| Chess Olympiad | |
|---|---|
 35th Chess Olympiad in Bled in October 2002 | |
| Status | Active |
| Genre | Sports Event |
| Frequency | Biennial |
| Location(s) | Various |
| Inaugurated | 1924 |
| Organised by | FIDE |
 44th Chess Olympiad | |
The Chess Olympiad is a biennial chess tournament in which teams representing nations of the world compete. FIDE organises the tournament and selects the host nation. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, FIDE held an Online Chess Olympiad in 2020 and 2021, with a rapid time control that affected players' online ratings.
The use of the name "Chess Olympiad" for FIDE's team championship is of historical origin and implies no connection with the Olympic Games.
Birth of the Olympiad
The first Olympiad was unofficial. For the 1924 Olympics an attempt was made to include chess in the Olympic Games but this failed because of problems with distinguishing between amateur and professional players.[1] While the 1924 Summer Olympics was taking place in Paris, the 1st unofficial Chess Olympiad also took place in Paris. FIDE was formed on Sunday, July 20, 1924, the closing day of the 1st unofficial Chess Olympiad.[2] FIDE organised the first Official Olympiad in 1927 which took place in London.[1] The Olympiads were occasionally held annually and at irregular intervals until World War II; since 1950 they have been held regularly every two years.[1]
 There were 16 participating nations in the 1st Chess Olympiad, 1927. |
 By the 41st Olympiad, 2014, there were 172 participating nations. |
Drug testing
As a sporting federation recognized by the IOC, and particularly as a signatory to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) conventions,[3] FIDE adheres to their rules, including a requirement for doping tests,[4][5] which they are obligated to take at the events such as the Olympiad. The tests were first introduced in 2002 under significant controversy,[6] with the widespread belief that it was impossible to dope in chess. Research carried out by the Dutch chess federation failed to find a single performance-enhancing substance for chess.[7] According to Dr Helmut Pfleger, who has been conducting experiments in the field for around twenty years, "Both mentally stimulating and mentally calming medication have too many negative side effects".[7] Players such as Artur Yusupov,[8] Jan Timman[9] and Robert Hübner[10] either refused to play for their national team or to participate in events such as the Chess Olympiad where drug tests were administered. All 802 tests administered at the 2002 Olympiad came back negative.[11] However, in the 36th Chess Olympiad in 2004, two players refused to provide urine samples and had their scores cancelled.[12][13] Four years later, Vassily Ivanchuk was not penalized for skipping a drug test at the 38th Chess Olympiad in 2008, with a procedural error being indicated instead.[14]
In 2010, a FIDE official commented that due to the work of the FIDE Medical Commission, the tests were now considered routine.[15] In November 2015, FIDE president Kirsan Ilyumzhinov announced they are working with WADA to define and identify doping in chess.[16]
Competition
Each FIDE-recognized chess association can enter a team into the Olympiad.[1] Each team is made of up to five players, four regular players and one reserve (prior to the tournament in Dresden 2008 there were two reserves[17]).[1]
Initially each team played all other teams but as the event grew over the years this became impossible.[1] At first team seeding took place before the competition,[1] with teams playing in preliminary groups and then finals. Later certain drawbacks were recognized with seeding and in 1976 a Swiss tournament system was adopted.[1] Starting from 2008, the first criterion for determining ranking has been match points instead of board points. Teams score 2 points for a match win, 1 point for a drawn match and 0 points for a match loss.
The trophy for the winning team in the open section is the Hamilton-Russell Cup,[1] which was offered by the English magnate Frederick Hamilton-Russell as a prize for the 1st Olympiad (London 1927). The cup is kept by the winning team until the next event, when it is consigned to the next winner.
There is a separate women's competition. Since 1976 it has been held at the same time and venue as the open event, with the two competitions comprising the Chess Olympiad. The trophy for the winning women's team is known as the Vera Menchik Cup in honor of the first Women's World Chess Champion.
Results
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* In 1976, the 
Soviet Union, other Communist countries and Arabic countries did not compete for political reasons.
† FIDE organized the online olympiads in 2020 and 2021 following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.
