Banteay Srei
ប្រាសាទបន្ទាយស្រី
Religion
AffiliationHinduism
DeityShiva
Location
LocationAngkor
StateSiem Reap
CountryCambodia
Banteay Srei is located in Cambodia
Banteay Srei
Shown within Cambodia
Geographic coordinates13°35′56″N 103°57′46″E / 13.59889°N 103.96278°E / 13.59889; 103.96278
Architecture
TypeKhmer
CreatorYajnavaraha
Completed967

Banteay Srei (Khmer: បន្ទាយស្រី [ɓɑntiəj srəj]) is a 10th-century Hindu temple in Siem Reap, Cambodia dedicated to Shiva and Parvati. Located in the area of Angkor, it lies near the hill of Phnom Dei, 25 km (16 mi) north-east of the main group of temples that once belonged to the medieval capitals of Yaśodharapura and Angkor Thom.[1] Banteay Srei is built largely of red sandstone, a medium that lends itself to the elaborate decorative wall carvings which are still observable today. The buildings themselves are miniature in scale, unusually so when measured by the standards of Angkorian construction. These factors have made the temple extremely popular with tourists, and have led to its being widely praised as a "precious gem", or the "jewel of Khmer art".[2]

History

Foundation and dedication

"Bantãy Srĕi" ("Citadel of Women") is the modern name of a 10th-century Khmer temple originally called "Tribhuvanamaheśvara" ("Great Lord of the Threefold World"),[3] an appellation of the god Shiva.

Consecrated on 22 April 967 AD,[4] Bantãy Srĕi was the only major temple at Angkor not built by a monarch; its construction is credited to the courtiers named Vishnukumara and Yajnavaraha[5]: 367  / Yajñavarāha (modern Khmer: យជ្ញវរាហៈ), who served as a counsellor to king Rajendravarman II (modern Khmer: ព្រះបាទរាជេន្រ្ទវរ្ម័ន). The foundational stela says that Yajnavaraha, grandson of king Harsavarman I,[6]: 117  was a scholar and philanthropist who helped those who suffered from illness, injustice, or poverty.[7] His pupil was the future king Jayavarman V (r. 968 – ca. 1001). Originally, the temple was surrounded by a town called Īśvarapura.

Banteay Srei is known for the intricacy of its carvings. This carving is of a Kala, a mythical creature representative of time and of the god Siva.

Yajñavarāha's temple was primarily dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva. Originally, it carried the name Tribhuvanamaheśvara—great lord of the threefold world—in reference to the Shaivite linga that served as its central religious image.[8] However, the temple buildings appear to be divided along the central east–west axis between those buildings located south of the axis, which are devoted to Śiva, and those north of the axis, which are devoted to Vishnu.

It has been speculated that the temple's modern name, Bantãy Srĕi, is due to the many devatas carved into the red sandstone walls.

The temple's modern name, Bantãy Srĕi—citadel of the women, or citadel of beauty—is probably related to the intricacy of the bas relief carvings found on the walls and the tiny dimensions of the buildings themselves.[8] Some have speculated that it relates to the many devatas carved into the walls of the buildings.[9]

Expansion and rededication

Bantãy Srĕi was subject to further expansion and rebuilding work in the eleventh century.[10]: 96  At some point it came under the control of the king and had its original dedication changed; the inscription K 194 from Phnoṃ Sandak, dated Monday, the 14th or 28 July 1119 AD records (line B 13) the temple being given to the priest Divākarapaṇḍita and being rededicated to Shiva.[11] It remained in use at least until the fourteenth century according to the last known inscription K 569, dated Thursday, 8 August 1303 AD.[12]

Restoration

The temple was rediscovered in 1914 and was the subject of a celebrated case of art theft when André Malraux stole four devatas in 1923 (he was soon arrested, and the figures were returned).[13] The incident stimulated interest in the site, which was cleared the following year.

