15th century map of mainland Southeast Asia

The Cambodian Royal Chronicles or Cambodian Chronicles (Rajabansavatar or Rapa Ksatr) are a collection of 18th and 19th century historical manuscripts that focus on the time from around the year 1430 to the beginning of the 16th century.[1] This period of Cambodia's history is considered to be the Middle Periods, as it marks the end of the Khmer Empire. Written sources such as Sanskrit epigraphy become obsolete, beginning in the first half of the 14th century. Even Old Khmer inscriptions are absent until the middle of the 16th century. The last king mentioned in the ancient inscriptions of Angkor is King Jayavarman Parameshwara (or Jayavarma-Paramesvara), who reigned from 1327 to 1336.[2][3]

The manuscripts (Sastra Slek Rit) on palm leaves and bound together in bundles are only short-lived. Surviving texts are copies and in many cases only fragments remain. The chronicles begin in 1796 and last far into the 19th century. Records tackle with the chronology of the kings, foreign affairs, relations to neighboring countries, internal conflicts among the Khmer kings, civil wars, controversies over royal succession and marriage and leadership issues among others.[4]

The study of these texts is said to have been "time-consuming and requires a great deal of scholarship to properly organize and interpret the valuable information to be found within" with respect to the ongoing debate on the reasons and events of the abandonment of Angkor, the shifting of the Khmer capital and the general cultural decline.[2]

Etymology

Rajabansavatar consists of: raja = “king or royal”; bansa, vamça = “ancestry, lines”; and avatara = “descendant, incarnation”, or savatar is derived from bansavatar or sauvatar which means “history”. In Khmer, the roots combine into rajabansavatar, meaning “history of the royal ancestries” or “history of the kings”.[5][6]

Rapa Ksatr is also called rapal ksatr or lpar ksatr (derivative of rapa ksatr) or sometimes ampal ksatr, “all the kings”. It can be divided as follows: rapa = jumbuor, juor, “lines” and ksatr = “prince, king”; therefore, rapa ksatr or rioen rapa ksatr means “history of the lines or ancestries of the kings”. The meaning of rajabansavatar or rapa ksatr can be translated as “annals” or “royal chronicles”, writings which are related to the history of the kings.

Manuscripts

Originals seem to have undergone translations from liturgical language into contemporary Khmer, as scholar J. Moura states: "The texts were written in Pali and we carefully translated them by the letter... "

The manuscripts known as KK (1869), SP (1878), VJ (1934), No. 1049 (1835), and No. 1613 (1855) are in the Buddhist Institute library in Phnom Penh; given their extreme fragility people are not allowed to access them as a general rule. B39/5 (1818) and P3 (a copy of KK) are in Paris.[7]

There exist around thirty-four copies of chronicles in Khmer language, along with three texts transcribed in Latin (systeme des missionaires) in the French National Library.

Version 2 - The oldest chronicle, 'The Fragment of Ang Eng', offered to King Rama I dating to 1796, was translated into Thai language, as such it remains in Bangkok. It only describes the reign of Param Nibbanapad (or Maha Nibbanapad) (1346-1351) to the reign of Paramaraja I (Cau Bana Yat) (1434-1438). Composition of a new chronicle was an integral part of any royal restoration.[8]

Further works are the complete chronicle of Ukana Vansa Sarbejn Nan (or Nan in short), the complete chronicle of Samtec Cauva Vamn Juon (or VJ, or Juon in short), the chronicle of Vatt Kok Kak(KK) and the Ampal Ksatr.[9]

The chronicle of Nan was ordered by King Ang Cand (1797-1835), written in 1818. It was copied and revised into at least 4 versions. Another version of Nan’s chronicle was copied and revised by prince Nopparat in 1878 (son of King Ang Duong), called “Chronicle of Nopparat”, who added new information and changed some of the dates of the events.[10]

Nong tradition - The Nong chronicle 1818 composed by Oknha Vongsa Sarapech (Nong) at the court of Ang Chan (1806–35) covering the period of 1414 to 1800. The basis for Francis Garnier's translation in journal asiatique (1871—72).[8]

