Grand spider orchid
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Orchidaceae
Subfamily: Orchidoideae
Tribe: Diurideae
Genus: Caladenia
Species:
C. huegelii
Binomial name
Caladenia huegelii
Synonyms[1]

Caladenia huegelii, commonly known as the grand spider orchid is a species of orchid endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has a single, hairy leaf and up to three relatively large red, green and cream-coloured flowers which have "split-hairs" on the sides of the labellum.

Description

Caladenia huegelii is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single erect, hairy leaf, 100–180 mm (4–7 in) long and 7–12 mm (0.3–0.5 in) wide. Up to three flowers 70–120 mm (3–5 in) long and 70–100 mm (3–4 in) wide are borne on a stalk 250–600 mm (10–20 in) tall. The flowers are pale greenish-yellow with red markings and the lateral sepals have light brown to yellow, club-like glandular tips. The dorsal sepal is erect, 45–120 mm (2–5 in) long and 2–4 mm (0.08–0.2 in) wide and the lateral sepals are nearly parallel to each other, 40–120 mm (2–5 in) long and 4–7 mm (0.2–0.3 in) wide. The petals are 130–60 mm (5–2 in) long, 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) wide and sometimes curve downwards. The labellum is 25–30 mm (0.98–1.2 in) long and 12–20 mm (0.5–0.8 in) wide, greenish-cream with a red tip which is turned under. The sides of the labellum have many thin teeth up to 15 mm (0.6 in) long which are often split. There are four rows of dark red calli up to 2 mm (0.08 in) long, along the centre of the labellum. Flowering occurs from September to late October.[2][3][4][5]

Taxonomy and naming

Caladenia huegelii was first described in 1871 by Heinrich Reichenbach from a specimen collected near the Swan River and the description was published in Beitrage zur Systematischen Pflanzenkunde.[1][6] The specific epithet (huegelii) honours Baron Charles von Hügel.[3]

Distribution and habitat

The grand spider orchid occurs between Perth and Capel in the Jarrah Forest and Swan Coastal Plain biogeographic regions where it grows in deep sandy soil in woodland.[2][3][4][7]

Ecology

Caladenia huegelii relies on a single species of mycorrhizal fungus for its germination and annual growth. Despite the selectivity of this, its field germination rates are comparable to other, more common co-occurring species of Caladenia.[8][9]

Pollinators

Experiments in hand-pollinating the species have shown that fruiting is limited by pollen rather than resources. The only pollinators of the species are small males of the parasitic wasp species Macrothynnus insignis.[8][10] These small wasps are only found in roughly 4% of the new or restored habitats proposed by the Australian government for the orchid's recovery.[8]

Conservation

Caladenia huegelii occurs in an area undergoing urbanisation and many populations of this once-common species have been lost. Of the 33 known populations containing about 1,500 plants, 85% of the plants are in four of these populations. Threats to the species include habitat loss due to urbanisation, weed invasion and disease caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi. The species is classified as "Threatened Flora (Declared Rare Flora — Extant)" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife[7] and it has also been listed as "Endangered" (EN) under the Australian Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act).[5]

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Caladenia huegelii". APNI. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
  2. 1 2 Jones, David L. (2006). A complete guide to native orchids of Australia including the island territories. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: New Holland. p. 82. ISBN 1877069124.
  3. 1 2 3 Brown, Andrew; Dundas, Pat; Dixon, Kingsley; Hopper, Stephen (2008). Orchids of Western Australia. Crawley, Western Australia: University of Western Australia Press. p. 103. ISBN 9780980296457.
  4. 1 2 Hoffman, Noel; Brown, Andrew (2011). Orchids of South-West Australia (3rd ed.). Gooseberry Hill: Noel Hoffman. p. 132. ISBN 9780646562322.
  5. 1 2 Stack, Gillian; Brown, Andrew; Swarts, Nigel; Mitchell, David. "Grand Spider Orchid (Caladenia huegelii) recovery plan" (PDF). Australian Government Department of the Environment. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
  6. ↑ Reichenbach, Heinrich Gustav (1871). Beitrage zur Systematischen Pflanzenkunde. Hamburg: Th. G. Meissner. p. 66. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
  7. 1 2 "Caladenia huegelii". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
  8. 1 2 3 Phillips, Ryan D.; Peakall, Rod; Retter, Bryony A.; Montgomery, Kirke; Menz, Myles H. M.; Davis, Belinda J.; Hayes, Christine; Brown, Graham R.; Swarts, Nigel D.; Dixon, Kingsley W. (17 September 2015). "Pollinator rarity as a threat to a plant with a specialized pollination system: Rarity and specialized pollination systems". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 179 (3): 511–525. doi:10.1111/boj.12336.
  9. ↑ Swarts, Nigel D.; Sinclair, Elizabeth A.; Francis, Anthony; Dixon, Kingsley W. (7 July 2010). "Ecological specialization in mycorrhizal symbiosis leads to rarity in an endangered orchid: MYCORRHIZAL SPECIALIZATION IN CALADENIA". Molecular Ecology. 19 (15): 3226–3242. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04736.x.
  10. ↑ Platt, John R. (23 September 2015). "Sexually Deceptive Orchid Seeks Specialty Pollinator". Scientific American Blog Network. Retrieved 4 May 2023.
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