Brunei joined ASEAN on 7 January 1984, one week after resuming full independence, and gives its ASEAN membership the highest priority in its foreign relations. Brunei joined the United Nations in September 1984. It is also a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum and the Commonwealth of Nations. Brunei hosted the APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting in November 2000. In 2005 it attended the inaugural East Asia Summit.

Brunei has a number of diplomatic missions abroad and has close relations with Singapore, sharing an interchangeable currency regime as well as close military relations with the latter island-state. Aside from relations with other ASEAN states, of which the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia are key partners, Brunei also has extensive relations with the Muslim world and the Arab world outside its own region.

International organizations

Brunei became a member state of the Commonwealth in 1984,[1] ASEAN and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation in 1984,[2] the 159th United Nations member on 21 September 1985,[3] a major player in BIMP-EAGA in 1994,[4] and a founding member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995.[5] Since 2009, Brunei and the Philippines signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) that seeks to strengthen the bilateral co-operation of the two countries in the fields of agriculture and farm-related trade and investments.[6]

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Brunei maintains diplomatic relations with:

#CountryDate
1  Australia 1 January 1984[7]
2  Canada 1 January 1984[8]
3  Chile 1 January 1984[9]
4  Indonesia 1 January 1984[10]
5  Malaysia 1 January 1984[11]
6  Philippines 1 January 1984[12]
7  Singapore 1 January 1984[13]
8  South Korea 1 January 1984[14]
9  Thailand 1 January 1984[15]
10  Germany 30 January 1984[16]
11    Nepal 3 February 1984[17]
12  Pakistan 9 February 1984[18]
13  United States 10 March 1984[19]
14  United Kingdom 14 March 1984[20]
15  Oman 24 March 1984[18]
16  Maldives 31 March 1984[21]
17  Japan 2 April 1984[18]
18  Sri Lanka 3 April 1984[22]
19  Papua New Guinea 1 May 1984[18]
20  Egypt 2 May 1984[18]
21  Belgium 3 May 1984[18]
22  Bangladesh 5 May 1984[18]
23  New Zealand 5 May 1984[18]
24  France 8 May 1984[18]
25  India 10 May 1984[18]
26  Brazil 8 June 1984[23]
27  Turkey 27 June 1984[18]
28  Spain June 1984[24]
29  Norway 12 October 1984[25]
30  Yemen 28 December 1984[26]
31   Switzerland 1984[27]
32  Jordan 18 February 1985[18]
33  Netherlands 27 April 1985[28]
34  Austria 2 December 1985[29]
35  Greece 6 May 1986[29]
36  Ireland 6 May 1986[29]
37  Malta 15 August 1986[30]
38  Saudi Arabia 1 July 1987[18]
39  Morocco 28 May 1988[18]
40  Bahrain 24 September 1988[18]
41  Finland 11 November 1988[31]
42  Italy 2 November 1989[32]
43  Denmark 6 February 1990[33]
44  Iran 1 May 1990[18]
45  Iraq 1 May 1990[34]
46  Kuwait 1 May 1990[18]
47  Tonga 1 May 1990[35]
48  Tunisia 1 May 1990[36]
49  Peru 1 June 1990[37]
50  Guyana 20 June 1990[38]
51  Mauritius 2 July 1990[39]
52  China 30 September 1991[40]
53  Russia 1 October 1991[40]
54  Mexico 2 October 1991[40]
55  Qatar 2 October 1991[40]
56  Senegal 25 November 1991[40]
57  Ghana 10 December 1991[41]
58  Honduras 20 December 1991[40]
59  Burkina Faso 21 January 1992[40]
60  Hungary 21 January 1992[40]
61  Federated States of Micronesia 23 February 1992[42]
62  Vietnam 29 February 1992[18]
63  Czech Republic 2 March 1992[40]