The "SrokSreh - Amazing Angkor Wat Channel" has published a brief survey called "Setting the Khmer chronicles" presenting the plots of and/or additional information on a number of the chronicles:

Setting the Khmer chronicles[11]
VJ: Royalty royal Khmer or Cambodian royal new Commission President Palace under the presidency of Prince Palace sometimes Prepare end 1930s. Their work is based solely on the P63, which chronicles taken further dismantle the circumstances. Importance of grasping the VJ, date, time is sometimes straightforward. The Editor also features a modern, easy to remember. Khmer historian Dr. PAK Saphoeun, and Khin comparative research study and complete translation French VJ chronicles.
KK: royal Khmer designed c. 1869 on the orders of King Norodom. Chronicles, is divided into two volumes. Episode 1, a historical tale was written by King Sokun estimates. He imported and created a Buddhist sects thommoyoutte country.
SP: royal guard South Emperor Pagoda, which was written by Prince nopvorot son of Duong c. 1878. Dubbed chronicles chronicles South Pagoda. SP has a similar pattern chronicles chronicles KK. Seen adding the conversion. Wat creek chronicles one copy from the chronicles.
P48: Royal Cambodian lock subversive background French Far East (Ecole Française d'Extrème Orient) copied from the chronicles of Prince same nopvorot chronicles South Wat SP.
P3: The royal city of Cambodia, bdei organized by the Commission of the Royal Palace in c. 1878. This chronicles French researcher Jean Moura French translations.
P58: royal descendants of South King locked after operations in Cambodia husband is a nested sequence beginning between c. 1894 -1895 is the work of a new commission appointed by King Norodom. The commission, under the presidency of Prince saṃgha upright, with the presence of the high priests Sokun estimated. King Norodom was not satisfied with the work. Maybe this author did not comment Commission distorted by his passion. P58 chronicles French historian Adhémard Leclère to French translations.
P63: royal house keys Takeyoshi educational Amalekite king, who began writing in c. 1903 by the new Commission on the orders of King Norodom higher. After King Norodom's death King Sisowath was crowned in April. 1904, ordered the Commission to continue their charge this until the end. P63 is designed chronicles comment by default, the file had been built in the reign of King Ang Duong. These files are stored in warehouses royal estate.
DV: chronicles country, often called Wat chronicles. DV chronicles, probably written in the late 1930s or early 1940s by Swedish Ven Hash Wat local central Kandal province. DV file patterns such as quoting chronicles P58 and VJ. On the other hand, it can be noted that DV has a pattern identical to present Trolach chronicles Kampong Eng net publication titled Great Khmer.

Copies & Translations

Copies of the years 1818, 1869, 1878, 1903, 1934, 1941 and 1966, now being stored in the Departement des Manuscriptes in Paris, greatly vary in form and layout. The copy of 1818 was first translated in French by Ernest Doudart de Lagrée and published by Francis Garnier (Chronique Royale du Cambodge, 1871). The 1880 translation of Étienne Aymonier (Chroniques des anciens rois du Cambodge, 1880) was re-translated by J. Moura in 1883 Le royaume du Cambodge). In 1904 Étienne Aymonier published Le Cambodge, another translation of the Chronicles related to studies of Chinese historiography and European authors of the era.[4]

Georges Maspero publishes L'empire kmer, histoire et document in 1904.

Martine Piat publishes the Chroniques Royales Khmer in 1974.

