Bawtry Wharf
Location
CountryEngland
LocationBawtry, West Riding of Yorkshire
(modern day South Yorkshire, see note)
Coordinates53°25′49″N 1°01′00″W / 53.4302°N 1.0166°W / 53.4302; -1.0166
OS GridrefSK654930
Details
Openedc. 1200
Closedc. 1857
Type of harbourRiver Basin

Bawtry Wharf was a small Medieval port in the town of Bawtry, West Riding of Yorkshire, England.[note 1] The port operated from a wharf on the River Idle, a small body of water that flowed eastwards inland from Bawtry to the River Trent, and was navigable to sailing ships. Bawtry Wharf flourished as a port from the 12th century until the middle of the 19th century. Whilst the port was in a decline by the early 19th century, the building of a railway viaduct near the town necessitated diverting the River Idle which isolated the port from the main river stem, and the site silted up after losing its water.

Daniel Defoe described Bawtry port as "the centre of exportation for all of the country."

History

Bawtry was first recorded in 1199, as being built on the waste[note 2] of Austerfield, a village to the north-east of Bawtry, which held the mother church in the area.[3] Bawtry is described as having a port in a document from 1276, with wool and lead being its chief exports, although it is thought to have existed as a port a century back, and possibly even to Roman times.[4] The location of the wharf was on the eastern side of the town, where the land slopes down towards the river. The position of the church in this lower part of Bawtry, suggests that the port developed before the main part of the town did, with Bawtry expanding westwards from the 13th century onwards.[5][6] The port is thought to have led to some affluence in the area, and grand Georgian houses on Wharf street are said to have been built for the merchants and traders at the port. During the latter part of the 13th century, and the early part of the 14th, Bawtry recorded a river port trade commensurate with, or greater than, Beverley and Tadcaster. It was during this time that it was possibly the third busiest inland port in England.[7] During the 13th century, consignments of wool, grain and lead were exported through Bawtry. Ports of trans-shipment included Hull and Grimsby.[8]

Downstream from Bawtry, the river travels a distance of 10.9 miles (17.5 km) before reaching Stockwith, where it spills into the Trent.[9] From Stockwith to the mouth of the Trent into the Humber, is 21 miles (34 km).[10] In the 19th century, boats plying their trade along the river were typically 48 feet (15 m) long, and were able to carry loads of 12–24 tonnes (13–26 tons).[11]

The hinterland of the port had great importance during the Second Anglo-Dutch War, as it proved to be an easy route to transport timber to the Royal Navy shipyards in the south at Chatham and Woolwich. However, a great deal of the felled timber rotted at the port of Bawtry and that at Stockwith (on the Trent, a trans-shipment point) as the organisers faced logistical challenges in exporting the commodity.[12] Other timber carried from the port included a consignment of oak in 1695, which was floated downriver from Bawtry bound for use in St Paul's Cathedral, London. The timber originated form an estate in Welbeck, Nottinghamshire. Smaller timber went by track straight to Stockwith, but "ten long trees could not be sent by land carriage".[13][14]

Daniel Defoe visited Bawtry in the 1720s and described the port as being "..on the little and pleasant River Idle [which] has become the centre of exportation for all of the country."[15][16] Defoe noted that exports through the wharf were of lead from Derbyshire, pig iron from Sheffield, cloth from West Yorkshire, and Derbyshire millstones bound for Hull, London and the Netherlands.[17] Imports consisted of iron ore, timber, groceries, copper tin, hemp, leather hides and flax.[18][19] However, as the local iron ores around Sheffield had a high phosphorus percentage making them good for wrought iron, but not steel, inwards shipments of iron ore from Sweden were handled at Bawtry too.[20] George Talbot, the Earl of Shrewsbury, owned a warehouse at Bawtry wharf and was exporting about 100 tonnes (110 tons) of lead per year, whilst also importing Spanish steel for Sheffield.[21] The transport of lead from the Derbyshire smelters helped to accelerate road-building in the area, and many of the routes taken to Bawtry by the lead were turnpiked between 1756 and 1766.[22] The "considerable" distance (20 miles (32 km)) and cost of transportation of goods from Sheffield to Bawtry prompted the investigation into making the River Don Navigable, which had been achieved by the middle of the 18th century and much of the traffic from Sheffield had been diverted away from Bawtry.[23] The cost of transporting goods on the open sea via the Humber to Stockwith was 0.25d per mile, which rose to 3d for the trans-shipment and forwarding to Bawtry, and then it cost 10d by road to the Sheffield area.[24]

