Calotomus carolinus
Calotomus carolinus male specimen
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Labriformes
Family: Scaridae
Genus: Calotomus
Species:
C. carolinus
Binomial name
Calotomus carolinus
(Valenciennes, 1840)
Synonyms[2]
  • Callyodon carolinus Valenciennes, 1840
  • Callyodon sandwicensis Valenciennes, 1840
  • Calotomus sandwicensis (Valenciennes, 1840)
  • Callyodon genistriatus Valenciennes, 1840
  • Callyodon brachysoma Bleeker, 1861
  • Leptoscarus brachysoma (Bleeker, 1861)
  • Calotomus xenodon Gilbert, 1890
  • Calotomus irradians Jenkins, 1901
  • Calotomus snyderi Jenkins, 1903
  • Scarichthys rarotongae Seale, 1906
  • Cryptotomus albimarginatus Fourmanoir & Guézé, 1961

Calotomus carolinus, commonly known as Carolines parrotfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a parrotfish, in the family Scaridae. It is also known as the starry-eye parrotfish, stareye parrotfish, bucktooth parrotfish, Christmas parrotfish or marbled parrotfish. Since the Calotomus carolinus is known across the Pacific, it also has its own name in many native languages for example, it is called a panuhunuhunu in the Hawaiian language.[3]

Description

Female specimen

The species is about 50 centimetres (20 in) long. The species changes its appearance greatly during the transition to adulthood. Juveniles of the species are typically a mottled orangish-brown, with some pink shading. Adult males, also known as terminal stage, are shades of blue or green, and have pink lines radiating from their eyes. Adult females, also known as the initial phase, are mottled brown and their eyes bulge out slightly.[4][5] Its jaws consist of pebble-like teeth fused into a beak for eating seaweed, but in juveniles the teeth are not yet fully fused and are visible on the outside of the dental plate.[5][6]

Distribution

Calotomus carolinus has a wide Indo-Pacific distribution from the coast of East Africa, although not in the Red Sea where it is replaced by Calotomus viridescens, through the Indian Ocean to the eastern Pacific Ocean around the Revillagigedo and the Galapagos Islands.[2]

Habitat and biology

Calotomus carolinus can typically be found as a single fish or in small groups, in shallow reefs or lagoons.[4][6] It occurs in subtidal reef flats, lagoons and seaward reefs down to depths of 27 metres (89 ft), or more. Within the wider habitat this species can be found in areas of coral, rubble, seagrass and algae. It feeds on a variety of benthic encrusting algae, Padina and seagrasses. they can also be found in small schools, or even by itself.[7] It is a protogynous hermaphrodite[2] The Calotomus carolinus, along with many of its relatives, feeds on the seaweed and algae growing on the coral which is helpful to the reef ecosystems because most of the algae restrict the coral's growth, keeping it from fully maturing.[8]

Naming and taxonomy

Calotomus carolinus was first formally described as Callyodon carolinus in 1840 by the French zoologist Achille Valenciennes (1795-1865) with the type locality given as the Caroline Islands.[9] When Charles Henry Gilbert described the genus Calotomus in 1890 he designated Calotomus xenodon as its type species, thinking that the genus was monotypic, this was later shown to be a synonyms of C. carolinus.[10]

An example of gender change within the species

Like a lot of its cousins, a Calotomus carolinus can undergo a sex change[11] There are two phases (which has been mentioned above) are known as initial and terminal phase.[11] In a scientific study, there were 22 initial phase that were between 62 mm and 253 mm.[11] when they grew up, they found out that there were only six terminal phasers, which were in between 240 mm and 270 mm.[11] and the rest were secondary males.[11] This was a prime example of some of the difference between the two genders between these fish.

References

  1. ↑ Russell, B.; Choat, J.H.; Clements, K.D.; Rocha, L.A.; Myers, R.; Lazuardi, M.E.; Muljadi, A.; Pardede, S.; Rahardjo, P. (2012). "Calotomus carolinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T190688A17798889. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T190688A17798889.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). "Calotomus carolinus" in FishBase. December 2019 version.
  3. ↑ CHD - Hawaiian-English - P (ulukau.org)
  4. 1 2 Stender, Keoki (7 October 2012). "Stareye Parrotfish, Calotomus carolinus". Marine Life Photography. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  5. 1 2 Randall, John E. (2010). Shore Fishes of Hawai'i. University of Hawai'i Press. p. 152. ISBN 0824834275.
  6. 1 2 "Stareye Parrotfish (Calotomus carolinus)". What's That Fish?. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  7. ↑ Sutton, Alan (2018-02-12). "Stareye Parrotfish-Facts and Photographs". Seaunseen. Retrieved 2022-03-03.
  8. ↑ Alyssa, Shellie. "What Role Do Parrotfish Play in Reef Ecosystems?". Pets on Mom.com. Retrieved 2022-04-01.
  9. ↑ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Callyodon carolinus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  10. ↑ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Calotomus". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Gonochorism, protogynous sex-change and spawning in three sparisomatinine parrotfishes from the western Indian Ocean
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