In 1988 Cambodian scholar Khin Sok published his work "Chroniques royales du Cambodge (De Banà Yàt jusqu’à la prise de Lanvaek de 1417 à 1595). Traduction française avec comparaison des différences version et introduction" and in 1981 fellow scholar Mak Phoeun publishes "Chroniques royales du Cambodige: De 1594 à 1677. Paris: École Française d'Extreme-Orient." Both worked on a systemic and contextual revision and reinterpretation of former French translations which greatly enhanced the historical value of these sources.[12][13]

Chronological Charts of Nan’s Chronicle[2]
Number Names Events Rule Genealogy
1 Nibbanapad 1345/6-1350 unrelated to previous kings
2 Siddhana(raja) 1350-(3months) younger brother of 1
3 Lambanraja 1350-1353 son of 2
4 Cau Pa Sat invasion 1353-1355 son of Siam King Ramadhipati
5 Cau Pa At 1355-1357 brother of 4
6 Cau Ktumpan Bisi 1357- youngest son of Ramadhipati (1 month)
7 Sri Suriyovans 1357-1366 nephew of 3
8 Param Rama 1366-1370 nephew of 7
9 Dhammasokaraj 1370-1373 brother of 8
10 Indaraja invasion 1373- son of Siam King Baramraja
Chronological Charts of Chronicle of Samtec Cauva Vamn Juon[2]
Number Names Events Rule Genealogy
1 Nibbanapad 1340-1345 son of Ta Trasak Pha-Em (in legend)
2 Siddhana(raja) 1345-(3 months) younger brother of 1
3 LaMba(raja) 1346-1348 son of 2
4 Suriyodait invasion by Siam

King Ramadhipati

 1349-1362

(1353-1354: Escaped from the city)

 son of 1, cousin of 3
5 Cau Pa Sat 1353-1354 son of Siam king Ramadhipati
6 Cau Pa At 1354-(3 months) brother of 5
7 Cau KtumpanBis 1354-(1 month) youngest son of Ramadhipati
8 Param Rama 1362-1372 son of 3
9 Dhammasokaraj 1372-1400 brother of 8
10 Sri Suriyovans 1400-1413 son of 4
11 Param Sokara 1413-1416 son of 9
12 Indaraja invasion 1416-(5 months son of Siam King Baramraja

The “Middle Period”

Most chronicles refer to the era from around the middle of the 14th century to the beginning of the 16th century as the “Middle Period” of Cambodian history; as to be post-Angkorean and pre-modern. Some historians apply this term to the entire period of the Middle Period.[14]

According to the chronicle of Nan this period began in 1346 under the reign of King Param Nibbanapad. The chronicle of VJ starts in 1340, roughly 6 years earlier than the Nan records.

King Param Nibbanapad reigned from the year 1346 to 1351 (Nan chronicle). No information is given on how he relates to the last King of the Khmer Empire - Jayavarman Parameshwara.

Historical Accuracy

In cross-reference with external sources - Thai, Laos and China - and applying the degree of precision of these sources - conflicts with dating emerge, in particular during the 14th and the 15th century, significant regional military and political events remain unrecorded.[15] On the other hand, many texts give unusually detailed accounts of controversies and conflicts among the royal families, to the point of explicit evaluation of leadership and blaming weak monarchs for national misfortunes.[16] Some scholars dismiss these recordings as to be unhistorical - as facts are obviously missing, authors tend to create stories and adopt legends in order to fill gaps.[17] Dates, length and degree of Thai incursions and occupation vary among the chronicles.[18] Events surrounding the fall of Angkor, the role and the actions of the king and the elite are obscure.[19][20]

David Chandler argues that in the case of the "Tiounn Chronicle", compiled between 1928 and 1934 by palace minister Tiounn, [He]"...drew on a range of earlier chronicles..." and are written "...from a king's perspective, between mythical times and the accession of King Sisowath Monivong(1927)...", offering no interpretation. The printed version, published only a decade later, omits material of the original. He quotes author Michael Vickery, when he remarks, that "...chronicles, including this one, that treat events earlier than 1550 cannot be verified, and were often copied from Thai chronicles about Thailand..."[21]

As the chronicles are the prime national source of the immediate post-Angkorean period many historians give only vague statements on the events that accompany the decline of Angkor as a capital.[22][23] Nonetheless, scholar Nhim Sotheavin emphasizes the practicalities: "However, the evaluation and careful consideration of the chronicles, other external sources and secondary scholarship will help to clarify its position as a transitional feature of Cambodian history, and a significant source of study."[2]

