between major cities far apart (e.g. Ankara-Kars). These trains have coaches, a dining car and a sleeping car or a couchette car or sometimes both.

The TVS2000 railcars used on mainline service are the most comfortable cars in TCDD's entire fleet. TVS2000 railcars may also be used on International services because international services are considered mainline services within Turkey.

International services

International services to Europe

Sirkeci Terminal on the European side of Istanbul was inaugurated in 1890 as the terminus of the Rumelia Railway and the Orient Express.

Istanbul-Sofia Express, to Sofia, Bulgaria via Edirne, Kapıkule railway station, Kapitan Andreevo, Plovdiv, Pazardzhik and Sofia.
Bosfor Express, to Bucharest, Romania via Edirne, Kapıkule railway station, Kapitan Andreevo, Dimitrovgrad, Ruse, and Bucharest.

International services to Asia

Haydarpaşa Terminal on the Anatolian side of Istanbul was opened in 1908 as the terminus of the Istanbul-Konya-Baghdad and Istanbul-Damascus-Medina lines.

The Haydarpaşa Terminal is the terminus for a weekly train to Tehran in Iran, another train to Iran travels between Van, Turkey and Tebriz in Iran.^[15]

Additionally, trains from Iran to Syria (and vice versa) pass through Turkey.^[15]

Trans-Asia Express, to Tehran, Iran via İzmit, Bilecik, Eskişehir, Ankara, Kayseri, Sivas, Elazığ, Tatvan (train-ferry), Van and Tabriz.
Van-Tebriz Treni (Van – Tabriz train) Route: Van, Özalp, Kapıköy, Razi, border crossing to Iran, Salmas, Tabriz (and back.)

Former international services

Tehran – Damascus Train, route: Tehran, Tabriz, Razi, Kapıköy, border crossing to Turkey, Van, (train-ferry), Tatvan, Muş, Elazığ, Malatya, Fevzipaşa, Islahiye, Meydanekbez, Turkey – border crossing to Syria, (via Chemins de Fer Syriens) – Meidan Ekbis, Aleppo, Damascus (and back.) This service was interrupted when the border between Syria and Turkey was closed due to the Syrian civil war.^[16]
Taurus Express (Toros Ekspresi), route: Istanbul: Haydarpaşa Terminal, Eskişehir (Enveriye), Kütahya, Afyon, Konya, Adana, Fevzipaşa, Islahiye, Meydanekbez, border crossing to Syria (via Chemins de Fer Syriens) – Aleppo, Damascus (and back.)^{[note 1]}
Gaziantep – Baghdad: This service was indefinitely suspended since 13 March 2003 with the invasion of Iraq and the ongoing insurgency. Route: Turkey: Gaziantep, Karkamış, Akçakale, Ceylanpınar, Şenyurt, Nusaybin, border crossing to Syria, Al Qamishli, (via Chemins de Fer Syriens), border crossing to Iraq, El-Yaribieh, Rabia, Mosul, Baghdad. It was also running from Istanbul to Gaziantep as mainline until 2003. It is begun again on 16 August 2012 between Eskişehir-Adana^[18] but due to renovations, it's shortened to Konya-Adana route on 15 March 2013.^[19]
Dostluk/Fillia Express (IC 90/91), to Thessaloniki, Greece via Uzunköprü, Pythion and Alexandroupolis.The line however was eventually terminated in February 2011.

Regional services

Commuter services

İzmir transportation network map: IZBAN lines shown in green

As of 2011, the Turkish State Railways operate commuter rail in Istanbul and Ankara, with previous commuter service in İzmir from up to 2006, which is now operated by İZBAN. The railways use the E14000 and the E23000 EMUs on their commuter services. Previously, the newly retired E8000 EMUs and the E4000 electric locomotives were used as well. The first commuter rail service in Turkey was the Istanbul-Halkalı Line on the European side of Istanbul, operating from Sirkeci Terminal to Halkalı in 1955.^[20]^[21]^[22]

Freight operations

Rail freight transport

From 1980 onwards, rail freight tonne-kilometers transported by the TCDD rose slightly from ≈5000million tonne-km in 1980 to ≈7000million tonne-km in 1990 and to ≈9000million tonne-km in 2000.^[23] Approximately 50% of freight moved is minerals or ores, with construction materials increasing to ≈10% in 2000 from less than 5% in 1980, food/agricultural products, chemicals/petroleum, and metal sectors each account for between 5 and 10%. International freight accounted for approximately 5% of totals in 2000.^[23]

