Northern Ireland Executive
Overview
Established	2 December 1999 (1999-12-02)
State	Northern Ireland
Leader	First Minister and deputy First Minister
Appointed by	Northern Ireland Assembly
Main organ	Executive Committee
Annual budget	£12.2 billion (2020–21)[1]
Headquarters	Stormont Castle, Stormont Estate, Belfast
Website	northernireland.gov.uk

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The Northern Ireland Executive is the devolved government of Northern Ireland, an administrative branch of the legislature – the Northern Ireland Assembly. It is answerable to the assembly and was initially established according to the terms of the Northern Ireland Act 1998, which followed the Good Friday Agreement (or Belfast Agreement). The executive is referred to in the legislation as the Executive Committee of the assembly and is an example of consociationalist ("power-sharing") government.

The Northern Ireland Executive consists of the First Minister and deputy First Minister and various ministers with individual portfolios and remits. The main assembly parties appoint most ministers in the executive, except for the Minister of Justice who is elected by a cross-community vote. It is one of three devolved governments in the United Kingdom, the others being the Scottish and Welsh governments.

In January 2017, the then deputy First Minister Martin McGuinness resigned in protest over the Renewable Heat Incentive scandal and the Northern Ireland Executive consequently collapsed.^[2] The governing of Northern Ireland fell to civil servants in a caretaker capacity until January 2020, when the parties signed the New Decade, New Approach agreement and an Executive was subsequently established.^[3] When Democratic Unionist Party First Minister Paul Givan resigned in line with his party's protest over the Northern Ireland Protocol, The Northern Ireland Executive collapsed again.^[4] No agreement on power-sharing was made after the 2022 Assembly election, and since October 2022, Northern Ireland has been governed by civil servants.^[5]

Legal basis

The Executive (and the Assembly) were established in law by the Northern Ireland Act 1998 that followed the Good Friday Agreement and its basis was revised by the Northern Ireland (St Andrews Agreement) Act 2006 that followed the St Andrews Agreement of that year.

Ministers

On 9 May 2016,^[6] the number of ministries and departments of the Northern Ireland Executive was reduced, leaving the following departments:^[7]

At the same time, various departments were renamed as follows:

• The Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister was renamed the Executive Office
• The Department of Agriculture and Rural Development was renamed the Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs
• The Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment was renamed the Department for the Economy
• The Department of Finance and Personnel was renamed the Department of Finance
• The Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety was renamed the Department of Health
• The Department for Regional Development was renamed the Department for Infrastructure
• The Department for Social Development was renamed the Department for Communities

The following departments were dissolved:

• The Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure
• The Department of the Environment
• The Department for Employment and Learning

Structure

In contrast with Westminster system cabinets, which generally need only be backed by a majority of legislators, ministerial positions in the Northern Ireland Executive are allocated to parties with significant representation in the Assembly. With the exception of justice, the number of ministries to which each party is entitled is determined by the D'Hondt system.

In effect, major parties cannot be excluded from participation in government and power-sharing is enforced by the system. The form of government is therefore known as mandatory coalition as opposed to voluntary coalition where parties negotiate an agreement to share power. The Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP), the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland and some Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) members favour a move towards voluntary coalition in the longer term but this is currently opposed by Sinn Féin.

The executive cannot function if either of the two largest parties refuse to take part, as these parties are allocated the First Minister and deputy First Minister positions. However, other parties are not required to enter the executive even if they are entitled to do so; instead, they can choose to go into opposition if they wish. There were some calls for the SDLP and the UUP to enter opposition after the 2007 Assembly elections,^[8] but ultimately the two parties chose to take the seats in the Executive to which they were entitled.

In 2010, an exception to the D'Hondt system for allocating the number of ministerial portfolios was made under the Hillsborough Castle Agreement to allow the cross-community Alliance Party of Northern Ireland to hold the politically contentious policing and justice brief when most of those powers were devolved to the Assembly. Devolution took place on 12 April 2010.

Under D'Hondt, the SDLP would have been entitled to the extra ministerial seat on the revised Executive created by the devolution of policing and justice. Accordingly, both the UUP and SDLP protested that Alliance was not entitled, under the rules of the Good Friday Agreement, to fill the portfolio and refused to support this move. However, Alliance leader David Ford was elected Minister with the support of the DUP and Sinn Féin.

On 26 August 2015, the UUP announced it would withdraw from the Executive and form an opposition after all, in response to the assassination of Kevin McGuigan.

