COVID-19 vaccination campaign in Italy
"Italy is reborn with a flower – Vaccination against COVID-19"
Native name Vaccinazione anti COVID-19
Date27 December 2020 (2020-12-27) – present
LocationItaly
CauseCOVID-19 pandemic
Organised bySpecial commissioner of the Government
Participants144,608,839[1] doses administered
47,947,097[1] people are fully vaccinated as of 15 Jan 2024
Outcome90+ % of the Italian population aged 12+ have received one dose
87+ % of the Italian population aged 12+ is fully vaccinated
81.21% of the Italian population is fully vaccinated
WebsitePiano strategico nazionale dei vaccini anti COVID-19
Map of Italy showing total cumulative vaccination numbers per region as of 20th of January 2020.

The COVID-19 vaccination campaign in Italy is a mass immunization campaign that was put in place by the Italian government in order to respond to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. It started on 27 December 2020, together with most countries in the European Union.

The vaccination campaign was managed by the Ministry of Health and the special commissioner Domenico Arcuri until 1 March 2021,[2][3] when he was replaced by Army General Francesco Paolo Figliuolo.[4]

Vaccination against COVID-19 is mandatory for all workers, older than 50, in Italy since October 15. [5]

Vaccination program

In the first months of the vaccination campaign, the governmental agencies targeted the health medical and administrative personnel, together with the guests and personnel of nursing homes.[6]

In the second phase of the campaign, elderly people and public service personnel should receive the vaccine.[6]

Vaccines

The Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine was authorized by the European Commission on 21 December 2020, on the same day after receiving recommendation for granting conditional marketing authorization by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA).[7]

The Italian government bought, in a coordinated effort with the EU Commission, various types of COVID-19 vaccine, including the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine, and the ones produced by Moderna, University of Oxford–AstraZeneca, Sanofi, and Johnson & Johnson.

Vaccines on order

Vaccine Approval Deployment
Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine 21 December 2020 27 December 2020
Moderna 6 January 2021[8] 12 January 2021
Oxford-AstraZeneca 29 January 2021[9] 6 February 2021[10]
Janssen 11 March 2021 21 April 2021[11]
Novavax 20 December 2021 Pending
Valneva Pending Pending
Sanofi–GSK Pending Pending
CureVac  Request withdrawn No

Vaccines distribution

As of 21 December 2021 21:40
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
  •   Pfizer–BioNTech
  •   Moderna
  •   Oxford-AstraZeneca
  •   Johnson&Johnson
  •   Pfizer Pediatric

Vaccines in trial stage

Vaccine Type (technology) Phase I Phase II Phase III
GRAd-COV2 Viral vector Completed Completed In progress
COVID-eVax DNA In progress In progress Not yet

Chronology

December 2020

The vaccination campaign started on 27 December 2020, when Italy received 9,750 doses of the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. These doses were entirely used in the following days to vaccinate part of the medical and health personnel of hospitals.

The Italian vaccination campaign was coordinated and agreed with the European Union (EU). The EU countries, as per previous agreements, received the vaccine provisions according to a centralized plan developed by the European Commission.[12][13]

On 30 December 2020, 359,775 doses of vaccine were delivered by Pfizer–BioNTech.[12]

On 31 December 2020, 110,175 doses of vaccine were delivered by Pfizer–BioNTech.[12]

January 2021

From 30 December 2020 to 1 January 2021, 469,950 doses of vaccine were delivered by Pfizer-BioNTech.[12]

From 5 January 2021 to 7 January 2021, Pfizer-BioNTech delivered another 438 750 doses. This type of vaccine must be stored at -70 °C. The first Italian region to start with vaccinations was Lazio, at the Spallanzani Hospital in Rome. Subsequently, the vaccines were distributed in the other Italian regions.

On 6 January 2021, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) gave its authorization for the Moderna vaccine.[14] At 8 pm on 7 January 2021, 379,910 people were vaccinated in Italy.[12]

According to a scientific study of COVID-19 virology, the Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine also protects against the two mutations of the virus that have spread in the United Kingdom and South Africa.[15]

Both strains share a common mutation called N501Y, a slight alteration at one point in the protein that covers the virus.[15]

On 10 January 2021, the Campania region in Italy had the highest percentage of administration compared to the doses possessed. It also claimed to have exhausted the stock.[16][17]

On 11 January 2021, 75,075 doses of vaccine were delivered by Pfizer–BioNTech.[12]

On 12 January 2021, 47,000 doses of vaccine were delivered by Moderna.[18]