In the 1930s Banteay Srei was restored through the first important use of anastylosis at Angkor whereby a ruined building or monument is restored using the original architectural elements to the greatest degree possible. Until the discovery of the foundation stela in 1936, it had been assumed that the extreme decoration indicated a later date than was the case.[14]

To prevent the site from water damage, the joint Cambodian-Swiss Banteay Srei Conservation Project installed a drainage system between 2000 and 2003.[15] Measures were also taken to prevent damage to the temples walls from nearby trees.[16]

Unfortunately, the temple has been ravaged by pilfering and vandalism. When, toward the end of the 20th century, authorities removed some original statues and replaced them with concrete replicas, looters took to attacking the replicas. A statue of Shiva and his shakti Uma, removed to the National Museum in Phnom Penh for safekeeping, was assaulted in the museum itself.[17]

Materials and style

Banteay Srei is built largely of a hard red sandstone that can be carved like wood.[18] Brick and laterite were used only for the enclosure walls and some structural elements. The temple is known for the beauty of its sandstone lintels and pediments.

A pediment is the roughly triangular space above a rectangular doorway or openings. At Banteay Srei, pediments are relatively large in comparison to the openings below, and take a sweeping gabled shape. For the first time in the history of Khmer architecture, whole scenes of mythological subject-matter are depicted on the pediments.

A lintel is a horizontal beam spanning the gap between two posts. Some lintels serve a structural purpose, serving to support the weight of the superstructure, while others are purely decorative in purpose. The lintels at Banteay Srei are beautifully carved, rivalling those of the 9th century Preah Ko style in quality.

Many niches in the temple walls contain carvings of devatas or dvarapalas.

Noteworthy decorative motifs include the Kala (a toothy monster symbolic of time), the guardian dvarapala (an armed protector of the temple) and devata (demi-goddess), the false door, and the colonette.[19] Indeed, decorative carvings seem to cover almost every available surface. According to pioneering Angkor scholar Maurice Glaize, "Given the very particular charm of Banteay Srei – its remarkable state of preservation and the excellence of a near perfect ornamental technique – one should not hesitate, of all the monuments of the Angkor group, to give it the highest priority." At Banteay Srei, wrote Glaize, "the work relates more closely to the art of the goldsmith or to carving in wood than to sculpture in stone".[14]

The site

The site consists of three concentric rectangular enclosures constructed on an east–west axis. A causeway situated on the axis leads from an outer gopura, or gate, to the third or outermost of the three enclosures. The inner enclosure contains the sanctuary, consisting of an entrance chamber and three towers, as well as two buildings conventionally referred to as libraries.

The outer gopura

The gopura is all that remains of the outer wall surrounding the town of Isvapura. The wall is believed to have measured approximately 500 m square, and may have been constructed of wood. The gopura's eastern pediment shows Indra, who was associated with that direction, mounted on his three-headed elephant Airavata.[13] The 67 m causeway with the remains of corridors on either side connects the gopura with the third enclosure. North and south of this causeway are galleries with a north–south orientation.

The third (outer) enclosure

The pediment representing the fight between the asura brothers Sunda and Upasunda over the apsaras Tilottama is located in the Guimet Museum.[20]

The third enclosure is 95 by 110 m; it is surrounded by a laterite wall breached by gopuras at the eastern and western ends.[21] Neither pediment of the eastern gopura is in situ. The west-facing pediment is now located in the Guimet Museum in Paris.[20] It depicts a scene from the Mahabharata in which the asura brothers Sunda and Upasunda fight over the apsara Tilottama. The east-facing pediment is lying on the ground. It depicts a scene from the Ramayana in which a demon seizes Rama's wife Sita.[22] Most of the area within the third enclosure is occupied by a moat divided into two parts by causeways to the east and west.

The second enclosure

The second enclosure
The combat between Vali and Sugriva is depicted on the western gopura.
Shiva Nataraja is depicted on the eastern gopura of the inner enclosure wall.