‡ Russia and India were subsequently declared joint winners after several Indian team members experienced connectivity issues due to a global outage of Cloudflare servers in 2020 Online Chess Olympiad.
§ The 2022 event was originally planned to be held in Minsk, Belarus, but it was rescheduled to Moscow, which originally was host of the 2020 Olympiad, which was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, FIDE made a statement in February 2022 that the tournament will not take place in Russia and will be shifted to Chennai, India.
Gaprindashvili Trophy
The trophy, named after the former women's World Champion Nona Gaprindashvili (1961–1978) and it was created by FIDE in 1997. The Trophy is awarded to the nation that has the highest total number of match points in the open and women's divisions combined.
| Year | Nation |
|---|---|
| 1998 |  Russia |
| 2000 | |
| 2002 | |
| 2004 | |
| 2006 |  China |
| 2008 |  Ukraine |
| 2010 | Russia |
| 2012 | |
| 2014 | China |
| 2016 | Ukraine |
| 2018 | China |
| 2022 |  India |
Total team ranking
The table contains the Open teams ranked by the medals won at the Chess Olympiad (not including the online or unofficial events), ranked by the number of first-place medals, ties broken by second-place medals, etc.
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Soviet Union | 18 | 1 | 0 | 19 |
| 2 |  United States | 6 | 6 | 8 | 20 |
| 3 | Russia | 6 | 3 | 3 | 12 |
| 4 |  Hungary | 3 | 7 | 2 | 12 |
| 5 |  Armenia | 3 | 1 | 3 | 7 |
| 6 | Ukraine | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7 |
| 7 | China | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| 8 | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Yugoslavia | 1 | 6 | 6 | 13 |
| 9 |  Poland | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 |
| 10 |  Germany | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 11 |  Uzbekistan | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 12 |  England | 0 | 3 | 3 | 6 |
| 13 |  Argentina | 0 | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| 14 |  Czechoslovakia | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| 15 |  Israel | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
 Netherlands | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
 Sweden | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |
| 18 |  Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
 Denmark | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| 20 | India | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| West Germany | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | |
| 22 |  Bulgaria | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
 Estonia | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Totals (23 entries) | 44 | 44 | 44 | 132 | |
Most successful players
Boldface denotes active chess players and highest medal count among all players (including these who not included in these tables) per type.
Multiple team champions
| Rank | Player | Country | From | To | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Tigran Petrosian | Soviet Union | 1958 | 1978 | 9 | 1 | – | 10 |
| 2 | Vasily Smyslov | Soviet Union | 1952 | 1972 | 9 | – | – | 9 |
| 3 | Garry Kasparov | Soviet Union Russia | 1980 | 2002 | 8 | – | – | 8 |
| Mikhail Tal | Soviet Union | 1958 | 1982 | 8 | – | – | 8 | |
| 5 | Paul Keres | Estonia Soviet Union | 1939 | 1964 | 7 | – | 1 | 8 |
| 6 | Efim Geller | Soviet Union | 1952 | 1980 | 7 | – | – | 7 |
| 7 | Lev Polugaevsky | Soviet Union | 1966 | 1984 | 6 | 1 | – | 7 |
| Boris Spassky | Soviet Union | 1962 | 1978 | 6 | 1 | – | 7 | |
| 9 | Mikhail Botvinnik | Soviet Union | 1954 | 1964 | 6 | – | – | 6 |
| Anatoly Karpov | Soviet Union | 1972 | 1988 | 6 | – | – | 6 | |
| Viktor Korchnoi | Soviet Union | 1960 | 1974 | 6 | – | – | 6 |
Multiple team medalists
The table shows players who have won at least 7 team medals in total at the Chess Olympiads.
