Pope Benedict XV (1854–1922)

Pope Benedict XV (r. 1914–1922) created 32 cardinals in five consistories over less than seven and a half years, with a three year gap during the worst fighting of the First World War. Nineteen of the 32 were Italian, twelve came from other European countries, and the lone non-European was Dennis Dougherty from the United States. They included Achille Ratti, his successor as Pope Pius XI and one name, that of the German Adolf Bertram, reserved in pectore for three years.

6 December 1915

Giovanni Cagliero (1838–1926), made a cardinal on 6 December 1915.

With Europe at war, Pope Benedict created six cardinals at a consistory on 6 December 1915.[1] Two were Italian archbishops; the others, three Italians and an Austrian, had served in the diplomatic corps of the Holy See. Four of the six received their cardinals' galeri and their titular church assignments on 9 December,[2] while Frühwirth and Leguigno remained at the nunciatures in Munich and Vienna. The membership of the College of Cardinals after this consistory included 29 Italians and 32 non-Italians.[3][4]

Name Country
Giulio Tonti (1844–1918)  Italy
Alfonso Mistrangelo (1852–1930)  Italy
Giovanni Cagliero (1838–1926)  Italy
Andreas Franz Frühwirth (1845–1933) Austria
Raffaele Scapinelli di Leguigno (1858–1933)  Italy
Giorgio Gusmini (1855–1921)  Italy

4 December 1916

Adolf Bertram (1859–1945), made a cardinal in pectore on 4 December 1916.

Benedict held a consistory to create cardinals on 4 December 1916. No cardinals from Germany or Austria-Hungary attended.[5] The ten new cardinals were all natives of and working in France and Italy, part of the opposing wartime alliance. He also said he was appointing two more in pectore.[6] All ten, joined by the papal diplomat Andreas Frühwirth, a native of Austria who was made a cardinal a year earlier, attended the public consistory on 7 December where they received their red galeri and were assigned their titular churches.[7][lower-alpha 1] One cardinal created but unnamed was Adolph Bertram, whose German homeland was fighting against Italy and its allies.[8] The other Benedict never identified.[lower-alpha 2]

Name Country
Pietro La Fontaine (1860–1935)  Italy
Vittorio Ranuzzi de' Bianchi (1857–1927)  Italy
Donato Sbarretti (1856–1939)  Italy
Auguste-René-Marie Dubourg (1842–1921) French Third Republic France
Louis-Ernest Dubois (1856–1929) French Third Republic France
Tommaso Pio Boggiani (1863–1942)  Italy
Alessio Ascalesi (1872–1952)  Italy
Louis-Joseph Maurin (1859–1936) French Third Republic France
Niccolò Marini (1843–1923)  Italy
Oreste Giorgi (1856–1924)  Italy

Cardinal in pectore

Name Country Revealed as Cardinal
Adolf Bertram (1859–1945) Germany 15 December 1919[8]

15 December 1919

Aleksander Kakowski (1862–1938), made a cardinal on 15 December 1919.

Benedict created six cardinals on 15 December 1919, three Italians, two Poles, and one Spaniard.[8] All attended the public consistory three days later to receive their cardinals' galeri and be assigned their titular church or deaconry,[8] except for Juan Soldevilla y Romero, Archbishop of Zaragoza.[lower-alpha 3] Adolf Bertram, created a cardinal in pectore in 1916, participated in this consistory as well.[8][12] At the close of this consistory, the College of Cardinals had 63 members, 32 Italians and 31 non-Italians.[13]

Name Country
Filippo Camassei (1848–1921)  Ottoman Empire
Augusto Silj (1846–1926)  Italy
Juan Soldevilla y Romero (1843–1923) Spain
Teodoro Valfre di Bonzo (1853–1922)  Italy
Aleksander Kakowski (1862–1938) Poland
Edmund Dalbor (1869–1926) Poland

7 March 1921

Karl Joseph Schulte (1871–1941), made a cardinal on 7 March 1921.