The second enclosure sits between an outer laterite wall measuring 38 by 42 m, with gopuras at the eastern and western ends, and a brick inner enclosure wall, measuring 24 by 24 m.[21] The western gopura features an interesting bas relief depicting the duel of the monkey princes Vali and Sugriva, as well as Rama's intervention on Sugriva's behalf. The inner enclosure wall has collapsed, leaving a gopura at the eastern end and a brick shrine at the western. The eastern pediment of the gopura shows Shiva Nataraja; the west-facing pediment has an image of Karaikkal Ammaiyar, one of the three women saints amongst the sixty three Nayanmars (hounds of Shiva).[23] Likewise, the laterite galleries which once filled the second enclosure (one each to north and south, two each to east and west) have partially collapsed. A pediment on one of the galleries shows the lion-man Narasimha clawing the demon Hiranyakashipu.

The first (inner) enclosure

Between the gopuras on the collapsed inner wall are the buildings of the inner enclosure: a library in the south-east corner and another in the north-east corner, and in the centre the sanctuary set on a T-shaped platform 0.9 m high. Besides being the most extravagantly decorated parts of the temple, these have also been the most successfully restored (helped by the durability of their sandstone and their small scale). In 2010, the first enclosure is open to visitors again, but the inner temples are roped off and inaccessible.

The libraries

The intricate reliefs carving of red colored stone

The two libraries are of brick, laterite and sandstone. Each library has two pediments, one on the eastern side and one on the western. According to Maurice Glaize, the four library pediments, "representing the first appearance of tympanums with scenes, are works of the highest order. Superior in composition to any which followed, they show true craftsmanship in their modelling in a skilful blend of stylisation and realism."[24]

Another pediment shows the burning of Khandava Forest.

The east-facing pediment on the southern library shows Śiva seated on the summit of Mount Kailash, his mythological abode. His consort Parvati sits on his lap and clings anxiously to his torso. Other beings are also present on the slopes of the mountain, arranged in a strict hierarchy of three tiers from top to bottom. In the top tier sit bearded wise men and ascetics, in the middle tier mythological figures with the heads of animals and the bodies of humans, and in the bottom tier large animals, including a number of lions. In the middle of the scene stands the ten-headed demon king Ravana. He is shaking the mountain in its very foundations as the animals flee from his presence and as the wise men and mythological beings discuss the situation or pray. According to the legend, Shiva stopped Ravana from shaking the mountain by using his toe to press down on the mountain and to trap Ravana underneath for 1,000 years.[25]

The mandapa and central tower, seen from the northeast

The west-facing pediment on southern library shows Shiva again seated on the summit of Mount Kailash. He is looking to his left at the god of love kama, who is aiming an arrow at him. Uma sits to Shiva's right; he is handing her a chain of beads. The slopes of the mountain are crowded with other beings, again arranged in a strict hierarchy from top to bottom. Just under Shiva sits a group of bearded wise men and ascetics, under whom the second tier is occupied by the mythological beings with the heads of animals and the bodies of humans; the lowest tier belongs the common people, who mingle sociably with tame deer and a large gentle bull. According to the legend, kama fired an arrow at Shiva in order to cause Shiva to take an interest in Uma. Shiva, however, was greatly angered by this provocation, and punished kama by gazing upon him with his third eye, frying kama to cinders.[25]

The east-facing pediment on the northern library shows the god of the sky Indra creating rain to put out a forest fire started by the god of fire Agni for purposes of killing the Nāga king Takshaka who lived in Khandava Forest. The Mahabharata heroes Krishna and Arjuna are shown helping Agni by firing a dense hail of arrows to block Indra's rain. Takshaka's son Aśvasena is depicted attempting to escape from the conflagration, while other animals stampede about in panic.

The west-facing pediment on the northern library depicts Krishna slaying his wicked uncle Kamsa.[26]