| Rank | Player | Country | From | To | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Svetozar Gligorić | Yugoslavia | 1950 | 1974 | 1 | 6 | 5 | 12 |
| 2 | Tigran Petrosian | Soviet Union | 1958 | 1978 | 9 | 1 | – | 10 |
| 3 | Borislav Ivkov | Yugoslavia | 1956 | 1980 | – | 6 | 4 | 10 |
| 4 | Vasily Smyslov | Soviet Union | 1952 | 1972 | 9 | – | – | 9 |
| 5 | Aleksandar Matanović | Yugoslavia | 1954 | 1972 | – | 5 | 4 | 9 |
| 6 | Garry Kasparov | Soviet Union Russia | 1980 | 2002 | 8 | – | – | 8 |
| Mikhail Tal | Soviet Union | 1958 | 1982 | 8 | – | – | 8 | |
| 8 | Paul Keres | Estonia Soviet Union | 1939 | 1964 | 7 | – | 1 | 8 |
| 9 | Vassily (Vasyl) Ivanchuk | Soviet Union Ukraine | 1988 | 2012 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 8 |
| 10 | Efim Geller | Soviet Union | 1952 | 1980 | 7 | – | – | 7 |
| 11 | Lev Polugaevsky | Soviet Union | 1966 | 1984 | 6 | 1 | – | 7 |
| Boris Spassky | Soviet Union | 1962 | 1978 | 6 | 1 | – | 7 | |
| 13 | Vladimir Kramnik | Russia | 1992 | 2018 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 7 |
| 14 | Mieczysław (Miguel) Najdorf | Poland Argentina | 1935 | 1962 | – | 4 | 3 | 7 |
Best individual results in the open section
The best individual results in order of overall percentage are:
| Rank | Player | Country | Ol. | Gms. | + | = | – | % | Individual medals | Number of ind. medals | Team medals | Number of team medals |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mikhail Tal | Soviet Union | 8 | 101 | 65 | 34 | 2 | 81.2 | 5 – 2 – 0 | 7 | 8 – 0 – 0 | 8 |
| 2 | Anatoly Karpov | Soviet Union | 6 | 68 | 43 | 23 | 2 | 80.1 | 3 – 0 – 0 | 3 | 6 – 0 – 0 | 6 |
| 3 | Tigran Petrosian | Soviet Union | 10 | 129 | 78 | 50 | 1 | 79.8 | 6 – 0 – 0 | 6 | 9 – 1 – 0 | 10 |
| 4 | Isaac Kashdan | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} United States | 5 | 79 | 52 | 22 | 5 | 79.7 | 2 – 1 – 2 | 5 | 3 – 1 – 0 | 4 |
| 5 | Vasily Smyslov | Soviet Union | 9 | 113 | 69 | 42 | 2 | 79.6 | 4 – 2 – 2 | 8 | 9 – 0 – 0 | 9 |
| 6 | David Bronstein | Soviet Union | 4 | 49 | 30 | 18 | 1 | 79.6 | 3 – 1 – 0 | 4 | 4 – 0 – 0 | 4 |
| 7 | Garry Kasparov | Soviet Union (4) Russia (4) | 8 | 82 | 50 | 29 | 3 | 78.7 | 3 – 1 – 2 | 6 | 8 – 0 – 0 | 8 |
| 8 | Alexander Alekhine |  France | 5 | 72 | 43 | 27 | 2 | 78.5 | 2 – 2 – 0 | 4 | 0 – 0 – 0 | 0 |
| 9 | Milan Matulović | Yugoslavia | 6 | 78 | 46 | 28 | 4 | 76.9 | 1 – 2 – 0 | 3 | 0 – 2 – 2 | 4 |
| 10 | Paul Keres | Estonia (3) Soviet Union (7) | 10 | 141 | 85 | 44 | 12 | 75.9 | 5 – 1 – 1 | 7 | 7 – 0 – 1 | 8 |
| 11 | Efim Geller | Soviet Union | 7 | 76 | 46 | 23 | 7 | 75.7 | 3 – 3 – 0 | 6 | 7 – 0 – 0 | 7 |
| 12= | Israel Horowitz | United States | 4 | 51 | 29 | 19 | 3 | 75.5 | 2 – 0 – 0 | 2 | 3 – 0 – 0 | 3 |
| 12= | James Tarjan | United States | 5 | 51 | 32 | 13 | 6 | 75.5 | 2 – 0 – 1 | 3 | 1 – 0 – 3 | 4 |
| 14 | Bobby Fischer | United States | 4 | 65 | 40 | 18 | 7 | 75.4 | 0 – 2 – 1 | 3 | 0 – 2 – 0 | 2 |
| 15 | Ian Nepomniachtchi | Russia | 4 | 38 | 20 | 17 | 1 | 75.0 | 0 – 2 – 2 | 4 | 0 – 0 – 2 | 2 |
| 16 | Mikhail Botvinnik | Soviet Union | 6 | 73 | 39 | 31 | 3 | 74.7 | 2 – 1 – 2 | 5 | 6 – 0 – 0 | 6 |
| 17 | Amon Simutowe |  Zambia | 4 | 37 | 23 | 9 | 5 | 74.3 | 0 – 1 – 0 | 1 | 0 – 0 – 0 | 0 |
| 18 | Sam Shankland | United States | 4 | 35 | 20 | 12 | 3 | 74.3 | 1 – 0 – 0 | 1 | 1 – 1 – 0 | 2 |
| 19 | Ding Liren | China | 4 | 38 | 19 | 18 | 1 | 73.7 | 1 – 0 – 1 | 2 | 2 – 0 – 0 | 2 |