64  Colombia 24 March 1992[43]
65  Argentina 24 April 1992[44]
66  Mongolia 18 May 1992[45]
67  Solomon Islands 21 May 1992[40]
68  United Arab Emirates 28 May 1992[40]
69  Cambodia 9 June 1992[18]
70  San Marino 10 June 1992[46]
71  Madagascar 20 October 1992[40]
72  Nigeria 1 December 1992[47]
73  Laos 27 July 1993[18]
74  Myanmar 21 September 1993[40]
75  Bosnia and Herzegovina 25 January 1994[48]
76  Albania 27 January 1994[49]
77  Benin 1 March 1994[50]
78  Bulgaria 14 April 1994[40]
79  Costa Rica 14 April 1994[40]
80  Romania 15 April 1994[40]
81  Lebanon 18 May 1994[51]
—  State of Palestine 3 June 1994[52]
82  Ivory Coast 3 June 1994[52]
83  Guinea-Bissau 3 June 1994[52]
84  Zimbabwe 7 September 1994[53]
85  Uruguay 19 September 1994[40]
86  Mali 20 October 1994[53]
87  Algeria 24 January 1995[54]
88  Sierra Leone 10 July 1995[40]
89  Azerbaijan 24 November 1995[18]
90  Marshall Islands 17 January 1996[55]
91  Kyrgyzstan 15 March 1996[40]
92  Poland 20 March 1996[40]
93  Portugal 22 March 1996[40]
94  Panama 28 March 1996[40]
95  Paraguay 8 April 1996[40]
96  Slovakia 4 June 1996[40]
97  Mozambique 18 June 1996[40]
98  Uzbekistan 20 June 1996[56]
99  Namibia 27 June 1996[40]
100  South Africa 4 October 1996[57]
101  Cuba 4 April 1997[58]
102  Slovenia 28 April 1997[59]
103  Ukraine 3 October 1997[40]
104  Croatia 1 May 1998[40]
105  Nicaragua July 1998[60]
106  Sudan August 1998[60]
107  North Korea 7 January 1999[61]
108  Comoros 16 February 1999[40]
109  Suriname 22 February 1999[62]
110  Turkmenistan 22 February 1999[63]
111  Lesotho 30 March 2000[64]
112  Republic of Congo 15 May 2000[40]
113  Kazakhstan 14 June 2000[40]
114  Latvia 14 July 2000[65]
115  El Salvador 28 August 2000[40]
116  Tanzania 6 October 2000[50]
117  Malawi 11 October 2000[66]
118  Ecuador 19 March 2001[40]
119  Lithuania 27 April 2001[67]
120  Armenia 15 April 2002[68]
121  East Timor 20 May 2002[69]
122  Belarus 4 November 2002[40]
123  Togo 3 December 2002[70]
124  Zambia 3 February 2003[40]
125  Luxembourg 18 July 2003[40]
126  Uganda 21 October 2003[40]
127  Eritrea 13 May 2004[40]
128  Tajikistan 2 June 2004[40]
129  Guatemala 30 June 2004[40]
130  Venezuela 13 July 2005[40]
131  Samoa 8 February 2006[71]
132  Iceland 27 April 2006[40]
133  Estonia 1 May 2006[72]
134  Angola 18 October 2006[40]
135  Moldova 18 October 2006[40]
136  Afghanistan 14 February 2007[73]
137  North Macedonia 1 August 2007[74]
138  Kenya 11 August 2008[75]
139  Grenada 29 January 2009[40]
140  Trinidad and Tobago 24 November 2009[40]
141  Antigua and Barbuda 21 December 2009[40]
142  Montenegro 18 January 2010[40]
143  Georgia 1 March 2010[40]
144  Dominican Republic 10 August 2010[76]
145  Fiji 25 April 2011[40]
146  Andorra 16 June 2011[40]
147  Jamaica 20 June 2011[40]
148  Monaco 22 June 2011[77]
149  Liechtenstein 25 November 2011[78]
150  Serbia 5 December 2011[40]
151  Palau 16 December 2011[79]
152  Djibouti 9 November 2012[80]
153  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 27 May 2015[40]
154  Gambia 21 January 2016[81]
155  Kiribati 26 January 2016[82]
156  Bahamas 21 November 2016[40]
—  Kosovo 20 February 2017[83]
157  Saint Kitts and Nevis 21 February 2017[40]
158  Dominica 22 January 2020[40]
159  Rwanda 9 December 2020[40]
160  Chad Unknown
161  Cyprus Unknown
162  Eswatini Unknown
163  Gabon Unknown
164  Guinea Unknown
165  Mauritania Unknown
166  Niger Unknown
167  Libya Unknown
168  Seychelles Unknown
169  Sweden Unknown
170  Syria Unknown

