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The Horse & Jockey Pub now resides near the historic site in downtown Lexington, KY

Cheapside Park was a block in downtown Lexington, Kentucky between Upper Street and Mill Street. Cheapside, originally Public Square, was the town's main marketplace in the nineteenth century and included a large slave market before the Civil War.

Cheapside Park played a prominent role in the slave trade, many enslaved people sold here were moved to the lower South, or forced to work in the local areas. The local market served as a conglomerate of local slave traders, slaveholders, and other related individuals.

Cheapside Park was renamed Henry A. Tandy Centennial Park, primarily due to local displeasure with the historical context and connotation of the former name.[1] Since renamed, for previously enslaved Henry A. Tandy, it is currently home to the Lexington Farmers Market and popular events like Thursday Night Live.

History

Cheapside was a major marketplace and one of the largest markets in the south prior to the American Civil War. One of the largest slave markets in the south existed at Cheapside,[2] though it was detested by locals.[3] Cheapside was also host to the sale of "fancy girls", young women of mixed race sold as sex slaves.[4] "Fancy girls" were often transported to Kentucky, due to its reputation for being the largest supplier of these young enslaved women outside of the New Orleans area.[5] However, many of these slaves were born and held within Kentucky's very own borders.[5] The Cheapside slave market allowed slave traders the opportunity to purchase slaves for a low price, which encouraged movement for resale to a more fruitful and profitable market - the deep South.[6] A pair of slave traders, Downing and Hughes, noted raising 57 percent capital on their sale of 13 slaves - purchasing the 13 individuals for $5,292.50, expending $257.72 during their travels to Natchez, Mississippi for resale, and receiving $8,695.00 upon final sale.[6] The total profit, $3,144.78, was encouraging to Downing and Hughes - and eventually, these large returns on investment would encourage others to participate in the arbitrage of slaves, expanding the vastness of the slave trade.[6] Louisville, Henderson, Paducah, and Maysville would become a departure point for many slave traders, their positioning upon the Ohio River would allow easy travel into the Mississippi River, and ultimately the lower South - the more profitable slave markets.[7]

The Kentucky General Assembly attempted to ban or at least cripple the slave trade in 1833 with the Non-Importation Act, which banned the importation of slaves into the Commonwealth for the purpose of selling them.[8] The slave trade was outlawed in 1864. The Cheapside market continued until 1922 when it was declared a public nuisance and banned.

Future President Abraham Lincoln was visiting his wife's family in 1846 when her father, Robert Todd, purchased five slaves at Cheapside. Lincoln may have been present during the auction.[9]

Origin of Name

The earliest reference to the name dates to 1813 in an advertisement for Todd and Smith Wholesale Grocery, owned by Mary Todd Lincoln's father Robert Smith Todd. That building is now occupied by a bourbon bar known as The Bluegrass Tavern.[10] Cheapside is a common English name meaning "marketplace" from Old English ceapan, "to buy." The name frequently occurs in literature.[11]

The Pope Villa

In 1811, the Pope Villa, named after its first inhabitants, began construction.[12] Kentucky Senator John Pope purchased land from John Maxwell for the Pope Villa to be constructed to serve as his residence as a seated governor - however, the deed was not finalized until 1814.[13][12] This home was designed by Benjamin Henry Latrobe, who is often considered to be the "father of American architecture".[14] Latrobe had also notably designed the U.S. Capitol Building upon Capitol Hill.[14] The Pope Villa played a prominent role, involved with many affluential figures, in the landscape of American politics and economics - specifically regarding the commodification of human beings.

In 2022, the Bluegrass Trust owns and manages the property - efforts to produce a tour of the historical site are currently underway with the collaboration between the Bluegrass Trust, University of Kentucky History department staff and students, and other departmental researchers.

Notable residents

Below is information on notable residents of the Pope Villa from 1811 to 1856:

John Pope

Original owner and financier of the Pope Villa, Pope served as Kentucky Senator from 1807 to 1813, Kentucky Secretary of State from 1816 to 1819, and as a Lawyer when not an elected official.[15]

James Prentiss

Prentiss Leased the Pope Villa in 1818 from John Pope. Prentiss is responsible for the failure of Kentucky's first bank, Kentucky Insurance Company of Lexington.[16] Prentiss accumulated massive amounts of debt, before fleeing the state in order to avoid paying the said debt.[16]

William T. Barry

Seated U.S. Postmaster General under Andrew Jackson from 1829 to 1835, Barry was the only cabinet member who did not resign following the Petticoat Affair. Barry is responsible for many anti-abolitionist newspaper policies and enforcements, including the banning of the famous newspaper, The Liberator.[17]

Henry Johnson

An attorney who often dealt with the recollection of debts through the sale of collateralized slaves. A deed between Henry Johnson and B.G. Thomas displays his use of the power of attorney to acquire collateralized slaves to meet debts.[18] Johnson took the slave, named Bill, mentioned in the deed, and sold him to J.R. Megowan.[18] J.R. Megowan was a part of a family of slave traders, auctioneers, and bondsmen - his brother, Thomas B. Megowan, was the owner of a "slave jail" in Kentucky.[19][6]

Henry Johnson begins with 48 slaves under his legal ownership in 1830, to 117 slaves in 1840, and to 442 slaves in 1850.[20][21][22] He would eventually sells the Pope Villa in 1856 and moved to Mississippi where he purchases a plantation.