Benedict added six prelates to the College as cardinal priests on 7 March 1921, two Germans, 2 Spaniards, an American, and an Italian.[14] Three of them–Faulhaber, Dougherty, and Schulte–received their red galeri and titular church assignments on 10 March.[15] The six names had been announced on 22 February.[16][17]

Name Country
Francesco Ragonesi (1850–1931)  Italy
Michael von Faulhaber (1869–1952) Germany
Dennis Joseph Dougherty (1865–1951)  United States
Juan Benlloch i Vivó (1864–1926) Restoration (Spain) Spain
Francisco Vidal y Barraquer (1868–1943) Restoration (Spain) Spain
Karl Joseph Schulte (1871–1941) Germany

13 June 1921

Benedict named three Italian cardinals at his last consistory, including Achille Ratti, who succeeded him as Pope Pius XI in February 1922. Three others made cardinals the previous March participated, having been first awarded their red hats by the King of Spain: Francesco Ragonesi, Papal Nuncio to Spain, and the Spanish bishops Juan Benlloch i Vivó and Francisco Vidal y Barraquer.[18][19] On 16 June, Benedict gave them all their red galeri and the five cardinal priests received their titular church assignments and the one cardinal deacon, Laurenti, his deaconry.[20] Italian newspapers reported that Benedict privately told the three new cardinals that "We gave you the red robe of a Cardinal.... very soon, however, one of you will wear the white robe".[21]

Name Country
Giovanni Tacci Porcelli (1863–1928)  Italy
Achille Ratti (1857–1939)  Italy
Camillo Laurenti (1861–1938)  Italy

Notes

  1. ↑ The New York Times reported that Früwirth had received his red hat from Benedict the preceding Thursday, 27 November, because he "could not participate in the one held today", 4 December.[5]
  2. ↑ The claim that the other prelate named a cardinal in pectore was Pavel Huyn, the archbishop of Prague, also recognizes that Benedict's failure to publish the name rendered the appointment ineffective.[9] Huyn was the object of speculation, but by the next consistory for the creation of cardinals he had resigned as archbishop.[10]
  3. ↑ Soldevilla y Romero received his galero and titular church assignment on 22 April 1920.[11]

References

  1. ↑ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. VII. 1915. p. 513. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  2. ↑ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. VII. 1915. pp. 518, 522. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  3. ↑ "The Six New Cardinals". America. XIV (9): 196. 11 December 1915. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  4. ↑ Edmiston, Homer (10 February 1916). "The Papal Consistory of December 6". The Nation. 102 (2641): 157. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  5. 1 2 "Pope Names Ten Cardinals" (PDF). New York Times. 5 December 1916.
  6. ↑ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. VIII. 1916. pp. 468–9. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  7. ↑ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. VIII. 1916. pp. 473, 477. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. XI. 1919. pp. 485–9.
  9. ↑ "Huyn, Paul Gf. von (1868-1946), Bischof". Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon (in German). Austrian Centre for Digital Humanities and Cultural Heritage. Retrieved 28 March 2021. Seine Ernennung zum Kardinal in petto wurde nicht mehr publiziert und blieb daher unwirksam. [His appointment as cardinal was not published further and was therefore ineffective.]
  10. ↑ "Expect 7 to be Cardinals". New York Times. 28 September 1919. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  11. ↑ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. XII. 1920. pp. 146, 148.
  12. ↑ "Pope Bestows Red Hats at a Consistory; Rev. J.G. Murray of Hartford Made a Bishop" (PDF). New York Times. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  13. ↑ The New International Year Book. Dodd, Mead and Company. 1920. p. 579. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  14. ↑ "Consistory in Rome Today on Cardinals" (PDF). New York Times. Associated Press. 7 March 1921. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  15. ↑ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. XIII. 1921. pp. 123–6. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  16. ↑ "Names of Six New Cardinals Announced by Vatican Organ" (PDF). New York Times. 23 February 1921. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  17. ↑ "Chronicle: Rome". America. XXIV (22): 515. 19 March 1921.
  18. ↑ "Six Red Hats Conferred" (PDF). New York Times. 17 June 1921. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  19. ↑ "Pope Criticizes Jews for Acts in Palestine; Urges Appeal to League to Define Mandate" (PDF). New York Times. Associated Press. 14 June 1921. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
  20. ↑ Acta Apostolicae Sedis (PDF). Vol. XIII. 1921. pp. 284–5, 287, 289. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  21. ↑ Aradi, Zsolt (2017). Pius XI: The Pope and the Man. Pickle Partners Publishing. p. . ISBN 9781787205000. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
Additional sources
  • Lentz III, Harris M. (2002). Popes and Cardinals of the 20th Century: A Biographical Dictionary. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-4101-3.
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