Bilateral relations

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Australia1 January 1984

Australia and Brunei Darussalam enjoy a warm, and increasingly diverse bilateral relationship. Australian servicemen liberated Brunei from Japanese occupation in June 1945. A memorial marking this event can be found at Muara Beach and is the venue for the annual ANZAC Day ceremony organised by the High Commission. Both countries are also participating in the Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations which commenced in 2010, with participants aiming to conclude an agreement which will serve as a building block for Asia Pacific economic integration.

Brunei has a High Commission in Canberra, and Australia has a High Commission in Bandar Seri Begawan.[84] Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Relations between the two countries were established in 1984 when Australia became one of the first countries to establish diplomatic relations with Brunei.[84][85][86]

 Cambodia9 June 1992

Brunei has an embassy in Phnom Penh, and Cambodia has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.[87] Relations were established on 9 June 1992.[87]

 Canada1 January 1984

Canada established diplomatic relations with Brunei Darussalam on 7 May 1984, following Brunei's independence.[88][89] Brunei has a High Commission in Ottawa, and Canada has a High Commission in Bandar Seri Begawan.[89] Like Brunei, Canada is a full member of the Commonwealth of Nations..

 China30 September 1991Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 September 1991

Brunei has an embassy in Beijing, and China has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.[90] Relations can be traced back to over 2,000 years ago as early as the Western Han periods.[91]

 France8 May 1984

Brunei has an embassy in Paris, and France has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.[92] Relations between the two countries has been established since 8 May 1984.[92]

 Germany30 January 1984

Brunei has an embassy in Berlin, and Germany has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.[93] Relations between the two countries has been established since 1 May 1984.[93][94]

 India10 May 1984

Brunei has a High Commission in New Delhi, and India has a High Commission in Bandar Seri Begawan.[95] Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Relations have been established since 10 May 1984.[95]

 Indonesia1 January 1984

Republic of Indonesia established diplomatic relations with Brunei Darussalam on 1 January 1984.[96]

 Iran1 May 1990
 Japan2 April 1984
Embassy of Japan in Bandar Seri Begawan

Brunei has an embassy in Tokyo, and Japan has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.[97] Relations were established on 2 April 1984.[97]

 Laos27 July 1993

Brunei has an embassy in Vientiane, and Laos has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.[98] Relations were established on 27 July 1993.[98]

 Malaysia1 January 1984

Both countries established diplomatic relations since January 1984 with Brunei has a High Commission in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has a High Commission in Bandar Seri Begawan.[99] Like Brunei, Malaysia is a full member of the Commonwealth of Nations.

 Mexico2 October 1991Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 October 1991
  • Brunei is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C.[100]
  • Mexico is accredited to Brunei from its embassy in Singapore.[101]
 Myanmar21 September 1993Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 September 1993

Brunei has an embassy in Yangon, and Myanmar has an embassy in Gadong.[102] Relations were established on 21 September 1993.[102]

 New Zealand5 May 1984

The Bruneian High Commission in Kuala Lumpur is accredited to New Zealand, while the New Zealand High Commission in Kuala Lumpur is cross-accredited to Brunei.[103] Relations has been established since 5 May 1984 and have always been friendly and positive with such co-operation in education trade and defence.[104]

 North Korea7 January 1999

In August 2013 Brunei's Foreign Affairs and Vice-Minister, Prince Mohamed Bolkiah arrived in Pyongyang. Brunei is represented in North Korea, through its embassy in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

