The Blue Mosque of Tabriz
Religion
AffiliationIslam
ProvinceEast Azerbaijan Province
Location
LocationTabriz, Iran
MunicipalityTabriz County
Blue Mosque, Tabriz is located in Iran
Blue Mosque, Tabriz
Shown within Iran
Geographic coordinates38°04′24.91″N 46°18′03.88″E / 38.0735861°N 46.3010778°E / 38.0735861; 46.3010778
Architecture
TypeMosque
Completed1465
The Blue Mosque as it stood in 1840 (Pascal Coste)
exterior view of Blue Mosque, Tabriz

The Blue Mosque (Persian: مسجد کبود, romanized: Masjed-e Kabūd)[1] is a historic mosque in Tabriz, Iran. The mosque and some other public buildings were constructed in 1465 upon the order of Jahan Shah, the ruler of Kara Koyunlu.[2]

vault corridors of Blue Mosque, Tabriz

The mosque was severely damaged in an earthquake in 1780,[3] leaving only the iwan (entrance hall).[4] Reconstruction began in 1973 by Reza Memaran Benam under the supervision of Iranian Ministry of Culture. However, it is still incomplete.

interior view of main hall, Blue Mosque, Tabriz, Iran

History

Plan of the Blue Mosque reconstruction.

The Blue mosque of Tabriz was built upon the order of Jahan Shah, the ruler of the Kara Koyunlu.[2] Jahan Shah's wife, Khatun Jan Begum (died 1469), established the endowment (vaqf) for the mosque's construction.[5] However, just a few years later, Jahan Shah and his Kara Koyunlu were toppled by Uzun Hassan of the Ak Koyunlu, and Tabriz was taken.[5] Jahan Shah's daughter, Saleha Khatun, oversaw the rest of the construction work by the new rulers.[5] During the reign of Yaqub bin Uzun Hasan, "the cupola of the mosque's mausoleum as well as its main parts were completed".[5] Sandra Aube adds: "A few details from the mausoleum’s interior, such as alabaster pieces from the wall panels and the main prayer niche (meḥrāb), reveal that the mausoleum was never completely finished (Golombek and Wilber, p. 407; Aube, p. 248)".[5]

Though the mausoleum was never completed, when the Safavids assumed control over Tabriz and made it their capital, the Blue Mosque itself served the new rulers as a mosque during the first half of the 16th century.[5] In 1514, after the Safavids were defeated at the decisive Battle of Chaldiran, the Ottomans occupied and looted Tabriz, including the Blue Mosque.[5] Aube notes that at least eight carpets were looted by the Turks and taken to Istanbul.[5] Aube notes that even though it is not known whether the Turks attacked the structure itself during the capture and occupation of the Blue Mosque, several earthquakes did damage the building between the 16th and 18th centuries.[5] It was especially severely damaged by the earthquake of 1780.[3][5] However, in the 17th century, the Blue Mosque was already reportedly "completely destroyed and abandoned".[5] In the 19th century, the local people of Tabriz looted the building's ruins.[5] In the 20th century, during the Pahlavi era, the mosque was finally rebuilt.[5]

Calligraphy

The Kufic, and Thuluth scripts, the arabesque patterns, and the choramatic compositions of these facades, were created by Nematollah-ben-Mohammad-ol-Bavab, the calligrapher.

See also

References

Sources

  • Aube, Sandra (2011). "TABRIZ x. MONUMENTS x(1). The Blue Mosque". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
  • Melville, Charles (1981). "Historical Monuments and Earthquakes in Tabriz". Iran. 19: 159–77. doi:10.2307/4299714. JSTOR 4299714.
  • Miller, Isabel (2021). "Blue Mosque of Tabrīz". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831.
  • Newman, Andrew J (2006). Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire. I.B. Tauris.
  • Berberian, Manuel (2014). Shroder Jr., J.F. (ed.). Earthquakes and Coseismic Surface Faulting on the Iranian Plateau. Vol. 17. Elsevier.
  • Persian Bulletin of Blue Mosque, Iranian Cultural Heritages Organization.

Further reading

  • Aube, Sandra (2016). "The Uzun Hasan Mosque in Tabriz: New Perspectives on a Tabrizi Ceramic Tile Workshop". Muqarnas Online. 33 (1): 33–62. doi:10.1163/22118993_03301P004.

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