Chhattisgarhi
छत्तीसगढ़ी
The word "Chhattisgarhi" written in Devanagari script
Native toIndia
RegionChhattisgarh and a minority of speakers in Odisha and Maharashtra
Native speakers
18 million, partial count, including Surgujia (2011 census)[1]
(additional speakers counted under Hindi)
Dialects
Devanagari
Official status
Official language in
India
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
hne – Chhattisgarhi
sgj – Surgujia
Glottologchha1249
Linguasphere59-AAF-ta

Chhattisgarhi (छत्तीसगढ़ी) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by approximately 16.25 million people from Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra in India.[3] It is the official language of Chhattisgarh. It is grouped within the Eastern Hindi languages and is counted by the Indian national census as a dialect of Hindi.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Dental/
Alveolar		 Retroflex Post-alv./
Palatal		 Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɳ ɲ ŋ
Stop/
Affricate		 voiceless p t ʈ tʃ k
aspirated pʰ tʰ ʈʰ tʃʰ kʰ
voiced b d ɖ dʒ ɡ
breathy bʱ dʱ ɖʱ dʒʱ ɡʱ
Fricative s h
Trill/Tap voiced r ɽ
breathy ɽʱ
Lateral voiced l
breathy lʱ
Approximant ʋ j
  • /r/ can also be heard as a tap [ɾ].

Vowels

Front Central Back
High iː uː
ɪ ʊ
Mid eː ə oː
ɛ ɔ
Low aː
  • /ə/ can also be heard as back [ʌ], [ɐ].
  • Nasalization is also phonemically distinctive.

Sample text

The following is a sample text in Chhattisgarhi, of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, with a transliteration (IAST) and transcription (IPA).[4]

Chhattisgarhi in Devanagari Script

सबो लोगन मन के गौरव अऊ अधिकार मन के मामला म जनम ले मिले स्वतंत्रता अऊ बरोबरी मिले हे। ओमन ल बुद्धि अऊ अन्तरात्मा के देन मिले हे अऊ ओमन ल एक दूसर ल परेम भाईचारा के भाव ले बेवहार करना चाही।

Transliteration (ISO)

Sabo loɡan man ke ɡaurav aū adhikār man ke māmlā ma janam le mile svatantratā aū barobari mile he. Oman la buddhi aū antarātmā ke den mile he aū oman la ek dūsar la parem bhāīcārā ke bhāv le bevahār karnā cāhī.

Transcription (IPA)

səbo loɡən mən ke ɡɔrəʋ əuː əd̪ʰikaːr mən ke maːmlaː mə dʒənəm le mile sʋət̪ənt̪rət̪aː auː bərobəri mile he. omən lə bud̪d̪ʰi auː ant̪əraːt̪maː ke d̪en mile he auː omən lə ek d̪uːsər lə pərem bʰaːiːtʃaːraː ke bʰaːʋ le beʋəhaːr kərnaː tʃaːhiː

Translation (grammatical)

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

See also

Bibliography

  • G. A. Zograph: Languages of South Asia, 1960 (translated by G.L. Campbell, 1982), Routledge, London.
  • H. L. Kavyopadhyaya, G. A. Grierson and L. P. Kavya-Vinod. 1921. A grammar of the Chhattisgarhi dialect of Eastern Hindi.
  • Masica, Colin P. 1993. The Indo-Aryan languages. (Cambridge Language Surveys.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Boehm, Kelly Kilgo. 2022. A Preliminary Sociolinguistic Survey of the Chhattisgarhi-Speaking Peoples of India. SIL International.
  • C. K. Chandrakar, "Chhattisgarhi Shabadkosh"
  • C. K. Chandrakar, "Manak Chhattisgarhi Vyakaran"
  • C. K. Chandrakar, "Chhattisgarhi Muhawara Kosh"
  • Chhattisgarh Rajbhasha Aayog, "Prashashnik Shabdkosh Vol. I & II"

References

  1. ↑ 16.25 million for Chhattisgarhi and 1.74 million for Surgujia.
    Chhattisgarhi at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) Closed access icon
    Surgujia at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) Closed access icon
  2. ↑ "The Chhattisgarh Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2007" (PDF). indiacode.nic.in. 2008. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
  3. ↑ "Languages of Chhattisgarh". Chhattisgarh Tourism. Archived from the original on 2018-04-12. Retrieved 2021-10-14.
  4. ↑ "Chhattisgarhi (छत्तीसगढ़ी‎)". Omniglot. Retrieved 2023-11-09.

Chhattisgarhi Language

Chhattisgarhi language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
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