As of 2012, 25.7 million ton is transported by rail in Turkey. Two steel companies, Erdemir and Kardemir, top 2 customers of TCDD, had transported 4.5 million ton in 2012, mainly iron ore and coal.^[24] 2.1 million tons of rail freight belong to international traffic. Most of international traffic is between Turkey and Europe, done via Kapikule. Several container trains are running in this route as well as conventional wagons.^[25]

As of 2014, 26.6 million ton is transported on rail in Turkey. 7.1 million of it is done by private wagons. International transport went down to 1.7 million.^[26]

Containers are widely used both in international and domestic transportation. 7.6 million ton is carried in containers. TCDD is supporting transportation by containers. Thus almost all of the private railway companies invested in container wagons, and carrying 20% of all rail freight by their own wagons.^[27]

TCDD has plans to strengthen freight traffic by adding 4000 km conventional lines until 2023. That includes new international rail connections to Georgia, Iraq and Iran.^[28] TCDD is also constructing 18 logistic centers to enable transportation of more loads by rail.^[29]

TCDD is planning to increase its transit traffic (11000 to in 2011) by constructing "iron silk road" to connect Europe to Asia. Marmaray is the most important part of this project which was completed in 2015 and now in service.^[30] Another project is Kars–Tbilisi–Baku railway which is planned to be completed in 2016 and start functioning in 2017.^[31] Also, plans for another supplying project to Kars-Tbilisi-Baku railway, the Kars-Igdir-Nakhcivan high speed railway has been completed.^[32] TCDD wants to have share from the freight traffic between Europe and China through this line.^[33]

Ports

Port of Haydarpaşa

The State Railways own and operate seven ports throughout the country and has connections to two more ports. The ports TCDD owns are the Port of Haydarpaşa^[34] in Istanbul on the southern mouth of the Bosphorus, the Port of Izmir^[35] on the Aegean Sea, the Port of Mersin^[36] and the Port of İskenderun^[37] on the Mediterranean Sea, the Port of Bandırma^[38] on the Sea of Marmara, the Port of Derince^[39] on the Gulf of İzmit, and the Port of Samsun on the Black Sea. The railways have connections to the Port of Zonguldak,^[40] owned by Türkiye Taşkömürü Kurumu (Turkish Coal Company), the Port of Tekkeköy and the Port of Tekirdağ,^[41] owned by AKPORT AŞ. In 2004, the privatization of all ports except Haydarpaşa began.^[42]

By 2014 Mersin, Iskenderun, Bandirma, Samsun ports are privatized.^[43] Tender for privatization of Derince Port has also completed and waiting for takeover.^[44]

The state railways are planning on building rail connections to the Port of Güllük^[45] (via Çine) and to the Port of Ereğli, which TCDD serviced until 2004.

The ports TCDD owns are the most important in Turkey. The country's five largest ports are owned by the state railways. The Port of Haydarpaşa will soon be decommissioned, when the Marmaray project is complete.

Performance, market share, assets and financial results

Main hall of the ATG terminal for YHT passenger services

The ATG terminal in Ankara is a hub for the high-speed rail (YHT) services of the Turkish State Railways

Since 1950, the railway system's market share of freight transportation dropped from 70% to ≈55% (1960), ≈25% (1970), ≈10% (1980, 1990) and to less than 10% in 2000. A similar trend was observed in the percentage of passenger transport performed by rail – dropping from a share of greater than 40% in 1950 to ≈25% in 1960; less than 10% in 1970; ≈5% by 1980; and reaching an all-time low of 2% by 2000.^[46] This was partly due to major investment and expansion in the road network.

The TCDD receives subsidies from the government for socially necessary operations, but has registered increasing losses in all its areas of business except for port operations; which have high port tariffs (higher than 36%).^[46] By 2000, the cost to the Turkish government had exceeded $500 million per year in addition to a subsidy of over $100 million.^[46] In addition to the problems caused by the lack of investment from 1950 onwards, the TCDD organisation has been characterised as suffering from the common problems associated with state-owned enterprises; i.e. emphasis on production rather than customer needs; subject to government reliance and interference; and an inward-looking corporate culture.^[46]

As of 2008, the amount of freight transported was the highest ever (18.343 million tonne-kilometers); though actual growth was small over the previous 10 years, and passenger figures had risen slightly overall over the past decade.^[42]