An act was passed in 1719 (under George I), to make the river from Bawtry southwards to East Retford navigable.[25] The burgesses and wharf owners in Bawtry did not object to this act, whereas they had done to proposed acts for improving the rivers to other inland ports such as Doncaster and those on the River Derwent, though there is some doubt as to whether the act was carried out.[26] In the 1830s, coal was being forwarded in to feed the gasworks adjacent to the wharf basin, and one of the wharf-keepers was running a passenger steam-packet service to Gainsborough.[27]

Traffic through the port started to decrease in the 1760s when the River Don was canalised to Rotherham, Tinsley and finally Sheffield. Previously, metal products from Sheffield and Hallamshire had been exported through Bawtry.[28] The Chesterfield Canal was also a factor in Bawtry's demise; it opened in 1777, and ran via Retford straight to Stockwith, cutting out Bawtry completely,[17] although early surveys initially called for a waterway that connected into the River Idle at Bawtry.[29] As the maritime trade and traffic was declining, the importance of Bawtry as a coaching town on the Great North Road was gaining significant trade.[30]

Although the port was in a long slow decline by the arrival of the railways (it was described as being "inconsiderable" in 1813),[31] the waters of the River Idle were diverted away from the town in 1857 when the Great Northern Railway built a stone viaduct across the marshy ground to the east of Bawtry (replacing an earlier wooden one).[32] At the same time they dug a new cut for the river, a straight channel 980 feet (300 m) to the east, which bypassed the wharf.[33][34] The right of navigation on the Idle still exists as far upstream as Bawtry,[9] and a warehouse likely to have been a storage area for the port still exists on Wharf Street.[27]

Notes

  1. ↑ Bawtry was originally in Nottinghamshire, but was moved into Yorkshire c. the 13th century. Originally in the West Riding of Yorkshire (in the wapentake of Lower Strafforth) but was moved into South Yorkshire in 1974.[1]
  2. ↑ An area within the Domesday Book that was described as Waste was an area that was untaxed, or unoccupied.[2]

