The Berlin School of Experimental Psychology was founded by Carl Stumpf, a pupil of Franz Brentano and Hermann Lotze and a professor at the University of Berlin, in 1893. It adhered to the method of experimental phenomenology, which understood it as the science of phenomena.[1] It is also noted as the originator of Gestalt psychology.[2] Noted members include Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Köhler.[3]

History

Stumpf founded the Berlin Laboratory of Experimental Psychology in 1893. The institute, which is also known as the school of Gestalt psychology, was part of the University of Berlin.[4] It was a refinement of Brentano's neo-Aristotelian theory or the study of phenomena's qualitative properties.[1] After the German revolution, the Berlin laboratory relocated to a wing of the former Imperial Palace.[5] This marked the expansion of the Berlin school after it was forced to reduce its operations during the war.[5] The new facility, which was also supported by the Society for Experimental Psychology, focused on applied work and incorporated its own laboratory so that it became an expanded university institute.[5] Stumpf was the chair of the institute for 26 years. He was succeeded by Wolfgang Köhler.[4]

Stumpf influenced his pupils[6] such as Wertheimer, Koffka, Köhler, and Kurt Lewin, and these contributed to the school's development.[7] Lewin, for instance, developed a set of models and ideas linked to change management theory and practice.[8] These psychologists further refined Stumpf's work, which facilitated experimental investigation that culminated in the development of Gestalt psychology.[1] These psychologists stressed the primacy of objects as units of experience, instead of sensations.[9]

Only after Köhler took over the direction of the psychology institute in 1922 did the Berlin School effectively become a school for Gestalt psychology.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Hipólito, Inês; Gonçalves, Jorge; Pereira, João G. (2018). Schizophrenia and Common Sense: Explaining the Relation Between Madness and Social Values. Cham: Springer. p. 61. ISBN 978-3-319-73992-2.
  2. ↑ Piaget, Jean; Fraisse, Paul; Reuchlin, Maurice (2014). Experimental Psychology Its Scope and Method: Volume I (Psychology Revivals): History and Method. New York: Psychology Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-317-63058-6.
  3. ↑ Nannicelli, Ted; Pérez, Héctor J. (2021). Cognition, Emotion, and Aesthetics in Contemporary Serial Television. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-47881-5.
  4. 1 2 Henley, Tracy (2018). Hergenhahn's An Introduction to the History of Psychology. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. p. 260. ISBN 978-1-337-56415-1.
  5. 1 2 3 Ash, Mitchell G. (1998). Gestalt Psychology in German Culture, 1890-1967: Holism and the Quest for Objectivity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 205. ISBN 0-521-47540-6.
  6. ↑ Bachmann, Talis (2000). Microgenetic Approach to the Conscious Mind. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 23. ISBN 978-90-272-5145-9.
  7. ↑ Blunden, Andy (2012). Concepts: A Critical Approach. Leiden: BRILL. p. 203. ISBN 978-90-04-22848-1.
  8. ↑ Stokes, Peter (2011). Critical Concepts in Management and Organization Studies: Key Terms and Concepts. Macmillan International Higher Education. ISBN 978-0-230-34431-0.
  9. ↑ Stevens' Handbook of Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Sensation, Perception, and Attention. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. 2018. ISBN 978-1-119-17407-3.
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