As of 2008, the TCDD administers the Ankara Railway Factory, Sivas Concrete Sleeper factory, Afyon Concrete Sleeper factory, Behiçbey rail welding and track machinery repair factory and Çankırı Switch factory. Additionally, the state owned companies TÜLOMSAŞ, TÜDEMSAŞ and TÜVASAŞ are affiliates. The TCDD has a 50% share in the İzmir Banliyö Taşımacılığı Sistemi A.Ş. (İZBAN A.Ş.) which operates the metro in İzmir, and a 15% share in EUROTEM.^[42]

Rolling stock

Locomotives

Model	Numbers	Built	Number built	Type	Power	Builder (Designer)	Notes
Main Line
DE24000	24001-24418	1970–84	418^[47]	Diesel Electric	2360 hp (1760 kW)	TÜLOMSAŞ (MTE)	Ordered for TCDD's complete dieselization of its fleet
DE18100	18101-18120	1978	20^[48]	Diesel Electric	1800 hp (1320 kW)	Matériel de Traction Electrique (MTE)	Ordered for use in District 3
DE22000	22001-22086	1985–89	86^[49]	Diesel Electric	2200 hp (1620 kW)	TÜLOMSAŞ (Electro-Motive Division)
E43000	43001-43045	1987	45	Electric	4260 hp (3180 kW)	TÜLOMSAŞ (Toshiba)
DE33000	33001-33089	2003–04	89^[50]	Diesel Electric	3300 hp (2463 kW)	TÜLOMSAŞ (Electro-Motive Diesel)	Based on the DE22000
E68000	68001-68080	2013–	80	Electric	6800 hp (5000 kW)	Hyundai Rotem, TÜLOMSAŞ	First 8 built by Hyundai Rotem, later 72 are being built by TÜLOMSAŞ
DE36000	36001-36020	2013–	20^[51]	Diesel Electric	3600 hp (2680 kW)	TÜLOMSAŞ (General Electric)	GE PowerHaul type
Shunting
DE11000	11001-11085	1985	85^[52]	Diesel Electric	1065 hp (780 kW)	Krauss-Maffei, TÜLOMSAŞ	First 20 built by Krauss-Maffei later 60 built by TÜLOMSAŞ
DH7000	7001–7020	1994	20^[53]	Diesel Hydraulic	710 hp (522 kW)	TÜLOMSAŞ
DH9500	9501–9526	1999	26^[54]	Diesel Hydraulic	950 hp (700 kW)	TÜLOMSAŞ	Diesel-hydraulic redesign of TCDD DE11000 to work around short of spare parts for the traction motors of TCDD DE11000
E1000	1000	2015–	1	Electric	1360 hp (1000 kW)	TÜBİTAK MAM, TÜLOMSAŞ	Prototype, mainly used for shunting operations (electric-only adaptation of TCDD DE11000)

Trainsets

Model	Numbers	Built	Number Built	Type	Power	Builder (Designer)	Notes
DMU
MT15000	15001-15012	2008	12	DMU	650 kW	Hyundai Rotem	Used for regional services
MT30000	15401-15452	2011–	14	DMU	650 kW	TÜVASAŞ	Used for regional services
EMU
E22000	22001-22033	2010-2011	33	EMU		CAF	Used for İZBAN commuter rail
E22100	22001-22040	2012-2015	40	EMU		Hyundai Rotem	Used for İZBAN commuter rail
E23000	23001-23033	2009–????	33	EMU		EUROTEM	Başkentray commuter rail
E32000	32001-32054	2011–????	88	EMU		EUROTEM	Marmaray commuter rail
High-speed trains
HT65000	65001-65012	2007-10	12	EMU	4800 kW	CAF	TCDD high-speed train sets
HT80000	80001 & 80101-80106	2013–2021	19	EMU	8000 kW	Siemens	TCDD high-speed train sets

Railcars

Model	Picture	Numbers	Built	Number Built	Type	Power	Builder (Designer)	Notes
MT5700		5701-5730	1993	30	Railcar		Fiat	Used for regional services

Passenger cars

Model	Built	Type	Builder (Designer)
Regional Fleet	1972	Coach	TÜVASAŞ
Pullman Fleet	1980–90	Coach, Couchette, Diner, Generator	TÜVASAŞ
TVS2000	1992	Coach, Diner, Couchette, Sleeper, Generator	TÜVASAŞ