References

  1. ↑ Hey 1979, p. 58.
  2. ↑ "Hull Domesday Project - waste". www.domesdaybook.net. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
  3. ↑ Beresford 1988, pp. 136, 639.
  4. ↑ Hey 1979, p. 59.
  5. ↑ Gardiner, Mark (2007). "4: Hythes, Small Ports, and Other Landing Places in Later Medieval England". In Blair, John (ed.). Waterways and canal-building in medieval England. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 108. ISBN 9780199217151.
  6. ↑ Beresford 1988, p. 522.
  7. ↑ Langdon, John (2007). "5: The Efficiency of Inland Water Transport". In Blair, John (ed.). Waterways and canal-building in medieval England. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 113. ISBN 9780199217151.
  8. ↑ Edwards, James Frederick (1987). The transport system of medieval England and Wales : a geographical synthesis (Thesis). University of Salford. p. 190. OCLC 63663717.
  9. 1 2 "River Idle". waterways.org.uk. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  10. ↑ Pratt, Edward (1912). A History of Inland Transport and Communication in England. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. p. 123. OCLC 3808476.
  11. ↑ Peck, William J. F. (1813). A topographical history and description of Bawtry and Thorne, with the villages adjacent. London: Rivingtons. p. 10. OCLC 58561205.
  12. ↑ Morrison, Sara (2007). "7: Forests of Masts and Seas of Trees; the English Royal Forest and the Restoration Navy". In Rhoden, Nancy L. (ed.). English Atlantics revisited : essays honouring Professor Ian K. Steele. Montreal: McGill Queens University Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-7735-3219-9.
  13. ↑ Pierce, W. M. (7 March 1923). "St Paul's Oak from Welbeck". The Times. No. 43283. Column F. p. 13. ISSN 0140-0460.
  14. ↑ "Nottinghamshire history > The Dukery, and Sherwood Forest, (1875)". www.nottshistory.org.uk. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
  15. ↑ Rogers, Pat (August 2019). "Road-testing the first turnpikes. The enduring value of Daniel Defoe's account of English highways". The Journal of Transport History. 40 (2): 211–231. doi:10.1177/0022526619828326. S2CID 187248619.
  16. ↑ Nicholson, Graham (1988). The village in England : history and tradition. New York: Rizzoli. p. 95. ISBN 0847809560.
  17. 1 2 Tuffrey, Peter (11 January 2022). "By horse-drawn coach, barge or train". The Yorkshire Post. p. 18. ISSN 0963-1496.
  18. ↑ Porteous 1977, p. 6.
  19. ↑ Hey 1979, p. 125.
  20. ↑ Eden, Robert Arthur (1975) [1957]. Geology of the country around Sheffield (one-inch geological sheet 100, new series) (2 ed.). London: HMSO. p. 4. ISBN 0-11-880678-5.
  21. ↑ Hey 1979, p. 120.
  22. ↑ Burt, Roger (August 1969). "Lead Production in England and Wales, 1700-1770". The Economic History Review. Wiley. 22 (2): 251. doi:10.2307/2593770. ISSN 0013-0117. JSTOR 2593770.
  23. ↑ Ashton, Thomas Southcliffe (1963). Iron and steel in the industrial revolution. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 246. OCLC 493307018.
  24. ↑ Barraclough, K. C. (1984). "2: The History of Sheffield Steelmaking to 1884". In Beech, J. (ed.). Perspectives in metallurgical development. London: Metals Society. p. 30. ISBN 0904357716.
  25. ↑ The statutes at large from the first year of the reign of King George the first, to the ninth year of the reign of King George the second : to which is prefixed a table of the titles of all the publick and private statutes during that time. Volume the fifth. London: Charles Evans Andrew. 1786. p. 17. OCLC 9544227245.
  26. ↑ Willan, T. S. (September 1937). "Yorkshire River Navigation 1600-1750". Geography. Taylor & Francis. 22 (3): 192. ISSN 0016-7487.
  27. 1 2 Newton, Grace (19 February 2023). "How Bawtry Wharf - Yorkshire's 12th-century inland port - could finally get listed protection over 100 years after it vanished from the landscape". The Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
  28. ↑ Baines, Thomas (1870). Yorkshire, past and present : a history and a description of the three ridings of the great County of York, from the earliest ages to the year 1870 ; with an account of its manufactures, commerce, and civil and mechanical engineering. 4, Div. 4. London: Mackenzie. p. 647. OCLC 907849212.
  29. ↑ "A Brief History of the Chesterfield Canal". chesterfield-canal-trust.org.uk. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
  30. ↑ "Bawtry Neighbourhood plan" (PDF). dmbcwebstolive01.blob.core.windows.net. November 2019. p. 10. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  31. ↑ Porteous 1977, p. 32.
  32. ↑ "View map: Ordnance Survey, Yorkshire 291 (includes: Harworth; Tickhill.) - Ordnance Survey Six-inch England and Wales, 1842-1952". maps.nls.uk. Retrieved 6 March 2023. Bawtry showing the wharf and wooden viaduct top right
  33. ↑ Hey, David (2015). A History of the South Yorkshire Countryside. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword. p. 134. ISBN 9781473834354.
  34. ↑ Newton, Grace (3 March 2023). "Fighting for heritage of port now lost to history". The Yorkshire Post. p. 14. ISSN 0963-1496.

Sources

  • Beresford, M. W. (1988). New towns of the Middle Ages : town plantation in England, Wales, and Gascony. Gloucester: A. Sutton. ISBN 0862994306.
  • Hey, David (1979). The making of South Yorkshire. Ashbourne: Moorland Pub. ISBN 0903485443.
  • Porteous, J. Douglas (1977). Canal ports : the urban achievement of the Canal Age. London: Academic Press. ISBN 0125619502.
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