On 11 and 12 January 2021, 488,475 doses were delivered.[12]

Pfizer has reduced vaccine availability by 29% as of 18 January 2021.[19][20] On 16 January 2021, 800 doses of Moderna vaccine were lost due to freezer failure in Forlì.[21]

On 18 and 19 January 2021, there are further delays and reductions in the number of Pfizer–BioNTech COVID-19 vaccines.[22][23]

On 20 January 2021, the vaccination campaign was slowed down due to a lack of vaccine stock.[24]

On 20 January 2021, AstraZeneca delays the delivery of the vaccine and reduces the expected quantities for deliveries across Europe.[25]

The delay in vaccine supply is delaying the vaccination campaign. On January 29, 2021, Moderna also cut vaccine supplies by 20%. About 300,000 doses are missing in the supply of vaccines provided for in the agreements with Moderna.[26]

The European Union is in sharp confrontation with AstraZeneca on the timing and quantity of vaccine supplies. This leads to a serious delay in the Italian and European vaccination campaign.[27]

On 30 January 2021, AIFA limits the administration of the AstraZeneca vaccine from 18 to 55 years.

February 2021

On 2 February 2021, the vaccination campaign is slowing sharply due to a lack of deliveries of vaccines by pharmaceutical companies.[28][29]

On 6 February 2021, the first 249,600 doses of the AstraZeneca vaccine arrived in Italy.[10]

On 12 February 2021, the Genoese architect Renzo Piano was the first to undergo vaccination on Silver Vaccine Day that opens the vaccination campaign for the persons over 80 years old in Liguria.[30] [31]

On 17 February 2021, AIFA extend the administration of the AstraZeneca vaccine until 65 years old.[32]

On 18 February 2021, the senator for life, Liliana Segre was vaccinated at Fatebenefratelli Hospital in Milan. She was received by the President of the Lombardy Region, Attilio Fontana, and the Vice President and Assessor of Welfare, Letizia Moratti.[33]

On 20 February 2021, AstraZeneca reduced vaccine supplies by 15%.[34] [35]

On 23 February 2021, AstraZeneca plans to supply less than half of the doses of vaccine preordered to the European Union.[36]

On 26 February 2021, the vaccination clinics increased to 1436, up from the initial 293.

March 2021

On 1 March 2021, The General of the Italian Army Francesco Paolo Figliuolo is the new special commissioner to replace Domenico Arcuri.[4]

On 9 March 2021, The President of the Italian Republic, Sergio Mattarella was vaccinated in the Spallanzani Hospital. The president was given a dose of Moderna vaccine.[37]

On 11 March 2021, AIFA banned the use in Italy of a batch (number ABV2856) of the AstraZeneca vaccine for checks in relation to the deaths of two men in Sicily after administration of the vaccine.[38] [39] [40]

On 15 March 2021, AIFA suspends the AstraZeneca vaccine throughout Italy on a temporary basis for investigations into death cases after vaccination.[41][42][43]

On 19 March 2021, AIFA revoked the ban for AstraZeneca, vaccinations have resumed.[44]

On 20 March 2021, the special commissioner, Army General Francesco Paolo Figliuolo and the chief of Protezione Civile Fabrizio Curcio were vaccinated with the AstraZeneca vaccine.[45]

On 25 March 2021, the name of the AstraZeneca vaccine was changed to Vaxzevria in the European Union.

On 30 March 2021, Prime Minister Mario Draghi and his wife Maria Serenella Cappello were vaccinated with the AstraZeneca vaccine in the Termini station hub in Rome, as required by the Lazio Region vaccination plan.[46]

April 2021

On 3 April 2021, a firebombing occurred at a vaccine cold storage site in Brescia but did not damage the building's electrical supply, meaning vaccines remained usable.[47]

On 6 April 2021, AstraZeneca postponed delivery of 50% doses scheduled for 14 April 2021.[48]

Meanwhile, Oxford University's Jenner Institute is suspending testing of the vaccine on children. The Oxford University's Jenner Institute decision was made pending an analysis of the possible links between the drug and episodes of thrombosis among adults.[49]

In Italy, 54% of doses of AstraZeneca vaccine have been administered to date (2,218,038 out of 4,098,800 delivered), according to the Ministero della Salute, while for Moderna vaccine the percentage drops to 50% (658,403 out of 1,328,200). Pfizer vaccine has a 96% administration rate, (8,375,625 out of 8,709,480). In total, out of 14,136,480 doses of the three vaccines arrived in Italy, 11,252,066 were administered, about 80%. [50]