See also

Bibliography

  • Garnier, F. (1871). Chronique Royale du Cambodge. Paris.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Vickery, M. (1977). Cambodia after Angkor: the Chronicular Evidence for the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries. Yale University.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • de Berval, René (1959). Kingdom of the Million Elephants and of the White Parasol. Saigon.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Cœdès, G. (1937). Inscription du Cambodge, 8 volumes. Hanoi-Paris.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Simon, W. (1966). Chronology during the Fourteenth and the Fifteenth Centuries, Asia Major, Volume XII. London.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Palmer Briggs, Lawrence (1948). Siamese Attacks on Angkor Before 1430e. Washington D.C.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

References

  1. ↑ "AN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY INSCRIPTION FROM ANGKOR WAT - by David P. Chandler" (PDF). Siamese Heritage Protection Program. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Essay on Cambodian History from the middle of the 14th to the beginning of the 16th Centuries: According to the Cambodian Royal Chronicles" (PDF). Sophia University Angkor International Mission. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 2, 2015. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
  3. ↑ "List Of Khmer Kings - Angkor Wat". cambodia-picturetour.com. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  4. 1 2 "Les Chroniques Royales Khmeres" (PDF). SEAlang Library Projects. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
  5. ↑ "raja - definition of raja in English from the Oxford dictionary". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on September 23, 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  6. ↑ "Sanskritdictionary.com: Definition of avatara". sanskritdictionary.com. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  7. ↑ "Archaeology in Cambodia: An appraisal for future research" (PDF). Khmer Studies. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  8. 1 2 Woolf, Daniel; Feldherr, Andrew; Sato, Masayuki; Rabasa, José; Hardy, Grant; Hesketh, Ian; Tortarolo, Edoardo (2011). History of Historical Writing -, Volumes 31400-31800. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199219179. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  9. ↑ "The royal chronicles of Cambodia (legendary part). French translation, with comparison of different versions, and Introduction". Ecole practice des hautes etudes.. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
  10. ↑ Boxer, Charles Ralph (1953). "South China in the Sixteenth Century". google.com.kh. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  11. ↑ "Setting the Khmer chronicles". SrokSreh. Archived from the original on May 4, 2015. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
  12. ↑ "Piecing fragments of history together". Phnom Penh Post. December 16, 2005. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
  13. ↑ "Review of books". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
  14. ↑ "Murder and Mayhem in Seventeenth Century Cambodia - The so-called middle period of Cambodian history, stretching from... - Reviews in History". School of Advanced Study at the University of London. February 28, 2009. Archived from the original on June 15, 2015. Retrieved June 14, 2015.
  15. ↑ "Cambodia - history - geography - Tai and Vietnamese hegemony". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
  16. ↑ Woolf, D. R. (3 June 2014). A Global Encyclopedia of Historical Writing, Volume 2 - Cambodian Chronicles. Routledge. ISBN 9781134819980. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
  17. ↑ "Siam Society - Journal of the Siam Society". siam-society.org. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  18. ↑ Briggs, Lawrence Palmer (1948). "Siamese Attacks On Angkor Before 1430". The Far Eastern Quarterly. Association for Asian Studies. 8 (1): 3–33. doi:10.2307/2049480. JSTOR 2049480. S2CID 165680758.
  19. ↑ Aung-Thwin, Michael Arthur; Hall, Kenneth R. (13 May 2011). New Perspectives on the History and Historiography of Southeast Asia. Routledge. ISBN 9781136819643. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  20. ↑ Tricky Vandenberg. "History of Ayutthaya - Ayutthayan Wars - 1556". ayutthaya-history.com. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  21. ↑ Woolf, D. R. (3 June 2014). A Global Encyclopedia of Historical Writing, Volume 2 - Tiounn Chronicle. Routledge. ISBN 9781134819980. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
  22. ↑ "CAMBODIA 1975-1982" (PDF). Michael Vickery’s Publications. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
  23. ↑ "Cambodia's cultural heritage considerations in Area Studies by Aratoi Hisao". googleusercontent.com. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
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