Carnoidea
Tethina lusitanica from family Canacidae
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Section: Schizophora
Subsection: Acalyptratae
Superfamily: Carnoidea
Families

Carnoidea is a superfamily of Acalyptratae flies.

Description

In general, member of Carnoidea are small flies no more than a few millimetres long.[1][2][3]

Carnoidea is a poorly defined superfamily. In 1989, ten synapomorphies were described for the group,[4] but most of these have later been challenged. As of 2006, the following synapomorphies were described: uppermost fronto-orbital bristle(s) of the head is exclinate; phallus of the male is flexible, unsclerotized, simple and elongate; and phallus is microtrichose.[3]

Ecology

Braulidae are associated with honey bees, with larvae developing in beeswax while adults attach to bees and feed from bee mouthparts.[5]

Canacidae adults are mainly found on seashore habitats such as beaches, estuarine tidal flats, wave-swept rocks and mangroves. Little is known about their larvae, but they are believed to mainly feed on algae in the intertidal zone.[6] Australimyzidae are also found on seashores, being associated with dead or decaying plant matter.[7]

Carnidae are scavengers found in various kinds of plant matter, animal dung, carrion and vertebrate nests. Milichiidae are also scavengers and most occur in a range of habitats, though some are restricted to ant nests, bee nests or bat dung in caves.[5]

Chloropidae are more varied in their larval ecology, including scavengers, herbivores in plant shoots and stems (these may be largely bacterial feeders), parasites feeding on frog blood, and predators of insect or spider eggs.[2]

Adults of Inbiomyiidae are believed to be microbial grazers, as dissections have found fungal, algal and probably bacterial material in their guts. The larvae are unknown.[3]

Phylogeny

Australimyzidae and Inbiomyiidae are sister groups, meaning they are more closely related to each other than to any other family.[3]

Carnoidea may not be a monophyletic group. One molecular analysis found that its constituent families are more closely related to members of other superfamilies, such as Braulidae to Drosophilidae (superfamily Ephydroidea).[8]

References

  1. ↑ "Family Canacidae". bugguide.net. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
  2. 1 2 "Diptera | What Bug Is That?". anic.csiro.au. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Buck, Matthias (2006). "A new family and genus of acalypterate flies from the Neotropical region, with a phylogenetic analysis of Carnoidea family relationships (Diptera, Schizophora): A new family and genus of acalypterate flies". Systematic Entomology. 31 (3): 377–404. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2006.00328.x. S2CID 86429320.
  4. ↑ F., McAlpine, J. (1989). Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 3. Dept. of Agriculture, Research Branch. pp. 1397–1518. ISBN 0-660-12961-2. OCLC 1066994117.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. 1 2 Ebejer, M. J. (2012). "Diptera Carnoidea of the Maltese Islands". Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Malta. 5: 73–76.
  6. ↑ "Diptera | What Bug Is That?". anic.csiro.au. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
  7. ↑ "Factsheet: Australasian coastal fly- Australimyza sp". nzacfactsheets.landcareresearch.co.nz. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
  8. ↑ Bayless, Keith M.; Trautwein, Michelle D.; Meusemann, Karen; Shin, Seunggwan; Petersen, Malte; Donath, Alexander; Podsiadlowski, Lars; Mayer, Christoph; Niehuis, Oliver; Peters, Ralph S.; Meier, Rudolf (2021-02-08). "Beyond Drosophila: resolving the rapid radiation of schizophoran flies with phylotranscriptomics". BMC Biology. 19 (1): 23. doi:10.1186/s12915-020-00944-8. ISSN 1741-7007. PMC 7871583. PMID 33557827.
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