Taking Back Cheapside

In August 2020, Lexington's governing body, the Urban County council, voted to rename this area Henry A. Tandy Centennial Park,[1] after Henry A. Tandy, an entrepreneur, leader, and mason whose construction company laid the brick under the Courthouse's stone façade.[23] The impetus for the reimagining of this area began in 2017 with the Take Back Cheapside community organization.[24][2] The council voted unanimously that year[25] to remove two state-funded statues celebrating confederate soldiers, Gen. John Hunt Morgan and John C. Breckinridge, Confederate Secretary of War. The historical marker on the corner of Short and Upper Streets was commissioned by the Kappa Alpha Psi fraternity.[26]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 TV, WKYT (28 August 2020). "Lexington's Cheapside Park renamed, now Henry A. Tandy Centennial Park". Retrieved 2020-12-02.
  2. 1 2 "African American Heritage Trail: Lexington, KY". www.visitlex.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-02-29.
  3. ↑ Wright, John Dean (1982). Lexington: Heart of The Bluegrass. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0912839066. Retrieved 2017-12-08.
  4. ↑ Coleman, Winston J. (1940). Slavery Times in Kentucky. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
  5. 1 2 Lucas, Marion B. A History of Blacks in Kentucky: From Slavery to Segregation, 1760-1891. Lexington, KY: Kentucky Historical Society, 2003. 86.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Lucas, Marion B. A History of Blacks in Kentucky: From Slavery to Segregation, 1760-1891. Lexington, KY: Kentucky Historical Society, 2003. 89.
  7. ↑ Lucas, Marion B. A History of Blacks in Kentucky: From Slavery to Segregation, 1760-1891. Lexington, KY: Kentucky Historical Society, 2003. 96.
  8. ↑ "Non-Importation Law of Kentucky, 1833". Retrieved 2017-12-08.
  9. ↑ Townsend, William H. "Lincoln and The Bluegrass". Retrieved 2017-12-08.
  10. ↑ Publishing, Smiley Pete (2 March 2012). "Cheapside: More than a Name". Retrieved 2017-12-08.
  11. ↑ "Victorian London - Directories - Dickens's Dictionary of London, by Charles Dickens, Jr., 1879 - "CHA-CHR"". www.victorianlondon.org. Retrieved 2016-02-29.
  12. 1 2 Fazio, W, Michael, Patrick A. Snadon (2006). The domestic architecture of Benjamin Henry Latrobe. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 392. ISBN 0-8018-8104-8. OCLC 60375333.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ↑ Deed, John Maxwell to John Pope, April 10, 1814. 7, 79, Fayette County, Kentucky, Clerk’s Office, Lexington, Kentucky
  14. 1 2 "Benjamin Henry Latrobe's Capitol Contributions | Architect of the Capitol". www.aoc.gov. Retrieved 2022-05-04.
  15. ↑ E. M. Coulter, John Pope Kentuckian: His Life and Times, 1770–1845: A Saga of Kentucky Politics From 1792 to 1850. By Orval W. Baylor. (Cynthiana, Kentucky: The Hobson Press, 1943. xiii + 479 pp. Bibliography. $3.50.), Journal of American History, Volume 30, Issue 1, June 1943, Page 124, doi:10.1093/jahist/30.1.124-a
  16. 1 2 Royalty, Dale. “JAMES PRENTISS AND THE FAILURE OF THE KENTUCKY INSURANCE COMPANY, 1813-1818.” The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 73, no. 1 (1975): 1–16. JSTOR 23378385.
  17. ↑ "Liberator, The ." Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History. . Encyclopedia.com. (April 25, 2022). https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/liberator
  18. 1 2 Deed, Henry Johnson to B. G. Thomas, November 22, 1845. 23, 305, Fayette County, Kentucky, Clerk’s Office, Lexington, Kentucky
  19. ↑ The Robert Megowan family. Accessed April 25, 2022. http://sites.rootsweb.com/~rbarry4145/megg02.htm.
  20. ↑ Ancestry.com. 1830 United States Federal Census. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.
  21. ↑ Ancestry.com. 1840 United States Federal Census. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.
  22. ↑ Ancestry.com. 1850 United States Federal Census. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.
  23. ↑ TV, WKYT. "African Americans in the Bluegrass". Retrieved 2020-12-02.
  24. ↑ Musgrave, Beth (August 28, 2020). "It's official. This downtown park is now Henry A. Tandy Centennial Park". The Lexington Herald Leader. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
  25. ↑ News, CBS. "Lexington, Ky. approves plan to move Confederate monuments". CBS News. Retrieved 2020-12-02. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  26. ↑ Giles, Yvonne (24 July 2020). "Cheapside may be renamed Henry Tandy Centennial Park". Retrieved 2020-12-02.
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