The Campaign for Freedom of Information is an advocacy group that promotes and defends freedom of information in the UK. It seeks to strengthen the public's rights under the Freedom of Information Act 2000 and related laws and opposes attempts to weaken them. It does this through campaigning, the publication of briefings and other reports and research. The Campaign also provides advice to the public, assistance to people challenging unreasonable refusals to disclose information and runs training courses on freedom of information.

The Campaign is a not-for-profit company, unaffiliated to any political party, (registration number 1781526) governed by a board of non-executive directors. It is funded mainly by grants from charitable foundations, donations and income from training. Maurice Frankel has been its director since 1987.

History

1984–1996

First edition of the CFOI journal Secrets

The Campaign was founded in 1984 by citizen campaigner Des Wilson to secure a freedom of information law[1] in the UK. The organisation was officially launched on 5 January 1984 with the support of the three main opposition party leaders of the time and 150 MPs from all parties.[2] The Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher,[3][4] opposed FOI in principle, saying that a legal power to force ministers to disclose information would weaken ministers' accountability to Parliament.[5]

They worked to keep FOI on the political agenda until the climate became more favourable, while seeking to introduce specific rights to information through private members' bills. Several private members' bills that the Campaign drafted and promoted reached the statute book as the:

  • Access to Personal Files Act 1987 (access to individuals' housing and social work files)
  • Access to Medical Reports Act 1988 (access to medical reports provided to employers or insurers)
  • Environment and Safety Information Act 1988 (access to specified enforcement notices)
  • Access to Health Records Act 1990 (a general right of access to health records)

The Campaign also drafted a bill to reform section 2 of the Official Secrets Act 1911, a catch-all provision which made the unauthorised disclosure of any official information a criminal offence. The Protection of Official Information Bill, introduced by MP Richard Shepherd in 1988, would have replaced section 2 with a narrower measure that included a public interest defence. The bill was defeated after the government imposed an unprecedented three-line whip on its own MPs at second reading requiring them to vote it down.[6] Thatcher's Conservative government later introduced the Official Secrets Act 1989, which repealed section 2 of the 1911 Act, but rejected all efforts to insert a public interest defence.

In February 1993, another of the Campaign's private members' bills for a full FOI Act, the Right to Know Bill, was introduced by MP Mark Fisher and debated for a total of 21 hours in the Commons.

With the whistleblowing charity Public Concern at Work the Campaign drafted the Whistleblower Protection Bill, introduced as a ten-minute rule bill by MP Tony Wright early in 1995. A revised version, the Public Interest Disclosure Bill, was introduced by MP Don Touhig at the end of 1995. The bill completed its committee stage in the Commons before being talked out by the government in 1996. Shortly after the Labour Party won the 1997 general election, MP Richard Shepherd drew a high place in the private members' ballot and introduced the Public Interest Disclosure Bill, which received Royal Assent in July 1998.

1996–2005

In 1996, Tony Blair presented the Campaign's annual awards, and strongly committed himself to FOI.[7][8] Following Labour's election in 1997, the Campaign's chairman James Cornford was appointed a special adviser by David Clark, the cabinet minister responsible for drawing up the government's FOI proposals. However, after a well-received white paper, Your Right to Know (CM 3818), Clark was relieved of this role and responsibility for FOI was moved to the Home Office under Jack Straw. The Home Office later published a draft FOI bill that was greeted with "universal hostility".[9][10]

The Campaign took the lead in proposing amendments to the bill during its Parliamentary passage.[11] It played a similar role in relation to the Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act, which received Royal Assent in 2002.

The Campaign's role in bringing about FOI was acknowledged by Straw, who as Home Secretary introduced the legislation. Straw told MPs on the Justice Committee, which was conducting post-legislative scrutiny of the FOI Act, that Labour's manifesto commitment "was the product of a brilliant campaign by the Campaign for Freedom of Information".[12] The commentator Peter Riddell wrote that the Campaign "was primarily responsible for the introduction of the legislation".[13]

2005 onwards

Since 2005 the Campaign has worked to defend the FOI Act from repeated attempts to weaken it. These started in 2006 when the government published draft regulations to make it easier for public authorities to refuse FOI requests on cost grounds.[14] This was followed by separate moves to remove Parliament[15] and then MPs' expenses[16] from the legislation.[17] There was also pressure to exclude cabinet papers[18] from access, exclude all policy discussions and to introduce charges for requests.[19] The Campaign has opposed all these so far unsuccessful initiatives – though in 2010 a measure giving the Royal Family greater protection from FOI was passed.[20]

The Campaign continues to press for improvements to the FOI Act. In particular to:

  • ensure FOI applies properly to contractors providing public services
  • introduce tighter time limits for responding to requests and for them to be enforced more effectively
  • extend the Act's public interest test to the 'absolute' exemptions
  • allow requesters to specify that they want access to actual copies of documents not just the information in them
  • extend the 6 month time limit within which the Information Commissioner can prosecute authorities which deliberately destroy requested records – the Government agreed to this change in 2012, but it has not yet been implemented.[21]

Support work

The Campaign provides advice to the public about their rights to information and has published a short guide to the Freedom of Information Act and related laws. It assists individuals who have been refused information to complain to the Information Commissioner or appeal against Information Commissioner decisions to the Information Rights Tribunal. It has been instrumental in a number of successful Tribunal appeals involving the police's failure to provide information to a murder victim's family, relatives denied information about a hospital death, toxic land contamination, the withholding of an MP's policy correspondence on the spurious grounds that disclosure would breach his privacy, and in overturning a decision that would have introduced an entirely new layer of secrecy about Ombudsman inquiries. It has assisted a requester bring a judicial review of a ministerial veto blocking the release of a report on the HS2 rail link.