North Korea established diplomatic relations with Brunei on 7 January 1999.[105]

 Oman24 March 1984

Brunei has an embassy in Muscat, and Oman has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.[106] Relations has been established since 24 March 1984.[106]

 Pakistan9 February 1984

Pakistan has a High Commission in Bandar Seri Begawan and Brunei has a High Commission in Islamabad. Pakistan initially hesitated to recognise the country at first since its close relations with Malaysia which what they considered as part of the Federation of Malaysia but later established relations on 9 February 1984 when Malaysia established relations with the country.[107]

 Philippines1 January 1984

Relations between Brunei and the natives of a then divided Philippines under a classical era started since the 10th to 13th centuries and continued even under the colonial regimes. Relations continued through the Sultanate of Sulu. Post World War II relations between the two countries has been re-established since January 1984.[108] In April 2009, Brunei and The Philippines signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) that seeks to strengthen the bilateral co-operation of the two countries in the fields of agriculture and farm-related trade and investments.[109] The MOU further strengthened bilateral co-operation between the two Southeast Asian countries, particularly in the fields of agriculture and farm-related trade and investments.[110] The two countries have agreed to co-operate in plant science, crops technology, vegetable and fruit preservation, biotechnology, post-harvest technology, livestock, organic agriculture, irrigation and water resources and Halal industry. Brunei is viewed by the Philippines as a key ASEAN and Islamic ally. While Brunei view the Philippines as an ASEAN and Christian ally with a Muslim minority. [111]

 Qatar2 October 1991Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 October 1991

Brunei has an embassy in Doha, and Qatar has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.[112]

 Russia1 October 1991Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1991

Brunei maintains an embassy in Moscow, the Russian embassy in Brunei was established in March 2010.

 Singapore1 January 1984

The official relations between the two countries have been established since 1984.[113] Brunei and Singapore agreed to have Singapore train its armed forces with Brunei. Like Brunei, Singapore is a full member of the Commonwealth of Nations.

Brunei and Singapore have a currency agreement that the currencies of both countries can be used in either of the two countries. The Brunei dollar and the Singapore dollar are maintained at par.

In August 2005, Brunei's Foreign Affairs and Trade Minister, Prince Mohamed Bolkiah arrived in Singapore for a three-day visit during which the two countries signed an agreement to eliminate double taxation, paving the way for further bilateral trade and investment.[114]

The Royal Brunei Navy and the Republic of Singapore Navy conduct an annual Exercise Pelican signifying strong ties between the two navies.

 South Korea1 January 1984

Brunei has an embassy in Seoul, and South Korea has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.[115] South Korea established diplomatic relations with Brunei on 1 June 1984 right after the country gained independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January on that year.[115][116]

 Thailand1 January 1984

Brunei has an embassy in Bangkok, and Thailand has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.[117] The relations have always been close and cordial.[118]

 United Kingdom

In 1888, Brunei became a British protectorate, gaining its independence from British protection less than 100 years later in 1984.

The UK and Brunei have a long-standing and strong bilateral relationship, particularly on defence co-operation, trade and education. The UK continues to play a strong role in developing Brunei's oil and gas sector, and the Brunei Investment Agency is a significant investor in the UK, with their largest overseas operations in the City of London. The UK remains the destination of choice for Bruneian students, with about 1,220 of them enrolled in higher education in the UK in 2006–07. The Brunei royal family have strong ties to the UK, more specifically 'Birchwood' a suburb of Warrington.

The United Kingdom has a High Commission in Bandar Seri Begawan, and Brunei has a High Commission in London.[119] Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.

 United States10 March 1984

The US welcomed Brunei Darussalam's full independence from the United Kingdom on 1 January 1984, and opened an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan on that date. Brunei opened its embassy in Washington, D.C. in March 1984. Brunei's armed forces engage in joint exercises, training programs, and other military co-operation with the USA memorandum of understanding on defence co-operation was signed on 29 November 1994. The Sultan of Brunei visited Washington in December 2002.