The sanctuary

The sanctuary is entered from the east by a doorway only 1.08 m in height: inside is an entrance chamber (or mandapa) with a corbelled brick roof, then a short corridor leading to three towers to the west: the central tower is the tallest, at 9.8 m. Glaize notes the impression of delicacy given the towers by the antefixes on each of their tiers. The six stairways leading up to the platform were each guarded by two kneeling statues of human figures with animal heads; most of those now in place are replicas, the originals having been stolen or removed to museums.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Higham, The Civilization of Angkor, p.79.
  2. ↑ Glaize, The Monuments of the Angkor Group p. 183.
  3. ↑ mentioned in the inscription K 842 of the Foundation stela: see Inscriptions du Cambodge, Éditées et traduites par G[eorge] Cœdès. Vol. I, Hanoi 1937, pp. 147-157, line 20 of the Khmer portion
  4. ↑ Date in stanza XLIV of the inscription
  5. ↑ Higham, C., 2014, Early Mainland Southeast Asia, Bangkok: River Books Co., Ltd., ISBN 9786167339443
  6. ↑ Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans. Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
  7. ↑ Higham, The Civilization of Angkor, p.80.
  8. 1 2 Freeman and Jacques, Ancient Angkor p. 206.
  9. ↑ Jessup, Art & Architecture of Cambodia, p.101.
  10. ↑ Higham, C., 2001, The Civilization of Angkor, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, ISBN 9781842125847
  11. ↑ Cœdès & Dupont, 1943, pp. 141-150; Higham, The Civilization of Angkor, p. 114.
  12. ↑ see Finot / Parmentier / Goloubew 1926, pp. 79-82; Pou, Nouvelles inscriptions, II & III, pp. 166-171
  13. 1 2 Freeman and Jacques, Ancient Angkor, p. 207.
  14. 1 2 Glaize, The Monuments of the Angkor Group, p. 183.
  15. ↑ APSARA Authority, News 12 August 2005.
  16. ↑ APSARA Authority, Banteay Srei Conservation Project
  17. ↑ Jessup, Art & Architecture of Cambodia, p.104.
  18. ↑ Glaize, Monuments of the Angkor Group, p.183.
  19. ↑ Mannikka, Banteay Srei Archived 19 October 2005 at the Wayback Machine
  20. 1 2 BAPTISTE Pierre & ZEPHIR Thierry, L'art khmer dans les collections du musée Guimet, Réunion des musées nationaux, Paris, 2008
  21. 1 2 Glaize, Monuments of the Angkor Group, p.184.
  22. ↑ Freeman and Jacques, Ancient Angkor, p. 209.
  23. ↑ "Across space and time". The Hindu. 29 March 2009 – via www.thehindu.com.
  24. ↑ Glaize, The Monuments of the Angkor Group, p. 187.
  25. 1 2 Roveda, Khmer Mythology, p.34.
  26. ↑ Roveda, Khmer Mythology, p. 44.

Bibliography

  • Albanese, Marilia (2006). The Treasures of Angkor (Paperback). Vercelli: White Star Publishers. ISBN 88-544-0117-X.
  • Cœdès, George / Dupont, Pierre: «Les stèles de Sdŏk Kăk Thoṃ, Phnoṃ Sandak et Práḥ Vihằr», BEFEO XLIII, 1943, pp. 56–154.
  • Finot, Louis / Parmentier, Henri / Goloubew, Victor: Le temple d’Īçvarapura, Paris: G. Vanoest, 1926 (Mémoires archéologiques I).
  • Freeman, Michael; Jacques, Claude (2003). Ancient Angkor (Paperback). Bangkok: River Books. ISBN 974-8225-27-5.
  • Glaize, Maurice (2003 edition of an English translation of the 1993 French fourth edition). The Monuments of the Angkor Group. Retrieved 14 July 2005.
  • Higham, Charles (2001). The Civilization of Angkor. Phoenix. ISBN 1-84212-584-2.
  • Inscriptions du Cambodge Éditées et traduites par G[eorge] Cœdès. Vol. I, Hanoi, 1937.
  • Jessup, Helen Ibbetson (2004). Art & Architecture of Cambodia. Thames & Hudson. pp. 99–104.
  • Polkinghorne, Martin (2008). Khmer decorative lintels and the allocation of artistic labour, in Arts Asiatiques 63: 21–35.
  • Roveda, Vittorio (1997). Khmer Mythology: Secrets of Angkor. New York: Weatherhill (this work should be used with caution. While it is thorough in its treatment of Angkorian representational art, and contains many useful photographs, it is sometimes inaccurate in its characterization of the underlying Indian myths, and does not reflect a thorough investigation of sources for those myths).
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