On 13 April 2021, 184,000 doses of the Janssen vaccine arrived in Italy, however Johnson & Johnson announced that it would delay deliveries of its vaccines to Europe.[51]

AIFA has cautiously suspended distribution to vaccination centers pending information from the United States where the Janssen vaccine has been suspended for investigation into suspicious deaths and thrombosis disorders following the administration of the Janssen vaccine.[51][52]

On 22 April 2021, Johnson & Johnson vaccine started to administration in Italy.[11]

May 2021

On 1 May 2021, Italy reached 20 million administered vaccine doses. At this point, the country had vaccinated 14 million with at least a single dose and 6 million are fully vaccinated.[53][54][55]

On 2 May 2021, two anti-vaxxers were arrested and charged with terrorism offences for the firebombing at the Brescia vaccination centre.[47]

On 10 May 2021, a nurse accidentally injected a patient with 6 doses of Pfizer BioNTech.[56]

On 22 May 2021, Italy reached 30 million administered vaccine doses.[57] At this point, the country has 9.9 million people vaccinated with a double dose.[12]

June 2021

On 1 June 2021, Italy reached 35 million administered vaccine doses. At this point, the country has 12 million people vaccinated with a double dose.[12]

On 10 June 2021, Italy reached 40 million administered vaccine doses.[12]

On 28 June 2021, Italy reached 50 million administered vaccine doses.[12]

July 2021

On 16 July 2021, Italy reached 60 million administered vaccine doses.[12] At this point, the country has 25 million people vaccinated with a double dose.[12]

August 2021

On 5 August 2021, Italy reached 70 million administered vaccine doses.[12][58]

September 2021

On 9 September 2021, Italy reached 80 million administered vaccine doses.[12][59][60]

October 2021

Third dose vaccinations begin to fragile subjects and health workers.

November 2021

On 3 November 2021, Italy reached 90 million administered vaccine doses.

On 4 November 2021, The President of the Italian Republic, Sergio Mattarella, received the third dose of the vaccine in the Spallanzani Hospital.[61]

December 2021

On 9 December 2021, Italy reached 100 million administered vaccine doses.[62] The pediatric mRNA vaccine Comirnaty (Pfizer) authorized by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA) is reserved for children aged 5–11.

On 16 December 2021, the vaccinations for children with the pediatric vaccine began.[63]

On 27 December 2021, exactly one year from the start of the vaccination campaign, Italy administered 108 million doses.[64]

January 2022

Vaccinations in Italy

As of 15 April 2021 17:01)