 Vietnam29 February 1992

Relations between the two countries have been established since 29 February 1992.[120] Brunei has an embassy in Hanoi, and Vietnam has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan.[120] Relations between the two countries have always been friendly especially in the political field.[121]

See also

References

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  2. ↑ US DOS (30 March 2010). "MOFAT, UN". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Brunei Darussalam. Archived from the original on 18 February 2008.
  3. ↑ "$210,000 for UN school" (PDF). Brunei Darussalam Newsletter. 1985. p. 9. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  4. ↑ "MOFAT, BIMP-EAGA". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 30 March 2010. Archived from the original on 21 June 2008.
  5. ↑ "MOFAT, WTO". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 30 March 2010. Archived from the original on 25 June 2008.
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  85. ↑ Jatswan S. Sidhu (22 December 2009). Historical Dictionary of Brunei Darussalam. Scarecrow Press. pp. 29–. ISBN 978-0-8108-7078-9.
  86. ↑ "Sultan of Brunei heading to Australia". The Australian. 29 April 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  87. 1 2 "Brunei-Cambodia Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Brunei). Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  88. ↑ "Brunei-Canada Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Brunei). Archived from the original on 15 February 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  89. 1 2 "Canada-Brunei Darussalam Relations". Government of Canada. November 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  90. ↑ "Brunei-China Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Brunei). Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
  91. ↑ Prashanth Parameswaran (9 November 2012). "China, Brunei: ties that bind". Asia Times Online. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  92. 1 2 "Brunei-France Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Brunei). Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
  93. 1 2 "Brunei-Germany Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Brunei). Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  94. ↑ "Germany and Brunei Darussalam (Bilateral relations)". German Embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  95. 1 2 "Brunei-India Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Brunei). Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
  96. ↑ "Brunei-Indonesia Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Brunei). Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  97. 1 2 "Brunei-Japan Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Brunei). Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
  98. 1 2 "Brunei-Laos Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Brunei). Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  99. ↑ "Brunei-Malaysia Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Brunei). Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  100. ↑ Embassy of Brunei in the United States
  101. ↑ Embassy of Mexico in Singapore
  102. 1 2 "Brunei-Burma Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Brunei). Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  103. ↑ "Brunei-New Zealand Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Brunei). Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  104. ↑ "Brunei-New Zealand (Bilateral links)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (New Zealand). Archived from the original on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  105. ↑ Wertz, Daniel; Oh, JJ; Kim, Insung (August 2016). Issue Brief: DPRK Diplomatic Relations (PDF). The National Committee on North Korea. p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2018.
  106. 1 2 "Brunei-Oman Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Brunei). Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
  107. ↑ "Brunei-Pakistan Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Brunei). Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  108. ↑ "Brunei-Philippines Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Brunei). Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  109. ↑ "RP, Brunei sign farm-cooperation deal" Archived 1 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  110. ↑ "RP, Brunei seal agricultural cooperation deal"
  111. ↑ "RP, Brunei agree to strengthen bilateral ties in agriculture"
  112. ↑ "Brunei-Qatar Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Brunei). Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  113. ↑ "Brunei-Singapore Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Brunei). Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  114. ↑ "Singapore, Brunei sign Avoidance of Double Taxation pact". Channel NewsAsia. 19 August 2005. Archived from the original on 2 December 2005. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  115. 1 2 "Brunei-South Korea Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Brunei). Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  116. ↑ Na Jeong-ju (31 May 2009). "Brunei Seeks Stronger IT Partnership With Seoul". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  117. ↑ "Brunei-Thailand Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Brunei). Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  118. ↑ Oxford Business Group (2011). The Report: Brunei Darussalam 2011. Oxford Business Group. pp. 36–. ISBN 978-1-907065-52-1. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  119. ↑ "Brunei-United Kingdom Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Brunei). Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  120. 1 2 "Brunei-Vietnam Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Brunei). Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
  121. ↑ "VIETNAM – BRUNEI DARUSSALAM RELATIONS". Embassy of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in Brunei Darussalam. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
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