| 20 | Salo Flohr | Czechoslovakia | 5 | 82 | 46 | 28 | 8 | 73.2 | 2 – 1 – 1 | 4 | 0 – 1 – 1 | 2 |
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- Notes
- Only players participating in at least four Olympiads are included in this table.
- Medals indicated in the order gold - silver - bronze. The statistics of individual medals includes only medals which are awarding to the top three individual players on each board. The medals for overall performance rating (awarded in 1984–2006) are not included into this statistics, but are listed separately below the table.
- Anatoly Karpov won another individual silver medal for overall performance rating. In total he won 3 gold and 1 silver individual medals.
- Garry Kasparov played his first four Olympiads for the Soviet Union, the rest for Russia. He won another four individual gold medals and one individual silver medal for overall performance rating. In total he won 7 gold, 2 silver and 2 bronze individual medals.
- Paul Keres played his first three Olympiads for Estonia, the rest for the Soviet Union.
See also
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Brace, Edward R. (1977), An Illustrated Dictionary of Chess, Hamlyn Publishing Group, p. 64, ISBN 1-55521-394-4
- ↑ FIDE History by Bill Wall. Retrieved 2 May 2008.
- ↑ "Code Signatories". World Anti-Doping Agency. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
- ↑ Complete FIDE Anti-Doping Documents Archived 8 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine FIDE official website. Retrieved 2 May 2008.
- ↑ AM. "Chess WADA – Anti-Doping Policy, Nutrition and Health". www.fide.com. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
- ↑ Open letter from 50 players on drug testing (Web Archive)
- 1 2 "Controversy over FIDE doping check". 27 October 2002. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
- ↑ "Controversy over FIDE doping check". 27 October 2002. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
- ↑ "Indian men beat U.S." The Hindu. 4 November 2002. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
- ↑ Grossekathöfer, Maik (11 December 2008). "Outrage Over Ivanchuk: The Great Chess Doping Scandal". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 16 October 2017 – via Spiegel Online.
- ↑ "Top Chess Blogs - Chess.com". Chess.com. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
- ↑ "Decision of the FIDE Doping Hearing Panel (Miller)" (PDF). Retrieved 16 October 2017.
- ↑ "Decision of the FIDE Doping Hearing Panel (Press)" (PDF). Retrieved 16 October 2017.
- ↑ "Decision of the FIDE Doping Hearing Panel". www.fide.com. Archived from the original on 23 January 2009. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
- ↑ Minutes of 2010 FIDE General Assembly (page 24)
- ↑ "ФИДЕ и ВАДА будут совместно выявлять допинг в шахматах". 24 November 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
- ↑ FIDE submits regulation changes for Chess Olympiad Archived 5 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine Fide.com
- ↑ Barden, Leonard (10 August 2022). "Chess: Uzbekistan win Olympiad while David Howell takes performance gold". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
External links
- FIDE Handbook: Chess Olympiads
- OlimpBase: Chess Olympiads
- Student Chess Olympiad - World Student Team Chess Championship
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