Vaccinations in Italian regions

As of 27 January 2021 22:02

Vaccinations by age groups

As of 15 May 2021 21:13

References

  1. 1 2 Ritchie, Hannah; Mathieu, Edouard; Rodés-Guirao, Lucas; Appel, Cameron; Giattino, Charlie; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban; Hasell, Joe; Macdonald, Bobbie; Beltekian, Diana; Dattani, Saloni; Roser, Max (2020–2022). "Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19)". Our World in Data. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  2. ↑ "Piano vaccini anti Covid-19". www.salute.gov.it (in Italian). Ministero della Salute. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  3. ↑ "Arcuri: "Il virus è fra noi e cresce. Vaccinato l'1,5% della popolazione"". ilsole24ore.com. 14 January 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  4. 1 2 "Il generale Figliuolo è il nuovo commissario straordinario per l'emergenza Covid. Via Arcuri". ilsole24ore.com. ilsole24ore.com. 1 March 2021. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
  5. ↑ "Italy braced for unrest as Covid pass becomes mandatory for all workers". TheGuardian.com. 14 October 2021.
  6. 1 2 "Vaccini anti Covid-19". www.salute.gov.it (in Italian). Ministero della Salute. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  7. ↑ "Statement by President von der Leyen on the marketing authorisation of the BioNTech-Pfizer vaccine against COVID-19". European Commission. 21 December 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
  8. ↑ "Moderna approvato dall'Ema: ecco come funziona il vaccino". ilgiornale.it. 6 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  9. ↑ "Ue restringe l'export di vaccini. Ema, via libera ad AstraZeneca". ilsole24ore.com. 29 January 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  10. 1 2 "Vaccini: arrivate in Italia prime dosi Astrazeneca". ansa.it. ansa.it. 6 February 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  11. 1 2 "Vaccini: si parte con J&J, campagna accelera". ansa.it. ansa.it. 22 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 "Governo Italiano - Report Vaccini Anti Covid-19". www.governo.it. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  13. ↑ "Vaccino Pfizer-BioNTech: 9.750 dosi dal 27 dicembre. Come funziona il V-Day". huffingtonpost.it. 22 December 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  14. ↑ "Moderna approvato dall'Ema: ecco come funziona il vaccino". ilgiornale.it. ilgiornale.it. 6 January 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  15. 1 2 "Covid, studio: vaccino Pfizer protegge contro le varianti Gb e Sudafrica". tgcom24.mediaset.it. tgcom24.mediaset.it. 8 January 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  16. ↑ "Covid, oltre 583 mila i vaccinati finora in Italia". ansa.it. 10 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  17. ↑ "Vaccino, Arcuri: 'Entro la fine di marzo saranno vaccinati 6 milioni di italiani'". ansa.it. 10 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  18. ↑ "Coronavirus, arrivato in Italia il primo carico di vaccini Moderna AstraZeneca presenta la richiesta di autorizzazione all'Ema". tgcom24.mediaset.it. 12 January 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2021.
  19. ↑ "Covid, Allarme di Arcuri: 'Da lunedì Pfizer consegnerà 29% dosi in meno'. In Italia un milione di vaccini". ansa.it. 15 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  20. ↑ "Vaccini: Arcuri, Pfizer ha ridotto invio di 165 mila dosi". ansa.it. 17 January 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2021.
  21. ↑ "Nas a Forlì, indagini su 800 dosi di vaccino perse per guasto". ansa.it. 16 January 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  22. ↑ "Covid, la Pfizer ritarda ancora le consegne delle dosi di vaccino". .tgcom24.mediaset.it. 18 January 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  23. ↑ "Pfizer in ritardo. Tabella di marcia a rischio per la campagna vaccinale italiana". ilsecoloxix.it. 18 January 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  24. ↑ "Coronavirus, vaccino Pfizer: dalla Lombardia al Lazio ecco l'impatto dei ritardi regione per regione". ilsole24ore.com. 21 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  25. ↑ "Ritardi vaccini, pressing Ue su Astrazeneca". tgcom24.mediaset.it. 25 January 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  26. ↑ "Coronavirus, Arcuri: "Anche Moderna taglia il 20% delle dosi. Ci mancano almeno 300mila vaccini. Avviate le procedure per far valere le nostre ragioni"". ilsole24ore.com. ilsole24ore.com. 29 January 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  27. ↑ "Vaccini in ritardo, AstraZeneca pubblica il contratto con la Ue (ma i dati sulle dosi sono oscurati)". ilsole24ore.com. ilsole24ore.com. 29 January 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  28. ↑ ""Mancano le dosi", "La gente muore": scoppia la rissa tra Arcuri e Burioni". ilgiornale.it. ilgiornale.it. 2 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  29. ↑ ""Il piano vaccinale è già fallito", Bassetti inchioda i flop di Arcuri". ilgiornale.it. ilgiornale.it. 5 February 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  30. ↑ "Vaccini: al via in Liguria agli over80, prima dose a Renzo Piano". ansa.it. ansa.it. 12 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  31. ↑ "Renzo Piano primo vaccinato degli over 80 in Liguria". genova.repubblica.it. genova.repubblica.it. 12 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  32. ↑ "Covid, Aifa: ok al vaccino AstraZeneca fino a 65 anni d'età". tgcom24.mediaset.it. 17 February 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  33. ↑ "La senatrice Liliana Segre si vaccina al Fatebenefratelli di Milano, le immagini". corriere.it. corriere.it. 18 February 2021. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  34. ↑ "Vaccino, da AstraZeneca tagli del 15% sulle consegne delle dosi". Tgcom24. tgcom24.mediaset.it. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  35. ↑ "AstraZeneca lavora per rispettare gli impegni: entro marzo 4,2 milioni di dosi". tgcom24.mediaset.it. tgcom24.mediaset.it. 20 February 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  36. ↑ "AstraZeneca dimezza le dosi all'Ue nel secondo trimestre". ansa.it. ansa.it. 23 February 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  37. ↑ "Mattarella si è vaccinato allo Spallanzani di Roma". ansa.it. ansa.it. 9 March 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  38. ↑ ""Casi di trombosi". Ed è bufera: già sei Paesi rifiutano Astrazeneca". ilgiornale.it. ilgiornale.it. 11 March 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  39. ↑ "Vaccini, inchiesta sui due morti sospette in Sicilia. L'Aifa blocca un lotto AstraZeneca in tutta Italia: "Verifiche in corso"". ilsecoloxix.it. ilsecoloxix.it. 11 March 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  40. ↑ "Il morto, il vaccino e il lotto ritirato: perché AstraZeneca è nel mirino". ilgiornale.it. ilgiornale.it. 11 March 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  41. ↑ "L'Italia sospende AstraZeneca. Stop anche in altri Paesi". ilgiornale.it. ilgiornale.it. 15 March 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  42. ↑ "Sospensione precauzionale del vaccino AstraZeneca anche in Italia". ansa.it. ansa.it. 15 March 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  43. ↑ "Astrazeneca: familiari, donna a Napoli 'in condizioni gravissime'". ansa.it. ansa.it. 15 March 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  44. ↑ "Ripartite le vaccinazioni con AstraZeneca in Italia". ansa.it. ansa.it. 19 March 2021. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  45. ↑ "Figliuolo si vaccina con AstraZeneca. "Mezzo milione di vaccinati al giorno dalla terza settimana di aprile"". ilsole24ore.com. ilsole24ore.com. 20 March 2021. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  46. ↑ "Covid, Mario Draghi e la moglie vaccinati con AstraZeneca". tgcom24.mediaset.it. tgcom24.mediaset.it. 30 March 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  47. 1 2 Brenton, Hannah (1 May 2021). "Italian police arrest two anti-vaxxers for fire bombing of vaccination hub". Politico. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  48. ↑ "Vaccini, AstraZeneca rinvia consegna 50% dosi previste per 14 aprile". tgcom24.mediaset.it. tgcom24.mediaset.it. 6 April 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  49. ↑ "AstraZeneca, gli esami non finiscono mai: in arrivo limitazioni Ema. Ecco cosa sta succedendo". ilsole24ore.com. ilsole24ore.com. 6 April 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  50. ↑ "Covid, poche dosi e AstraZeneca taglia le forniture: arranca la campagna vaccinale". tgcom24.mediaset.it. tgcom24.mediaset.it. 6 April 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
  51. 1 2 "Usa: "Chiesta la sospensione del vaccino Johnson & Johnson" Speranza: "Valuteremo nei prossimi giorni, ma dovrà essere usato"". tgcom24.mediaset.it. tgcom24.mediaset.it. 13 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  52. ↑ "Vaccino Johnson & Johnson: slitta il lancio in Europa dopo lo stop Usa per il rischio di rare trombosi". ilsole24ore.com. ilsole24ore.com. 13 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  53. ↑ "Coronavirus oggi: vaccini, oltre 20 milioni di dosi somministrate in Italia. Lombardia, al via prenotazioni per under 50 fragili". ilsole24ore.com. ilsole24ore.com. 1 May 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  54. ↑ "Covid: 12.965 nuovi casi, 226 morti. Superate 20 milioni di dosi somministrate in Italia". ansa.it. ansa.it. 1 May 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  55. ↑ "Superate le 20 milioni di dosi somministrate in Italia". ansa.it. ansa.it. 1 May 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  56. ↑ "Italian woman accidentally given six shots of Covid-19 vaccine". CNN. 10 May 2021.
  57. ↑ "Vaccini, in Italia superata quota 30 milioni di dosi somministrate". tgcom24.mediaset.it. tgcom24.mediaset.it. 22 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  58. ↑ "In Italia sono state somministrate 70 milioni di dosi di vaccino anti-Covid". agi.it. agi.it. 5 August 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
  59. ↑ "Somministrate oltre 80 milioni di dosi vaccino, forniture 92 mln". tiscali.it. tiscali.it. 10 September 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  60. ↑ "Vaccini, oltre 80 milioni di somministrazioni: quanto manca all'immunità di gregge". corriere.it. corriere.it. 9 September 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  61. ↑ "Vaccino anti-Covid, il presidente Mattarella ha ricevuto la terza dose". repubblica.it. repubblica.it. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  62. ↑ "Vaccini, 100 milioni di dosi somministrate: ma all'appello mancano in 6,1 milioni". corriere.it. corriere.it. 8 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  63. ↑ "Vaccino ai bambini 5-11 anni: cosa sapere, come prenotare. Fake news smontate dai pediatri". rainews.it. rainews.it. 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  64. ↑ "Un anno fa le prime vaccinazioni, raggiunte 108 milioni di dosi". ansa.it. ansa.it. 27 December 2021. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  65. ↑ "Governo Italiano - Report Vaccini Anti Covid-19". www.governo.it. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.