On 25 May 2016 a new executive was announced (three weeks after assembly election). For the first time in the assembly's history, parties that were entitled to ministries (i.e. UUP, SDLP and Alliance) chose instead to go into opposition following a recent bill providing parties with this choice. This meant that the executive was formed only by the two major parties, the DUP and Sinn Féin, and thus giving them more seats in the Executive (with the exception of the Department of Justice which was given to an Independent Unionist MLA, Claire Sugden, due to this appointment needing cross-community support).^[9]

Procedure

Stormont Castle, seat of the Executive

The Executive is co-chaired by the First Minister and deputy First Minister. Its official functions are:

• acting as a forum for the discussion of, and agreement on, issues which cut across the responsibilities of two or more ministers;
• prioritising executive and legislative proposals;
• discussing and agreeing upon significant or controversial matters; and
• recommending a common position where necessary (e.g. in dealing with external relationships).^[10]

Executive meetings are normally held fortnightly, compared to weekly meetings of the British Cabinet and Irish Government. Under the Executive's Ministerial Code, ministers are obliged to:^[11]

• operate within the framework of the Programme for Government;
• support all decisions of the Executive and Northern Ireland Assembly; and
• participate fully in the Executive, the North/South Ministerial Council and the British-Irish Council.

The Ministerial Code allows any three ministers to request a cross-community vote. The quorum for voting is seven ministers.

Dundonald House, home to various government agencies

The current system of devolution has succeeded long periods of direct rule (1974–1999 and 2002–2007), when the Northern Ireland Civil Service had a considerable influence on government policy. The legislation which established new departments in 1999 affirmed that "the functions of a department shall at all times be exercised subject to the direction and control of the Minister".^[12] Ministerial powers can be conferred by an Act of the Assembly^[13] and ministers can also exercise executive powers which are vested in the Crown.^[14]

Ministers are also subject to several limitations, including the European Convention on Human Rights, European Union law, other international obligations of the UK,^[15] a requirement not to discriminate on religious or political grounds,^[16] and having no power over reserved and excepted matters (which are held by the United Kingdom Government).^[17]

Ministerial decisions can be challenged by a petition of 30 Northern Ireland Assembly members. This action can be taken for alleged breaches of the Ministerial Code and on "matters of public importance". The Speaker of the Assembly must consult political party leaders in the Assembly (who are often also ministers) before deciding whether the subject is a matter of public importance. Successful petitions will then be considered by the Executive.^[18]

The number of ministers and their responsibilities can be changed when a department is being established or dissolved. The proposal must be made by the First Minister and the deputy First Minister and be carried by a cross-community vote in the Assembly. The number of departments was initially limited to 10 but this increased to 11 upon the devolution of justice.^[19]

Ministers are disqualified from holding office if appointed to the Government of Ireland or as the chairman or deputy chairman of an Oireachtas (Irish Parliament) committee.^[20]

Strategies

The Good Friday Agreement states that the Executive will "seek to agree each year, and review as necessary" a Programme for Government incorporating an agreed budget.^[10]

The following programmes for government have been published to date:

• Draft Programme for Government (2001–2002) (25 October 2000)
• Draft Programme for Government (2002–2003) (24 September 2001)
• Programme for Government 2008–2011 (22 January 2008)
• Programme for Government 2011–2015 (12 March 2012)

The following budgets have been published to date:

• Budget 2008–11
• Budget 2011–15

Under the St Andrews Agreement, the Executive is obliged to adopt strategies on the following policy matters:

• enhancing and protecting the development of the Irish language;
• enhancing and developing Ulster Scots language, heritage and culture; and
• tackling poverty, social exclusion and patterns of deprivation based on objective need.^[21][22]

The Office of the First Minister and Deputy First Minister published a child poverty strategy in March 2011.^[23] The wider anti-poverty strategy was carried over from direct rule in November 2006.^[24] As of November 2011, neither an Irish language strategy nor an Ulster Scots strategy had been adopted. The Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure states that a Strategy for Indigenous or Regional Minority Languages "will be presented to the Executive in due course".^[25]

History

Executive committee

No executive has been formed since the 2022 Northern Ireland Assembly election. Before that, members of the last executive were elected on 11 January 2020.

Ministers are assisted by backbench "Assembly private secretaries" (equivalent to parliamentary private secretaries). The non-political Attorney General for Northern Ireland is the chief legal advisor to the Executive, appointed by the First Minister and deputy First Minister, and may also attend Executive meetings.

See also

• Devolution in the United Kingdom
• Government spending in the United Kingdom
• Northern Ireland peace process

References

External links

• Northern Ireland Executive
• nidirect/tedireach portal