The organisation recently intervened in two Supreme Court cases, with the Media Legal Defence Initiative in support of The Times newspaper's ultimately unsuccessful argument that Article 10 of the ECHR incorporates a right to FOI[22] and in support of The Guardian's challenge to the government's use of the ministerial veto in the FOI Act to block the disclosure of the then Prince Charles' advocacy correspondence, the so-called Black spider memos, with government departments.[23]

The Campaign provides training on how to use FOI. It also provides a regular training course for FOI officers on recent developments in FOI case law.

30th anniversary

30th anniversary featuring from left to right: Des Wilson (founder), Neil McIntosh (chair until 2014), Russell Levy (chair) and Maurice Frankel (director).

In January 2015, the Campaign celebrated its 30th anniversary with an event hosted by ARTICLE 19 at the Free Word Centre at which Ian Hislop and Des Wilson spoke. It marked the occasion by selling special edition T-shirts featuring Tony Blair (who has described the introduction of FOI as one of his biggest mistakes[24]) in a cartoon designed for it by political cartoonist Steve Bell.[25]

In fiction

The character Sir Arnold Robinson from the hit series Yes Minister accepts the chairmanship of the campaign for freedom of information, and in Yes, Prime Minister is regularly seen in this role, more often than not using it to aid Sir Humphrey in leaking material that will damage the government (once he has the assurance that the leaked information is inaccurate).

References

  1. ↑ Freedom of information laws by country
  2. ↑ Norton-Taylor, Richard Norton-Taylor (6 February 1984). "Campaigners declare war on secret state". The Guardian.
  3. ↑ "Secrets Newspaper No 1" (PDF). Secrets Newspaper. 12 January 1984.
  4. ↑ Thatcher, Margaret (12 July 1983). "MT letter to Des Wilson (proposed Freedom of Information Act)". Thatcher Archive. Thatcher Archive.
  5. ↑ "Secrets Newspaper No.1" (PDF). Secrets Newspaper. CFOI. 1 January 1985.
  6. ↑ "Move to revive secrets reform". The Observer. 17 January 1988.
  7. ↑ "Tony Blair at CFOI ceremony". CFOI. CFOI. 25 March 1996.
  8. ↑ "SPeech by Tony Blair". CFOI. CFOI. 25 March 1996.
  9. ↑ Ward/Henke, Lucy/David (23 June 1999). "Straw grilled by MPs, attacked by campaigners". The Guardian.
  10. ↑ "Straw denies information bill 'retreat'". BBC. 24 May 1990.
  11. ↑ "Straw Concedes on Information Bill". 5 April 2000.
  12. ↑ "Jack Straw's evidence the House of Commons Justice Committee". UK Parliament. n.d. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
  13. ↑ Brooke, Heather (7 April 2010). "The Silent State: Secrets, Surveillance and the Myth of British Democracy". The Times.
  14. ↑ "Blair government's proposals to restrict FOI requests". CFOI.org.uk. CFOI. n.d.
  15. ↑ "Attempt to remove Parliament from the FOI Act". CFOI.org.uk. CFOI. n.d.
  16. ↑ "Straw denies information bill 'retreat'". BBC News. 24 April 1999.
  17. ↑ "New bid to exempt MPs' expenses from FOI Act". CFOI. 23 January 2009.
  18. ↑ Whitehead, Tom (11 June 2009). "Cabinet papers to be exempt from Freedom of Information". The Daily Telegraph.
  19. ↑ Cook, Chris (2 March 2012). 6481-11e1-9aa1-00144feabdc0.html "Freedom of Information Act 'under attack'". Financial Times. {{cite news}}: Check |url= value (help)
  20. ↑ Verkaik, Robert (5 March 2015). "Royal Family granted new right of secrecy". The Independent (UK). Archived from the original on 10 January 2011.
  21. ↑ "Government Response to the Justice Committee's Report: Post-legislative scrutiny of the Freedom of Information Act 2000, November 2012, Paragraph 37" (PDF). UK Government website. UK Government. n.d.
  22. ↑ Anonymous, Anonymous (8 May 2014). "Richard Clayton: The Curious Case of Kennedy v Charity Commission". MLDI.
  23. ↑ "Legal Battle over Prince of Charles letters". The Guardian. The Guardian UK. n.d.
  24. ↑ Associated Press (17 November 2011). "Blair regrets passing freedom of information law". The Guardian.
  25. ↑ Greenslade, Roy (14 January 2015). "Support freedom of information with a Tony Blair T-shirt". The Guardian.
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